1
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Raczyńska A, Góra A, André I. An overview on polyurethane-degrading enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 77:108439. [PMID: 39241969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUR) are durable synthetic polymers widely used in various industries, contributing significantly to global plastic consumption. PUR pose unique challenges in terms of degradability and recyclability, as they are characterised by intricate compositions and diverse formulations. Additives and proprietary structures used in commercial PUR formulations further complicate recycling efforts, making the effective management of PUR waste a daunting task. In this review, we delve into the complex challenge of enzymatic degradation of PUR, focusing on the structural and functional attributes of both enzymes and PUR. We also present documented native enzymes with reported efficacy in hydrolysing specific bonds within PUR, analysis of these enzyme structures, reaction mechanisms, substrate specificity, and binding site architecture. Furthermore, we propose essential features for the future redesign of enzymes to optimise PUR biodegradation efficiency. By outlining prospective research directions aimed at advancing the field of enzymatic biodegradation of PUR, we aim to contribute to the development of sustainable solutions for managing PUR waste and reducing environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Raczyńska
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex, France; Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Artur Góra
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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2
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Branson Y, Schnell B, Zurr C, Bayer T, Badenhorst CPS, Wei R, Bornscheuer UT. An Extremely Sensitive Ultra-High Throughput Growth Selection Assay for the Identification of Amidase Activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:392. [PMID: 38910173 PMCID: PMC11194204 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
In the last decades, biocatalysis has offered new perspectives for the synthesis of (chiral) amines, which are essential building blocks for pharmaceuticals, fine and bulk chemicals. In this regard, amidases have been employed due to their broad substrate scope and their independence from expensive cofactors. To expand the repertoire of amidases, tools for their rapid identification and characterization are greatly demanded. In this work an ultra-high throughput growth selection assay based on the production of the folate precursor p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is introduced to identify amidase activity. PABA-derived amides structurally mimic the broad class of commonly used chromogenic substrates derived from p-nitroaniline. This suggests that the assay should be broadly applicable for the identification of amidases. Unlike conventional growth selection assays that rely on substrates as nitrogen or carbon source, our approach requires PABA in sub-nanomolar concentrations, making it exceptionally sensitive and ideal for engineering campaigns that aim at enhancing amidase activities from minimally active starting points, for example. The presented assay offers flexibility in the adjustment of sensitivity to suit project-specific needs using different expression systems and fine-tuning with the antimetabolite sulfathiazole. Application of this PABA-based assay facilitates the screening of millions of enzyme variants on a single agar plate within two days, without the need for laborious sample preparation or expensive instruments, with transformation efficiency being the only limiting factor. KEY POINTS: • Ultra-high throughput assay (tens of millions on one agar plate) for amidase screening • High sensitivity by coupling selection to folate instead of carbon or nitrogen source • Highly adjustable in terms of sensitivity and expression of the engineering target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Branson
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bjarne Schnell
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Celine Zurr
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ren Wei
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
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3
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Kanprakobkit W, Wichai U, Bunyapraphatsara N, Kielar F. Isolation of Fatty Acids from the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Capsaicinoids and Their Use in Enzymatic Acidolysis of Coconut Oil. J Oleo Sci 2023; 72:1097-1111. [PMID: 37989304 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of a mixture of capsaicinoids, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin obtained from chili peppers, and the utilization of the isolated fatty acids for the modification of coconut oil using enzyme catalyzed acidolysis. This work was carried out as the fatty acids that can be isolated from capsaicinoid hydrolysis have been shown to possess interesting biological properties. These biological properties could be better exploited by incorporating the fatty acids into a suitable delivery vehicle. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the mixture of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin was carried out using Novozym® 435 in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at 50℃. The enzyme catalyst could be reused in multiple cycles of the hydrolysis reaction. The desired 8-methyl-6-trans-nonenoic acid and 8-methylnonanoic acid were isolated from the hydrolysis reaction mixture using a simple extraction procedure with a 47.8% yield. This was carried out by first extracting the reaction mixture at pH 10 with ethyl acetate to remove any dissolved capsaicinoids and vanillyl amine side product. The fatty acids were isolated after adjustment of the pH of the reaction mixture to 5 and second extraction with ethyl acetate. The acidolysis of coconut oil with the obtained fatty acids was performed using Lipozyme® TL IM. The performance of the acidolysis reaction was evaluated using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and verified in selected cases using gas chromatography. The best performing conditions involved carrying out the acidolysis reaction at 60℃ with a 1.2 w/w ratio of the fatty acids to coconut oil and 10% enzyme loading for 72 h. This resulted in the incorporation of 26.61% and 9.86% of 8-methyl-6-trans-nonenoic acid and 8-methylnonanoic acid, respectively, into the modified coconut oil product. This product can act as a potential delivery vehicle for these interesting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winranath Kanprakobkit
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University
| | - Uthai Wichai
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University
| | | | - Filip Kielar
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University
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4
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Darwish AMG, Abo Nahas HH, Korra YH, Osman AA, El-Kholy WM, Reyes-Córdova M, Saied EM, Abdel-Azeem AM. Fungal Lipases: Insights into Molecular Structures and Biotechnological Applications in Medicine and Dairy Industry. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Xing X, Jia JQ, Zhang JF, Zhou ZW, Li J, Wang N, Yu XQ. CALB Immobilized onto Magnetic Nanoparticles for Efficient Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Secondary Alcohols: Long-Term Stability and Reusability. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030490. [PMID: 30704049 PMCID: PMC6384578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an immobilization strategy for magnetic cross-linking enzyme aggregates of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) was developed and investigated. Magnetic particles were prepared by conventional co-precipitation. The magnetic nanoparticles were modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to obtain surface amino-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (APTES⁻Fe₃O₄) as immobilization materials. Glutaraldehyde was used as a crosslinker to covalently bind CALB to APTES⁻Fe₃O₄. The optimal conditions of immobilization of lipase and resolution of racemic 1-phenylethanol were investigated. Under optimal conditions, esters could be obtained with conversion of 50%, enantiomeric excess of product (eep) > 99%, enantiomeric excess of substrate (ees) > 99%, and enantiomeric ratio (E) > 1000. The magnetic CALB CLEAs were successfully used for enzymatic kinetic resolution of fifteen secondary alcohols. Compared with Novozym 435, the magnetic CALB CLEAs exhibited a better enantioselectivity for most substrates. The conversion was still greater than 49% after the magnetic CALB CLEAs had been reused 10 times in a 48 h reaction cycle; both ees and eep were close to 99%. Furthermore, there was little decrease in catalytic activity and enantioselectivity after being stored at -20 °C for 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jun-Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jing-Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Zi-Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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6
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López-Iglesias M, González-Martínez D, Rodríguez-Mata M, Gotor V, Busto E, Kroutil W, Gotor-Fernández V. Asymmetric Biocatalytic Synthesis of Fluorinated Pyridines through Transesterification or Transamination: Computational Insights into the Reactivity of Transaminases. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María López-Iglesias
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias; Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz; BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraβe 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Daniel González-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias; Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Mata
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias; Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias; Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Eduardo Busto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz; BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraβe 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Vicente Gotor-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias; Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo Spain
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7
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Zhang M, Ma XN, Li CT, Zhao D, Xing YL, Qiu JH. A correlation between the degradability of poly(butylene succinate)-based copolyesters and catalytic behavior with Candida antarctica lipase B. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05553f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the degradation performance of PBS-based copolyesters by CALB was investigated from a molecular point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry
- Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021
- China
| | - Xiao-ning Ma
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry
- Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021
- China
| | - Cheng-tao Li
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021
- China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry
- Ministry of Education
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021
- China
| | - Yong-lei Xing
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory
- International Center for Dielectric Research
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
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8
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Kuo CH, Lin JA, Chien CM, Tsai CH, Liu YC, Shieh CJ. Formation of amide bond catalyzed by lipase in aqueous phase for peptide synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Rauwerdink A, Kazlauskas RJ. How the Same Core Catalytic Machinery Catalyzes 17 Different Reactions: the Serine-Histidine-Aspartate Catalytic Triad of α/β-Hydrolase Fold Enzymes. ACS Catal 2015; 5:6153-6176. [PMID: 28580193 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes within a family often catalyze different reactions. In some cases, this variety stems from different catalytic machinery, but in other cases the machinery is identical; nevertheless, the enzymes catalyze different reactions. In this review, we examine the subset of α/β-hydrolase fold enzymes that contain the serine-histidine-aspartate catalytic triad. In spite of having the same protein fold and the same core catalytic machinery, these enzymes catalyze seventeen different reaction mechanisms. The most common reactions are hydrolysis of C-O, C-N and C-C bonds (Enzyme Classification (EC) group 3), but other enzymes are oxidoreductases (EC group 1), acyl transferases (EC group 2), lyases (EC group 4) or isomerases (EC group 5). Hydrolysis reactions often follow the canonical esterase mechanism, but eight variations occur where either the formation or cleavage of the acyl enzyme intermediate differs. The remaining eight mechanisms are lyase-type elimination reactions, which do not have an acyl enzyme intermediate and, in four cases, do not even require the catalytic serine. This diversity of mechanisms from the same catalytic triad stems from the ability of the enzymes to bind different substrates, from the requirements for different chemical steps imposed by these new substrates and, only in about half of the cases, from additional hydrogen bond partners or additional general acids/bases in the active site. This detailed analysis shows that binding differences and non-catalytic residues create new mechanisms and are essential for understanding and designing efficient enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Rauwerdink
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Romas J. Kazlauskas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
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10
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Arora B, Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Enzyme promiscuity: using the dark side of enzyme specificity in white biotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40508-014-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Enzyme promiscuity can be classified into substrate promiscuity, condition promiscuity and catalytic promiscuity. Enzyme promiscuity results in far larger ranges of organic compounds which can be obtained by biocatalysis. While early examples mostly involved use of lipases, more recent literature shows that catalytic promiscuity occurs more widely and many other classes of enzymes can be used to obtain diverse kinds of molecules. This is of immense relevance in the context of white biotechnology as enzyme catalysed reactions use greener conditions.
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11
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Nedrud DM, Lin H, Lopez G, Padhi SK, Legatt GA, Kaz-Lauskas RJ. Uncovering divergent evolution of α/β-hydrolases: a surprising residue substitution needed to convert Hevea brasiliensis hydroxynitrile lyase into an esterase. Chem Sci 2014; 5:4265-4277. [PMID: 25346843 PMCID: PMC4206950 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01544d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hevea brasiliensis hydroxynitrile lyase (HbHNL) and salicylic acid binding protein 2 (SABP2, an esterase) share 45% amino acid sequence identity, the same protein fold, and even the same catalytic triad of Ser-His-Asp. However, they catalyze different reactions: cleavage of hydroxynitriles and hydrolysis of esters, respectively. To understand how other active site differences in the two enzymes enable the same catalytic triad to catalyze different reactions, we substituted amino acid residues in HbHNL with the corresponding residues from SABP2, expecting hydroxynitrile lyase activity to decrease and esterase activity to increase. Previous mechanistic studies and x-ray crystallography suggested that esterase activity requires removal of an active site lysine and threonine from the hydroxynitrile lyase. The Thr11Gly Lys236Gly substitutions in HbHNL reduced hydroxynitrile lyase activity for cleavage of mandelonitrile 100-fold, but increased esterase activity only threefold to kcat ~ 0.1 min-1 for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate. Adding a third substitution - Glu79His - increased esterase activity more than tenfold to kcat ~ 1.6 min-1. The specificity constant (kcat/KM) for this triple substitution variant versus wild type HbHNL shifted more than one million-fold from hydroxynitrile lyase activity (acetone cyanohydrin substrate) to esterase activity (p-nitrophenyl acetate substrate). The contribution of Glu79His to esterase activity was surprising since esterases and lipases contain many different amino acids at this position, including glutamate. Saturation mutagenesis at position 79 showed that 13 of 19 possible amino acid substitutions increased esterase activity, suggesting that removal of glutamate, not addition of histidine, increased esterase activity. Molecular modeling indicates that Glu79 disrupts esterase activity in HbHNL when its negatively charged side chain distorts the orientation of the catalytic histidine. Naturally occurring glutamate at the corresponding location of Candida lipases is uncharged due to other active site differences and does not cause the same distortion. This example of the fine tuning of the same catalytic triad for different types of catalysis by subtle interactions with other active site residues shows how difficult it is to design new catalytic reactions of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Nedrud
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Hui Lin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Gilsinia Lopez
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Santosh K Padhi
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Graig A Legatt
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Romas J Kaz-Lauskas
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
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12
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Ferrari F, Paris C, Maigret B, Bidouil C, Delaunay S, Humeau C, Chevalot I. Molecular rules for chemo- and regio-selectivity of Candida antarctica lipase B in peptide acylation reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Wang H, Wang Z, Wang C, Yang F, Zhang H, Yue H, Wang L. Lipase catalyzed synthesis of 3,3′-(arylmethylene)bis(2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06516f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of 3,3′-(arylmethylene)bis(2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione) (3) catalyzed by lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, P R China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, P R China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- State key Laborarory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, China
| | - Fengjuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, P R China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, P R China
| | - Hong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, P R China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023, P R China
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14
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Hackenschmidt S, Moldenhauer EJ, Behrens GA, Gand M, Pavlidis IV, Bornscheuer UT. Enhancement of Promiscuous Amidase Activity of a Bacillus subtilis
Esterase by Formation of a π-π Network. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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