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Kastner J, Tomarchio F, Decorde N, Kehrer M, Hesser G, Fuchsbauer A. Integration of Inkjet Printed Graphene as a Hole Transport Layer in Organic Solar Cells. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1858. [PMID: 37893294 PMCID: PMC10608915 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the green production of a graphene ink for inkjet printing and its use as a hole transport layer (HTL) in an organic solar cell. Graphene as an HTL improves the selective hole extraction at the anode and prevents charge recombination at the electronic interface and metal diffusion into the photoactive layer. Graphite was exfoliated in water, concentrated by iterative centrifugation, and characterized by Raman. The concentrated graphene ink was incorporated into inverted organic solar cells by inkjet printing on the active polymer in an ambient atmosphere. Argon plasma was used to enhance wetting of the polymer with the graphene ink during printing. The argon plasma treatment of the active polymer P3HT:PCBM was investigated by XPS, AFM and contact angle measurements. Efficiency and lifetime studies undertaken show that the device with graphene as HTL is fully functional and has good potential for an inkjet printable and flexible alternative to PEDOT:PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kastner
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Flavia Tomarchio
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Nicolas Decorde
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Matthias Kehrer
- Center of Surface- and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Günter Hesser
- Center of Surface- and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Anita Fuchsbauer
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
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2
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Rasyotra A, Thakur A, Mandalia R, Ranganathan R, Jasuja K. Nitrogen adsorption via charge transfer on vacancies created during surfactant assisted exfoliation of TiB 2. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8204-8216. [PMID: 36967617 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Titanium diboride (TiB2), a layered ceramic material, comprised of titanium atoms sandwiched in between honeycomb planes of boron atoms, exhibits a promising structure to utilize the rich chemistry offered by the synergy of titanium and boron. TiB2 has been primarily investigated and applied in its bulk form. This perspective is, however, fast evolving with a number of efforts aimed at exfoliating TiB2. Here, we show that it is possible to delaminate TiB2 into ultrathin, minimally functionalized nanosheets with the aid of surfactants. These nanosheets exhibit crystalline nature and their chemical analysis reveals vacant sites within the nanosheets. These vacancies facilitate the chemisorption of N2 onto the TiB2 nanosheets under ambient conditions without the aid of any energy, this finding was unexpected. This remarkable activity of TiB2 nanosheets is attributed to vacancies and the Ti-B synergy, which enhance the adsorption and activation of N2. We obtained supplemental insights into the N2 adsorption by Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies, which reveal how charge transfer among Ti, B, and N2 results in N2 adsorption. The DFT studies also show that nanosheets having more vacancies result in increased adsorption when compared with nanosheets having less vacancies and bulk TiB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Rasyotra
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India.
| | - Anupma Thakur
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India.
| | - Raviraj Mandalia
- Discipline of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India
| | - Raghavan Ranganathan
- Discipline of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India
| | - Kabeer Jasuja
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India.
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3
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Wang T, Russo DP, Bitounis D, Demokritou P, Jia X, Huang H, Zhu H. Integrating structure annotation and machine learning approaches to develop graphene toxicity models. CARBON 2023; 204:484-494. [PMID: 36845527 PMCID: PMC9957041 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Modern nanotechnology provides efficient and cost-effective nanomaterials (NMs). The increasing usage of NMs arises great concerns regarding nanotoxicity in humans. Traditional animal testing of nanotoxicity is expensive and time-consuming. Modeling studies using machine learning (ML) approaches are promising alternatives to direct evaluation of nanotoxicity based on nanostructure features. However, NMs, including two-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs) such as graphenes, have complex structures making them difficult to annotate and quantify the nanostructures for modeling purposes. To address this issue, we constructed a virtual graphenes library using nanostructure annotation techniques. The irregular graphene structures were generated by modifying virtual nanosheets. The nanostructures were digitalized from the annotated graphenes. Based on the annotated nanostructures, geometrical nanodescriptors were computed using Delaunay tessellation approach for ML modeling. The partial least square regression (PLSR) models for the graphenes were built and validated using a leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) procedure. The resulted models showed good predictivity in four toxicity-related endpoints with the coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.558 to 0.822. This study provides a novel nanostructure annotation strategy that can be applied to generate high-quality nanodescriptors for ML model developments, which can be widely applied to nanoinformatics studies of graphenes and other NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Daniel P. Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Xuelian Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Heng Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, 5607 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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4
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Zhao F, Quan H, Zhang S, Xu Y, Zhou Z, Chen G, Li Q. Watered-Based Graphene Dispersion Stabilized by a Graft Co-Polymer for Electrically Conductive Screen Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020356. [PMID: 36679238 PMCID: PMC9860939 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene conductive inks have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their high conductivity, corrosion resistance, and environmentally friendly nature. However, the dispersion of graphene in aqueous solution is still challenging. In this work, we synthesized an amphiphilic graft copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol-g-polyaniline (PVA-g-PANI), and studied the graphene dispersion prepared with the graft copolymer by high-speed shear dispersion. The amphiphilic graft copolymer can be used as a stabilizer and adhesive agent in graphene dispersion. Given the steric hindrance of the graft copolymer, the stability of graphene dispersion is improved by decreasing the probability of π-π stacking. PVA-g-PANI has a better stability on graphene dispersion than carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na) and a mixture of PVA and PANI. The graft copolymer has only a slight effect on the conductivity of graphene dispersion due to the existence of conductive PANI, which is beneficial for preparing the graphene dispersion with good conductivity and adhesion. Graphene dispersion is well-adapted to screen printing and is very stable with regard to the sheet resistance bending cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Zhao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Quan
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yihui Xu
- Sinopec Group, Beijing 100728, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qifang Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (Q.L.)
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Darabian LM, Darabian H, Bell MJV, Anjos V. Suppression of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement in Carbon Nanofluids Caused by Surfactant High Concentration. JOURNAL OF NANOFLUIDS 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jon.2022.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, structural and thermal properties of dispersed carbon nanomaterials such as single-wall carbon nanotubes and graphene in water are investigated. Carbon nanostructures are dispersed in the fluid through surfactant and ultrasonication treatment. Structural studies of the
samples are carried out by Raman spectroscopy which show that the dispersion process leads to the formation of two kind of nanofluids: nanostructured graphene based and single-wall carbon nanotubes ones. The first in the form of graphene dots. The thermal diffusivities of the samples are measured
by thermal lens technique. Contrary to what is normally expected our nanofluids show a considerable reduction in thermal conductivity. The reduction is stronger for graphene dots than for the carbon nanotubes. This peculiar behavior of the thermal conductivity is attributed to the high concentration
ratio of surfactant to dispersed particles, as well as, the formation of air layer or bubbles attached to the nanoparticles due to sonication process. To evaluate this hypothesis, simulation of the effective thermal conductivity based on Murshed model is conducted for spherical and cylindrical
particles surrounded by air layer. The simulation shows an effective decrease in thermal conductivity, which corroborates with the experimental trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyane Moreira Darabian
- Grupo de Engenharia e Espectroscopia de Materiais, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - H. Darabian
- Grupo de Engenharia e Espectroscopia de Materiais, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Maria José V. Bell
- Grupo de Engenharia e Espectroscopia de Materiais, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Virgílio Anjos
- Grupo de Engenharia e Espectroscopia de Materiais, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-MG, 36036-900, Brazil
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On the interface between biomaterials and two-dimensional materials for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114314. [PMID: 35568105 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have garnered significant attention due to their ultrathin 2D structures with a high degree of anisotropy and functionality. Reliable manipulation of interfaces between 2D materials and biomaterials is a new frontier for biomedical nanoscience and combining biomaterials with 2D materials offers a promising way to fabricate innovative 2D biomaterials composites with distinct functionality for biomedical applications. Here, we focus exclusively on a summary of the current work in the interface investigation of 2D biomaterials. Specifically, we highlight extraordinary features that make 2D materials so desirable, as well as the molecular level interactions between 2D materials and biomaterials that have been studied thus far. Furthermore, the approaches for investigating the interface characteristics of 2D biomaterials are presented and described in depth. To capture the emerging trend in mass manufacturing of 2D materials, we review the research progress on biomaterial-assisted exfoliation. Finally, we present a critical assessment of newly developed 2D biomaterials in biomedical applications.
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Islam F, Tahmasebi A, Moghtaderi B, Yu J. Structural Investigation of the Synthesized Few-Layer Graphene from Coal under Microwave. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010057. [PMID: 35010007 PMCID: PMC8746775 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the structural investigation of few-layer graphene (FLG) synthesis from bituminous coal through a catalytic process under microwave heat treatment (MW). The produced FLG has been examined by Raman spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, and AFM. Coal was activated using the potassium hydroxide activation process. The FLG synthesis processing duration was much faster requiring only 20 min under the microwave radiation. To analyse few-layer graphene samples, we considered the three bands, i.e., D, G, and 2D, of Raman spectra. At 1300 °C, the P10% Fe sample resulted in fewer defects than the other catalyst percentages sample. The catalyst percentages affected the structural change of the FLG composite materials. In addition, the Raman mapping showed that the catalyst loaded sample was homogeneously distributed and indicated a few-layer graphene sheet. In addition, the AFM technique measured the FLG thickness around 4.5 nm. Furthermore, the HRTEM images of the P10% Fe sample contained a unique morphology with 2–7 graphitic layers of graphene thin sheets. This research reported the structural revolution with latent feasibility of FLG synthesis from bituminous coal in a wide range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faridul Islam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (F.I.); (A.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Arash Tahmasebi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (F.I.); (A.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Behdad Moghtaderi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (F.I.); (A.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Jianglong Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (F.I.); (A.T.); (B.M.)
- Monash Research Institute of Science and Technology (Suzhou Industrial Park), Southeast University—Monash University Joint Graduate School, Suzhou 215000, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Bazina L, Bitounis D, Cao X, DeLoid GM, Parviz D, Strano MS, Greg Lin HY, Bell DC, Thrall BD, Demokritou P. Biotransformations and cytotoxicity of eleven graphene and inorganic two-dimensional nanomaterials using simulated digestions coupled with a triculture in vitro model of the human gastrointestinal epithelium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2021; 8:3233-3249. [PMID: 37465590 PMCID: PMC10353755 DOI: 10.1039/d1en00594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have already made their way into myriad applications and products across multiple industries. However, the potential health risks of exposure to ENMs remain poorly understood. This is particularly true for the emerging class of ENMs know as 2-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs), with a thickness of one or a few layers of atoms arranged in a planar structure. Methods The present study assesses the biotransformations and in vitro cytotoxicity in the gastrointestinal tract of 11 2DNMs, namely graphene, graphene oxide (GO), partially reduced graphene oxide (prGO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), and tungsten disulphide (WS2). The evaluated pristine materials were either readily dispersed in water or dispersed with the use of a surfactant (Na-cholate or PF108). Materials dispersed in a fasting food model (FFM, water) were subjected to simulated 3-phase (oral, gastric, and small intestinal) digestion to replicate the biotransformations that would occur in the GIT after ingestion. A triculture model of small intestinal epithelium was used to assess the effects of the digested products (digestas) on epithelial layer integrity, cytotoxicity, viability, oxidative stress, and initiation of apoptosis. Results Physicochemical characterization of the 2DNMs in FFM dispersions and in small intestinal digestas revealed significant agglomeration by all materials during digestion, most prominently by graphene, which was likely caused by interactions with digestive proteins. Also, MoS2 had dissolved by ~75% by the end of simulated digestion. Other than a low but statistically significant increase in cytotoxicity observed with all inorganic materials and graphene dispersed in PF108, no adverse effects were observed in the exposed tricultures. Conclusions Our results suggest that occasional ingestion of small quantities of 2DNMs may not be highly cytotoxic in a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the intestinal epithelium. Still, their inflammatory or genotoxic potential after short- or long-term ingestion remains unclear and needs to be studied in future in vitro and in vivo studies. These would include studies of effects on co-ingested nutrient digestion and absorption, which have been documented for numerous ingested ENMs, as well as effects on the gut microbiome, which can have important health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Bazina
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School T.H. Chan of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School T.H. Chan of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School T.H. Chan of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School T.H. Chan of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorsa Parviz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hao-Yu Greg Lin
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - David C Bell
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Brian D Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School T.H. Chan of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Peralta MF, Mendieta SN, Scolari IR, Granero GE, Crivello ME. Synthesis and release behavior of layered double hydroxides-carbamazepine composites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20585. [PMID: 34663824 PMCID: PMC8523521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) was incorporated into layered double hydroxides (LDH) to be used as a controlled drug system in solid tumors. CBZ has a formal charge of zero, so its incorporation in the anionic clay implies a challenge. Aiming to overcome this problem, CBZ was loaded into LDH with sodium cholate (SC), a surfactant with negative charge and, for comparison, without SC by the reconstruction method. Surprisingly, it was found that both resultant nanocomposites had similar CBZ encapsulation efficiency, around 75%, and the LDH-CBZ system without SC showed a better performance in relation to the release kinetics of CBZ in simulated body fluid (pH 7.4) and acetate buffer simulating the cellular cytoplasm (pH 4.8) than the system with SC. The CBZ dimensions were measured with Chem3D and, according to the basal spacing obtained from X-ray patterns, it can be arranged in the LDH-CBZ system as a monolayer with the long axis parallel to the LDH layers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid state NMR measurements confirmed the presence of the drug, and thermogravimetric analyses showed an enhanced thermal stability for CBZ. These results have interesting implications since they increase the spectrum of LDH application as a controlled drug system to a large number of nonionic drugs, without the addition of other components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma F Peralta
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química - CONICET - Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Regional Córdoba, Maestro López Esq. Cruz Roja Argentina, S/N, X5016ZAA, Córdoba, Argentina.,Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica - CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S N Mendieta
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química - CONICET - Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Regional Córdoba, Maestro López Esq. Cruz Roja Argentina, S/N, X5016ZAA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - I R Scolari
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica - CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G E Granero
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica - CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M E Crivello
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química - CONICET - Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Regional Córdoba, Maestro López Esq. Cruz Roja Argentina, S/N, X5016ZAA, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Perumal S, Atchudan R, Cheong IW. Recent Studies on Dispersion of Graphene-Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2375. [PMID: 34301133 PMCID: PMC8309616 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is an excellent 2D material that has extraordinary properties such as high surface area, electron mobility, conductivity, and high light transmission. Polymer composites are used in many applications in place of polymers. In recent years, the development of stable graphene dispersions with high graphene concentrations has attracted great attention due to their applications in energy, bio-fields, and so forth. Thus, this review essentially discusses the preparation of stable graphene-polymer composites/dispersions. Discussion on existing methods of preparing graphene is included with their merits and demerits. Among existing methods, mechanical exfoliation is widely used for the preparation of stable graphene dispersion, the theoretical background of this method is discussed briefly. Solvents, surfactants, and polymers that are used for dispersing graphene and the factors to be considered while preparing stable graphene dispersions are discussed in detail. Further, the direct applications of stable graphene dispersions are discussed briefly. Finally, a summary and prospects for the development of stable graphene dispersions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguna Perumal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - In Woo Cheong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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11
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Hu CX, Shin Y, Read O, Casiraghi C. Dispersant-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation of 2D materials beyond graphene. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:460-484. [PMID: 33404043 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The extensive research on liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) performed in the last 10 years has enabled a low cost and mass scalable approach to the successful production of a range of solution-processed 2-dimensional (2D) materials suitable for many applications, from composites to energy storage and printed electronics. However, direct LPE requires the use of specific solvents, which are typically toxic and expensive. Dispersant-assisted LPE allows us to overcome this problem by enabling production of solution processed 2D materials in a wider range of solvents, including water. This approach is based on the inclusion of an additive, typically an amphiphilic molecule, designed to interact with both the nanosheet and the solvent, enabling exfoliation and stabilization at the same time. This method has been extensively used for the LPE of graphene and has been discussed in many reviews, whilst little attention has been given to dispersant-assisted LPE of 2D materials beyond graphene. Considering the increasing number of 2D materials and their potential in many applications, from nanomedicine to energy storage and catalysis, this review focuses on the dispersant-assisted LPE of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and less studied 2D materials. We first provide an introduction to the fundamentals of LPE and the type of dispersants that have been used for the production of graphene, we then discuss each class of 2D material, providing an overview on the concentration and properties of the nanosheets obtained. Finally, a perspective is given on some of the challenges that need to be addressed in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xia Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| | - Oliver Read
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
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Arora K, Singh G, Karthikeyan S, Kang TS. One-pot sustainable preparation of sunlight active ZnS@graphene nano-composites using a Zn containing surface active ionic liquid. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4770-4776. [PMID: 36132906 PMCID: PMC9418228 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a facile and sustainable method for the preparation of ZnS@graphene nano-composites (NCs). An appreciable amount of graphene is obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation using a zinc-containing surface active ionic liquid (SAIL). It is followed by in situ preparation of ZnS quantum dot (QD) decorated graphene sheets at room temperature for the first time. The employed method is distinct from all previous reports, as we have employed graphene instead of graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and used relatively fewer chemicals. Further, a SAIL is employed as a precursor of Zn2+ as well as a template for the preparation of ZnS QDs onto graphene. The prepared ZnS@graphene NCs show enhanced photocatalytic performance for the degradation of Rhodamine B dye under sunlight and ciprofloxacin antibiotic under visible light as compared to bare ZnS QDs. The better photocatalytic activity of the NCs under visible light compared to that reported in the literature along with the ease of preparation is advantageous for scaling-up the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Arora
- Department of Chemistry, University Grants Commission (UGC) Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar-143005 Punjab India
| | - Gurbir Singh
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sekar Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Tejwant Singh Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University Grants Commission (UGC) Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar-143005 Punjab India
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13
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Chouhan A, Mungse HP, Khatri OP. Surface chemistry of graphene and graphene oxide: A versatile route for their dispersion and tribological applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 283:102215. [PMID: 32771691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, the most promising material of the decade, has attracted immense interest in a diversified range of applications. The weak van der Waals interaction between adjacent atomic-thick lamellae, excellent mechanical strength, remarkable thermal conductivity, and high surface area, make graphene a potential candidate for tribological applications. However, the use of graphene as an additive to liquid lubricants has been a major challenge because of poor dispersibility. Herein, a thorough review is presented on preparation, structural models, chemical functionalization, and dispersibility of graphene, graphene oxide, chemically-functionalized graphene, and graphene-derived nanocomposites. The graphene-based materials as additives to water and lubricating oils improved the lubrication properties by reducing the friction, protecting the contact interfaces against the wear, dissipating the heat from tribo-interfaces, and mitigating the corrosion by forming the protecting thin film. The dispersion stability, structural features, and dosage of graphene-based dispersoids, along with contact geometry, play important roles and govern the tribological properties. The chemistry of lubricated surfaces is critically reviewed by emphasizing the graphene-based thin film formation under the tribo-stress, which minimizes the wear. The comprehensive review provides variable approaches for the development of high-performance lubricant systems and accentuates the lubrication mechanisms by highlighting the role of graphene-based materials for enhancement of tribological properties.
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14
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Grieger S, Szydłowska BM, Rao VJ, Steinmann E, Dodds M, Gholamvand Z, Duesberg GS, Zaumseil J, Backes C. Site-Selective Oxidation of Monolayered Liquid-Exfoliated WS 2 by Shielding the Basal Plane through Adsorption of a Facial Amphiphile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13785-13792. [PMID: 32449582 PMCID: PMC7496821 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, various functionalization strategies for transition‐metal dichalcogenides have been explored to tailor the properties of materials and to provide anchor points for the fabrication of hybrid structures. Herein, new insights into the role of the surfactant in functionalization reactions are described. Using the spontaneous reaction of WS2 with chloroauric acid as a model reaction, the regioselective formation of gold nanoparticles on WS2 is shown to be heavily dependent on the surfactant employed. A simple model is developed to explain the role of the chosen surfactant in this heterogeneous functionalization reaction. The surfactant coverage is identified as the crucial element that governs the dominant reaction pathway and therefore can severely alter the reaction outcome. This study shows the general importance of the surfactant choice and how detrimental or beneficial a certain surfactant can be to the desired functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Grieger
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beata M Szydłowska
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Physics, EIT 2, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Vaishnavi J Rao
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Steinmann
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dodds
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zahra Gholamvand
- School of Physics and CRANN & AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Georg S Duesberg
- Institute of Physics, EIT 2, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Backes
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Grieger S, Szydłowska BM, Rao VJ, Steinmann E, Dodds M, Gholamvand Z, Duesberg GS, Zaumseil J, Backes C. Site‐Selective Oxidation of Monolayered Liquid‐Exfoliated WS
2
by Shielding the Basal Plane through Adsorption of a Facial Amphiphile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Grieger
- Institute for Physical Chemistry Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Beata M. Szydłowska
- Institute for Physical Chemistry Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Institute of Physics, EIT 2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Universität der Bundeswehr München Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39 85577 Neubiberg Germany
| | - Vaishnavi J. Rao
- Institute for Physical Chemistry Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Eva Steinmann
- Institute for Physical Chemistry Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marcus Dodds
- Institute for Physical Chemistry Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Zahra Gholamvand
- School of Physics and CRANN & AMBER Research Centres Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Georg S. Duesberg
- Institute of Physics, EIT 2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Universität der Bundeswehr München Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39 85577 Neubiberg Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Claudia Backes
- Institute for Physical Chemistry Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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16
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Arora K, Karthikeyan S, Shiekh BA, Kaur M, Singh H, Bhadu GR, Kang TS. In situ preparation of a nanocomposite comprising graphene and α-Fe2O3 nanospindles for the photo-degradation of antibiotics under visible light. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of α-Fe2O3 nanospindle (NS) decorated graphene sheets for antibiotic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Arora
- Department of Chemistry
- University Grants Commission (UGC) Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Sekar Karthikeyan
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Bilal Ahmad Shiekh
- Department of Chemistry
- University Grants Commission (UGC) Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Manvir Kaur
- Department of Chemistry
- University Grants Commission (UGC) Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University Grants Commission (UGC) Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Gopala Ram Bhadu
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar-364002
- India
| | - Tejwant Singh Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- University Grants Commission (UGC) Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
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17
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Gu X, Zhao Y, Sun K, Vieira CLZ, Jia Z, Cui C, Wang Z, Walsh A, Huang S. Method of ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation to prepare graphene. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 58:104630. [PMID: 31450336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional material with unique structure and excellent properties. After first being successfully prepared in 2004, it rapidly became a research hotspot in the fields of materials, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Currently, there are many methods for preparing graphene, such as ball milling method, chemical oxidation-reduction, chemical vapor deposition, and liquid-phase exfoliation. Among these methods, liquid-phase exfoliation is the most important preparation method. In this paper, ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation is systematically studied. The output power and frequency of the ultrasonic crusher used in the experiment are 100 W and 20 kHz, respectively. Results show that ultrasonic waves can affect the size and thickness distribution of graphene sheets; ultrasound-assisted deoxycholic acid sodium aqueous solution has a good exfoliation effect. In addition, the effects of the 3 liquid-phase systems on preparing graphene are studied, including organic solvent system, aqueous surfactant system, and ionic liquids system; the improvement efforts for ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation method are discussed including the exploration of new solvents and optimization of exfoliation process. The application of auxiliary agent-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation method is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Gu
- School of Business, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Big Data Platform (Zhengzhou) R&D Center, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Innovative and Practice, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, Liaoning, China
| | - Carolina L Z Vieira
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Zhijuan Jia
- School of Information Science and Technology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Chi Cui
- School of Information Science and Technology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Zhenjun Wang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Annika Walsh
- The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Shaodan Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
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18
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Kastner J, Gnatiuk I, Wagner M, Holzinger D, Rudelstorfer V, Hesser G, Fuchsbauer A, Hild S. Grinding of nano-graphite inkjet inks for application in organic solar cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:045601. [PMID: 30465544 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae67a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The production of printable graphene flakes is not easy to scale up when produced by ultrasonication and purified by centrifugation. In this work, natural graphite flakes were exfoliated by wet ball milling in water supported by the addition of sodium deoxycholate as a surfactant and the dispersion was formulated for inkjet printing. By subsequent dilution and filtration of the milling paste, more than 45 l of a stable dispersion of nano-graphite particles in one batch process was obtained. The dispersion was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and UV-vis spectroscopy to determine concentration, and experiments to measure long-term stability were conducted. The nano-graphite particles were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, revealing 300-400 nm sized particles. The dispersion was formulated into an inkjet ink and tested as interfacial hole transport layer between the anode and the photo-active bulk-heterojunction layer of an organic solar cell with inverted structure. The nano-graphite flakes are inkjet printable and conductive and therefore show potential as a low-cost alternative to polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kastner
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
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19
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Díez-Pascual AM, Vallés C, Mateos R, Vera-López S, Kinloch IA, Andrés MPS. Influence of surfactants of different nature and chain length on the morphology, thermal stability and sheet resistance of graphene. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6013-6023. [PMID: 29974111 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of surfactants of different nature (anionic, cationic and non-ionic) and chain length on the morphology, microstructure, thermal stability and electrical resistivity of liquid exfoliated graphene (G) were investigated. Microscopic (SEM and AFM) observations revealed that the thickness of G in the dispersions depended on the surfactant nature: non-ionic surfactants rendered the highest level of exfoliation, whilst dispersions in the cationic ones exhibited fully-covered thicker sheets; the flake thickness increased with increasing surfactant chain length. X-ray diffraction studies indicated an increased interlamellar G spacing with increasing surfactant content. Raman spectra showed an increase in the ID/IG ratio with decreasing G loading. Larger upshifts of the G, 2D and D + G bands were found with increasing surfactant concentration, particularly for dispersions in the cationic surfactants. For the same G/surfactant weight ratio, the electrical resistivity of the dispersions followed the order: cationic > non-ionic > anionic, consistent with the amount of surfactant adsorbed onto G calculated via TGA. It is demonstrated herein that the thermal and electrical properties of liquid exfoliated G can be tuned by varying the surfactant concentration, nature and chain length, which is of great importance for numerous applications like solar power harvesting, high-temperature devices and flexible nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences, Alcalá University, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Poorsargol M, Sohrabi B, Dehestani M. Study of the Gemini Surfactants’ Self-Assembly on Graphene Nanosheets: Insights from Molecular Dynamic Simulation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3873-3885. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Poorsargol
- Department of Chemistry, Surface Chemistry Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - B. Sohrabi
- Department of Chemistry, Surface Chemistry Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Dehestani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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21
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Tao H, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Sun Z, Yan C, Texter J. Scalable exfoliation and dispersion of two-dimensional materials - an update. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:921-960. [PMID: 27976772 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06813h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of dispersions of single- and few-sheet 2D materials in various solvents, as well as the characterization methods applied to such dispersions, is critically reviewed. Motivating factors for producing single- and few-sheet dispersions of 2D materials in liquids are briefly discussed. Many practical applications are expected for such materials that do not require high purity formulations and tight control of donor and acceptor concentrations, as required in conventional Fab processing of semiconductor chips. Approaches and challenges encountered in exfoliating 2D materials in liquids are reviewed. Ultrasonication, mechanical shearing, and electrochemical processing approaches are discussed, and their respective limitations and promising features are critiqued. Supercritical and more conventional liquid and solvent processing are then discussed in detail. The effects of various types of stabilizers, including surfactants and other amphiphiles, as well as polymers, including homopolymeric electrolytes, nonionic polymers, and nanolatexes, are discussed. Consideration of apparent successes of stabilizer-free dispersions indicates that extensive exfoliation in the absence of dispersing aids results from processing-induced surface modifications that promote stabilization of 2D material/solvent interactions. Also apparent paradoxes in "pristineness" and optical extinctions in dispersions suggest that there is much we do not yet quantitatively understand about the surface chemistry of these materials. Another paradox, emanating from modeling dilute solvent-only exfoliation by sonication using polar components of solubility parameters and surface tension for pristine graphene with no polar structural component, is addressed. This apparent paradox appears to be resolved by realizing that the reactivity of graphene to addition reactions of solvent radicals produced by sonolysis is accompanied by unintended polar surface modifications that promote attractive interactions with solvent. This hypothesis serves to define important theoretical and experimental studies that are needed. We conclude that the greatest promise for high volume and high concentration processing lies in applying methods that have not yet been extensively reported, particularly wet comminution processing using small grinding media of various types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengcong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yunnan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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22
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Recent Developments Concerning the Dispersion Methods and Mechanisms of Graphene. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Pérez-Blanco FO, Hernández-Escobar CA, Vega-Rios A, Flores-Gallardo SG, Zaragoza-Contreras EA. Polyaniline precursor with surfactant–monomer function for the synthesis of graphite nanosheet/polyaniline composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Paredes JI, Villar-Rodil S. Biomolecule-assisted exfoliation and dispersion of graphene and other two-dimensional materials: a review of recent progress and applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15389-413. [PMID: 27518874 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Direct liquid-phase exfoliation of layered materials by means of ultrasound, shear forces or electrochemical intercalation holds enormous promise as a convenient, cost-effective approach to the mass production of two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly in the form of colloidal suspensions of high quality and micrometer- and submicrometer-sized flakes. Of special relevance due to environmental and practical reasons is the production of 2D materials in aqueous medium, which generally requires the use of certain additives (surfactants and other types of dispersants) to assist in the exfoliation and colloidal stabilization processes. In this context, biomolecules have received, in recent years, increasing attention as dispersants for 2D materials, as they provide a number of advantages over more conventional, synthetic surfactants. Here, we review research progress in the use of biomolecules as exfoliating and dispersing agents for the production of 2D materials. Although most efforts in this area have focused on graphene, significant advances have also been reported with transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS2, WS2, etc.) or hexagonal boron nitride. Particular emphasis is placed on the specific merits of different types of biomolecules, including proteins and peptides, nucleotides and nucleic acids (RNA, DNA), polysaccharides, plant extracts and bile salts, on their role as efficient colloidal dispersants of 2D materials, as well as on the potential applications that have been explored for such biomolecule-exfoliated materials. These applications are wide-ranging and encompass the fields of biomedicine (photothermal and photodynamic therapy, bioimaging, biosensing, etc.), energy storage (Li- and Na-ion batteries), catalysis (e.g., catalyst supports for the oxygen reduction reaction or electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction), or composite materials. As an incipient area of research, a number of knowledge gaps, unresolved issues and novel future directions remain to be addressed for biomolecule-exfoliated 2D materials, which will be discussed in the last part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Paredes
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, INCAR-CSIC, Apartado 73, 33080 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - S Villar-Rodil
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, INCAR-CSIC, Apartado 73, 33080 Oviedo, Spain.
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25
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Galantini L, di Gregorio MC, Gubitosi M, Travaglini L, Tato JV, Jover A, Meijide F, Soto Tellini VH, Pavel NV. Bile salts and derivatives: Rigid unconventional amphiphiles as dispersants, carriers and superstructure building blocks. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Fu X, Zhao X, Yan D, Zhao D, Li J, Yang G. A facile route to prepare few-layer graphene/polyamide 6 nanocomposites by liquid reactive extrusion. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A liquid reactive extrusion process was developed to prepare graphene/polyamide 6 nanocomposites and its crystalline and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Xingke Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Dongguang Yan
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Dajiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Guisheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
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27
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Hollanda L, Lobo A, Lancellotti M, Berni E, Corat E, Zanin H. Graphene and carbon nanotube nanocomposite for gene transfection. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 39:288-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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29
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Tan Z, Ohara S, Abe H, Naito M. Synthesis and processing of graphene hydrogels for electronics applications. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Joseph D, Tyagi N, Ghimire A, Geckeler KE. A direct route towards preparing pH-sensitive graphene nanosheets with anti-cancer activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45984e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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31
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Guardia L, Paredes JI, Rozada R, Villar-Rodil S, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascón JMD. Production of aqueous dispersions of inorganic graphene analogues by exfoliation and stabilization with non-ionic surfactants. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of stable aqueous suspensions of several inorganic graphene analogues was performed by exfoliation of the corresponding bulk layered materials via sonication using non-ionic surfactants as dispersing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guardia
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón
- INCAR-CSIC
- 33080 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Rozada
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón
- INCAR-CSIC
- 33080 Oviedo, Spain
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