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Yang Q, Xu Y, Pan M, Jiang D, Wang Z, Wang W, Shi X, Chen C, Li H. Enhancing the Performance of Tyndall-Powell Gate Ion Mobility Spectrometry by Combining Ion Enrichment, Discrimination Reduction, and Temporal Compression into a Single Gating Process. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10893-10900. [PMID: 38922295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The broad applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) demand good sensitivity and resolving power for ion species with different reduced mobilities (K0). In this work, a new Tyndall-Powell gate (TPG) gating method for combining ion enrichment, mobility discrimination reduction, and temporal compression into a single gating process is proposed to improve IMS analysis performance. The two-parallel-grid structure and well-confined gate region of the TPG make it convenient to spatiotemporally vary the electric fields within and around the gate region. Under the new gating method, a potential wave is applied on TPG grid 1 to enrich ions within the ionization region adjacent to the TPG during the gate-closed state; meanwhile, a potential wave is applied on TPG grid 2 to enhance mobility discrimination reduction and temporal compression simultaneously during the gate-open state. For triethyl phosphate (TEP) and dimethyl methylphosphonate mixtures, product ion peaks within K0 of 1.9 to 1.1 cm2/V·s exhibit a 19-fold increase in ion current compared to the traditional TPG gating method, while maintaining a resolving power of 85. The estimated limit of detection for the TEP dimer is lowered from 8 ppb to 135 ppt. The new gating method can be applied to other TPG-based IMS systems to enhance their performance in analyzing complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhe Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
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Xu Y, Yang Q, Pan M, Jiang D, Yu Y, Chen C, Li H. Improving the Sensitivity and Linear Range of Photoionization Ion Mobility Spectrometry via Confining the Ion Recombination and Space Charge Effects Assisted by Theoretical Modeling. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3979-3987. [PMID: 38391328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Photoionization (PI) is an efficient ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry. Its hyphenation with IMS (PI-IMS) has been employed in various on-site analysis scenarios targeting a wide range of compounds. However, the signal intensity and linear dynamic range of PI-IMS at ambient pressure usually do not follow the Beer-Lambert law predictions, and the factors causing that negative deviation remain unclear. In this work, a variable pressure PI-IMS system was developed to examine the ion loss effects from factors like ion recombination and space charge by varying its working pressure from 1 to 0.1 bar. Assisted by theoretical modeling, it was found that ion recombination could contribute up to 90% of signal intensity loss for ambient pressure PI-IMS setups. Lowering the pressure and increasing the electric field in PI-IMS helped suppress the ion recombination process and thus an optimal pressure Poptimal appeared for best signal intensity, despite the decreased net ion number density and the increased space charge effect. A simplified theoretical equation taking ion recombination as the primary ion loss factor was derived to link Poptimal with analyte concentration and electric field in PI-IMS, enabling a swift optimization of the PI-IMS performance. For example, compared to ambient pressure, PI-IMS at a Poptimal of 0.4 bar provided a signal intensity increment of more than 400% for 0.716 ppmv toluene and also expanded the linear dynamic range by more than two times. Revealing factors influencing the PI-IMS response would also benefit the applications of other chemical ionization sources in IMS or mass spectrometry (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qimu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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3
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Wang J, Chen H, Ling Y, Zhang C, Zhou H, Wang X, Ni K. Enhancing ion mobility spectrometry performance through a programmable ion swarm shaping method based on Bradbury-Nielsen gates. Talanta 2024; 269:125396. [PMID: 37979507 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The ion gate is a critical element in drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) as it directly influences the resolving power and sensitivity of the system. However, the conventional Bradbury-Nielsen gate (BNG) often leads to deformation of the ion swarm shape, resulting in reduced resolving power and significant discrimination effects. To address these limitations, we propose a novel method that incorporates a cutting phase following the gate opening. This approach effectively reduces trailing edge deformation, resulting in a maximum resolving power of over 100 and increased signal intensity. Additionally, this method maintains high resolving power even during longer gate opening times. Remarkably, this method not only significantly reduces the mobility discrimination effect but also enables the achievement of reverse discrimination by adjusting the duration of the cutting phase. Consequently, it demonstrates the potential to selectively amplify the peak height of target ions. Our method offers straightforward implementation across all IMS systems utilizing the BNG, thereby significantly improving system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiyuan Ling
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haobo Zhou
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Precision Measure Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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4
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Zühlke M, Genin L, Riebe D, Beitz T. Selective ionization of marker molecules in fuels by laser-based ion mobility spectrometry (LIMS). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:864-872. [PMID: 38240373 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01994b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Careful quality control of complex matrices such as fuels and food is necessary due to the prevalence of counterfeit and pirated goods in global trade. The addition of taggants (indicator substances) to products or their packaging helps to ensure traceability. In order to prevent the mixing of different liquid products, such as different taxed fuels, invisible labelling (marker) can be used to detect illegal activities. This study investigates the qualitative and quantitative analysis of markers in complex fuel matrices using Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionisation (REMPI) Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS). The potential of REMPI as a selective ionisation technique for the detection of markers is highlighted, particularly with respect to minimizing matrix background and the possibility of detection without chromatographic pre-separation. Finding a suitable marker-wavelength combination that provides a suitable marker-to-matrix ratio allows selective ionization of markers while minimising matrix background. Matrix analysis shows that higher excitation wavelengths result in reduced matrix signals, with the low intensities observed at 355 nm for diesel and petrol matrices. Several candidate markers are evaluated based on the criteria of intense signal at 355 nm and non-leachability for the low tax labelling. The analytical performance of selected markers is evaluated, with a focus on the charge transfer reaction (CTR) between markers and matrix components. Our findings demonstrate the potential of REMPI-IMS for marker analysis in fuels without the need for chromatographic pre-separation, providing a promising approach for detecting illegal or fraudulent activities in the supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zühlke
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Leonard Genin
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Riebe
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Toralf Beitz
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Tuo S, Liu C, Wang C, Kong B, Lu H, Zhong K, Li Y, Liu W, Yu J. Evaluation of Fourier deconvolution ion mobility spectrometer as high-performance gas chromatography detector for the analysis of plant extract flavors. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464560. [PMID: 38070304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The Fourier deconvolution ion mobility spectrometer (FDIMS) offers multiplexing and improves the resolving power and signal-to-noise ratio. To evaluate the FDIMS as a detector for gas chromatography for the analysis of complex samples, we connected a drift tube ion mobility spectrometer to a commercial gas chromatograph and compared the performance including resolving power, sensitivity, and linear range using 2,6-di‑tert-butylpyridine. Mixed standards were also injected into the tandem system to evaluate the performance under optimized conditions. A complex plant extract sample used as natural flavoring was investigated using the resulting system. The results show that the instrument implemented with the Fourier deconvolution multiplexing method demonstrated higher performance over the traditional signal averaging method including higher resolving power, better limit of detection, and wider linear range for a variety of compounds and natural plant extract flavorings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxing Tuo
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, China.
| | - Can Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Bo Kong
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Kejun Zhong
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yuqiao Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Jianna Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China.
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6
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Kobelt T, Lippmann M, Wuttke J, Wessel H, Zimmermann S. Influence of ionization volume and sample gas flow rate on separation power in gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464506. [PMID: 37983986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the influence of the sample gas flow rate and the ionization region volume of an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) used as a detector in gas chromatography (GC) on GC-IMS peak shape has been investigated. Therefore, a drift tube IMS with a field-switching ion shutter, a defined ionization region volume and an ultra-violet radiation source was used. To identify the influence of the sample gas flow rate entering the ionization region (equals the GC carrier gas flow rate if no further make-up gas is used) and the ionization region volume on peak broadening and signal intensity, different sample volumes as they would elute from a GC were tested at a variety of sample gas flow rates at a given ionization region volume. The results clearly show that for low sample gas flow rates a depletion of sample molecules in the ionization region leads to a significant decrease in effective detector volume but also to reduced signal intensities. Therefore, for optimal performance of a GC-IMS, the optimal operating point of the GC should match the flow range, where the IMS provides the best compromise between signal-to-noise ratio and peak broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kobelt
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Jannik Wuttke
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Hanno Wessel
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
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Thoben C, Schlottmann F, Kobelt T, Nitschke A, Gloeden GL, Naylor CN, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Ultra-Fast Ion Mobility Spectrometer for High-Throughput Chromatography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17073-17081. [PMID: 37953497 PMCID: PMC10666085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Fast chromatography systems especially developed for high sample throughput applications require sensitive detectors with a high repetition rate. These high throughput techniques, including various chip-based microfluidic designs, often benefit from detectors providing subsequent separation in another dimension, such as mass spectrometry or ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), giving additional information about the analytes or monitoring reaction kinetics. However, subsequent separation is required at a high repetition rate. Here, we therefore present an ultra-fast drift tube IMS operating at ambient pressure. Short drift times while maintaining high resolving power are reached by several key instrumental design features: short length of the drift tube, resistor network of the drift tube, tristate ion shutter, and improved data acquisition electronics. With these design improvements, even slow ions with a reduced mobility of just 0.94 cm2/(V s) have a drift time below 1.6 ms. Such short drift times allow for a significantly increased repetition rate of 600 Hz compared with previously reported values. To further reduce drift times and thus increase the repetition rate, helium can be used as the drift gas, which allows repetition rates of up to 2 kHz. Finally, these significant improvements enable IMS to be used as a detector following ultra-fast separation including chip-based chromatographic systems or droplet microfluidic applications requiring high repetition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Schlottmann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Kobelt
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Nitschke
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gian-Luca Gloeden
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Cameron N. Naylor
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T. Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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8
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Greer C, Clowers BH. Simultaneous Ion Swarm Profiling and Ion Mobility Measurement using Ion Cameras. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:1545-1548. [PMID: 37403971 PMCID: PMC10529994 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
When operated as a standalone analytical device, traditional drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) experiments require high-speed, high-gain transimpedance amplifiers to record ion separations with sufficient resolution. Recent developments in the fabrication of charge-sensitive cameras (e.g., IonCCD) have provided key insights for ion beam profiling in mass spectrometry and even served as detectors for miniature magnetic sector instruments. Unfortunately, these platforms have comparatively slow integration times (multiple ms), which largely precludes their use for recording ion mobility spectra, where sampling rates into the 10s of kHz are generally required. As a result, experiments that simultaneously probe the longitudinal and transverse mobility of an injected species using an array detector have not been reported. To address this duty-cycle mismatch, a frequency encoding strategy is used to evaluate ion swarm characteristics, while directly capturing ion mobility information using the Fourier transform. This apparatus described allows the ion beam to be profiled over the full course of the experiment and establishes the foundation to examine axial and longitudinal drift velocities simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman WA, 99163, United States
| | - Brian H. Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman WA, 99163, United States
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Boillat MA, Rakus JM, Hauser PC. Electrospray Ion Mobility Spectrometer Based on Flexible Printed-Circuit Board Electrodes with Improved Resolving Power. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37407429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
An easily built drift tube instrument with ring electrodes made of rolled-up flexible printed circuit boards is reported. Its resolving power was maximized by careful attention to the drift tube geometry and the response time of the detector amplifier and by employing a high separation field strength. The separation of singly charged aliphatic quaternary ammonium ions introduced by electrospray was performed, and the measured resolving power was between 86 and 97% of the theoretical limit for three different drift tube lengths investigated. For the longest drift length of 30 cm, a resolving power of up to 228 was obtained. Three benzalkonium chlorides were also separated with resolving powers of over 210. The tristate injection scheme can also be used, with only a small loss of the separation performance compared to the two-state injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Aurèle Boillat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian M Rakus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Thoben C, Raddatz CR, Tataroglu A, Kobelt T, Zimmermann S. How to Improve the Resolving Power of Compact Electrospray Ionization Ion Mobility Spectrometers. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8277-8283. [PMID: 37192335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Every drift tube ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) has an optimum drift voltage to reach maximum resolving power. This optimum depends, among other things, on the temporal and spatial width of the injected ion packet and the pressure within the IMS. A reduction of the spatial width of the injected ion packet leads to improved resolving power, higher peak amplitudes when operating the IMS at optimum resolving power, and thus a better signal-to-noise ratio despite the reduced number of injected ions. Hereby, the performance of electrospray ionization (ESI)-IMS can be considerably improved. By setting the ion shutter opening time to just 5 μs and slightly increasing the pressure, a high resolving power RP > 150 can be achieved with a given drift length of just 75 mm. At such high resolving power, even a mixture of the herbicides isoproturon and chlortoluron having similar ion mobility can be well separated despite short drift length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aykut Tataroglu
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Kobelt
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Capitain CC, Zischka M, Sirkeci C, Weller P. Evaluation of IMS drift tube temperature on the peak shape of high boiling fragrance compounds towards allergen detection in complex cosmetic products and essential oils. Talanta 2023; 257:124397. [PMID: 36858010 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) has recently gained increasing attention for the analysis of volatile compounds due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and robust design. Peak shape distortion, including peak tailing or broadening, are well known challenges in chromatographic analysis that result in peak asymmetry and decreased resolution. However, in IMS analysis peak tailing, which is independent on the column separation technique, have also been observed. As high boiling substances, such as monoterpenes, are mainly affected by enlarged peak tailing in GC-IMS, we propose that condensation or adsorption effects within the "cold" IMS cell, which is commonly operated at 45 °C-90 °C, are the root cause. To avoid condensation and to decrease peak tailing, we used a prototypic high temperature ion mobility spectrometry (HTIMS) in this work, which allows an increase of the IMS drift tube temperature up to 180 °C. This HTIMS was coupled to a GC column separation and used to analyse the peak shape of homologues series of ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, as well as high boiling fragrance compounds, such as monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. While we were able to show that an increased IMS drift tube temperatures correlates well with improved peak shapes, the GC parameters of the HS-GC-HTIMS method, however, were found to have little effect on the peak shapes in IMS spectra. In particular monoterpenes, which display intense peak tailing at lower IMS drift tube temperatures, show significant improvement of the peak shape at higher IMS drift tube temperatures. This leads to the assumption that high boiling substances indeed undergo condensation effects within the IMS cell at low drift tube temperatures. For many separation tasks, such as the separation of the phenylpropanoids eugenol and isoeugenol, comparably low IMS temperatures of 120 °C are already sufficient to achieve a resolution above 1.5. However, the optimal drift tube temperature is dependent on the substance class. While the aspect ratio increases steadily for most monoterpenes, phenylpropanoids and aldehyde monomer peaks investigated, an optimal aspect ratio was found for ketones between 140 °C and 160 °C and alcohols between 120 °C and 140 °C. Lastly, the change of the reduced mobility K0 with the increase of drift tube temperature was analysed. Compounds with similar chemical structure, such as the alcoholic monoterpenes citronellol and geraniol or the phenylpropanoids eugenol and isoeugenol show similar shifts of the K0 value. Substances which differ in their chemical structure, such as the aldehyde monoterpenes citral and cinnamal have substantially different shifts of the K0 value. With a future large substance database, the temperature dependant slope of the K0 value of a substance could be used to identify the substance groups of unknown molecules. Furthermore, substances with the same drift time but different chemical composition could be separable through a change in drift tube temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Capitain
- Institute for Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Zischka
- Institute for Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cengiz Sirkeci
- G.A.S. Gesellschaft für Analytische Sensorsysteme mbH, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philipp Weller
- Institute for Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.
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12
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Li X, Wang H, Jiang M, Ding M, Xu X, Xu B, Zou Y, Yu Y, Yang W. Collision Cross Section Prediction Based on Machine Learning. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104050. [PMID: 37241791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is a powerful separation technique providing an additional dimension of separation to support the enhanced separation and characterization of complex components from the tissue metabolome and medicinal herbs. The integration of machine learning (ML) with IM-MS can overcome the barrier to the lack of reference standards, promoting the creation of a large number of proprietary collision cross section (CCS) databases, which help to achieve the rapid, comprehensive, and accurate characterization of the contained chemical components. In this review, advances in CCS prediction using ML in the past 2 decades are summarized. The advantages of ion mobility-mass spectrometers and the commercially available ion mobility technologies with different principles (e.g., time dispersive, confinement and selective release, and space dispersive) are introduced and compared. The general procedures involved in CCS prediction based on ML (acquisition and optimization of the independent and dependent variables, model construction and evaluation, etc.) are highlighted. In addition, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, and CCS theoretical calculations are also described. Finally, the applications of CCS prediction in metabolomics, natural products, foods, and the other research fields are reflected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meiting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mengxiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yadan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuetong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
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13
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Bohnhorst A, Zygmanowski A, Yin Y, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Highly Efficient Ion Manipulator for Tandem Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Exploring a Versatile Technique by a Study of Primary Alcohols. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7158-7169. [PMID: 37094083 PMCID: PMC10173250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a tandem ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) utilizing a highly efficient ion manipulator allowing to store, manipulate, and analyze ions under high electric field strengths and controlled ion-neutral reactions at ambient conditions. The arrangement of tandem drift regions and an ion manipulator in a single drift tube allows a sequence of mobility selection of precursor ions, followed by storage and analysis, mobility separation, and detection of the resulting product ions. In this article, we present a journey exploring the capabilities of the present instrument by a study of eight different primary alcohols characterized at reduced electric field strengths E/N of up to 120 Td with a water vapor concentration ranging from 40 to 540 ppb. Under these conditions, protonated alcohol monomers up to a carbon number of nine could be dissociated, resulting in 18 different fragmented product ions in total. The fragmentation patterns revealed regularities, which can be used for assignment to the chemical class and improved classification of unknown substances. Furthermore, both the time spent in high electrical field strengths and the reaction time with water vapor can be tuned precisely, allowing the fragment distribution to be influenced. Thus, further information regarding the relations of the product ions can be gathered in a standalone drift tube IMS for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
- ACKISION GmbH, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Anne Zygmanowski
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Yu Yin
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
- ACKISION GmbH, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
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14
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Ahrens A, Allers M, Bock H, Hitzemann M, Ficks A, Zimmermann S. Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents with a Miniaturized High-Performance Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometer Using High-Energetic Photons for Ionization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15440-15447. [PMID: 36301910 PMCID: PMC9647701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A growing demand for low-cost gas sensors capable of
detecting
the smallest amounts of highly toxic substances in air, including
chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs),
has emerged in recent years. Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) are
particularly suitable for this application due to their high sensitivity
and fast response times. In view of the preferred mobile use of such
devices, miniaturized ion drift tubes are required as the core of
IMS-based lightweight, low-cost, hand-held gas detectors. Thus, we
evaluate the suitability of a miniaturized ion mobility spectrometer
featuring an ion drift tube length of just 40 mm and a high resolving
power of Rp = 60 for the detection of
various CWAs, such as nerve agents sarin (GB), tabun (GA), soman (GD),
and cyclosarin (GF), as well as the blister agent sulfur mustard (HD),
the blood agent hydrogen cyanide (AC) and the choking agent chlorine
(CL). We report on the limits of detection reaching minimum concentration
levels of, for instance, 29 pptv for sarin (GB) within
an averaging time of only 1 s. Furthermore, we investigate the effects
of precursors, simulants, and other common interfering substances
on false positive alarms.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ahrens
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Allers
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, Munster29633, Germany
| | - Henrike Bock
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, Munster29633, Germany
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Ficks
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, Munster29633, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167Hannover, Germany
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15
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Moura PC, Vassilenko V. Gas Chromatography - Ion Mobility Spectrometry as a tool for quick detection of hazardous volatile organic compounds in indoor and ambient air: A university campus case study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2022; 28:113-126. [PMID: 36200142 PMCID: PMC9647320 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221130170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Society's concerns about the citizens' exposure to possibly dangerous environments have recently risen; nevertheless, the assessment of indoor air quality still represents a major contemporary challenge. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the main factors responsible for deteriorating air quality conditions. These analytes are very common in daily-use environments and they can be extremely hazardous to human health, even at trace concentrations levels. For these reasons, their quick detection, identification, and quantification are crucial tasks, especially for indoor and heavily-populated scenarios, where the exposure time is usually quite long. In this work, a Gas Chromatography - Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS) device was used for continuous monitoring indoor and ambient air environments at a large-scale, due to its outstanding levels of sensibility, selectivity, analytical flexibility, and almost real-time monitoring capability. A total of 496 spectra were collected from 15 locations of a university campus and posteriorly analysed. Overall, 23 compounds were identified among the 31 detected. Some of them, like Ethanol and 2-Propanol, were reported as being very hazardous to the human organism, especially in indoor environments. The achieved results confirmed the suitability of GC-IMS technology for air quality assessment and monitoring of VOCs and, more importantly, proved how dangerous indoor environments can be in scenarios of continuous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Catalão Moura
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation
Physics (LibPhys-UNL), NOVA School of Science and
Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Valentina Vassilenko
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation
Physics (LibPhys-UNL), NOVA School of Science and
Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- NMT, S. A., Caparica, Portugal
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16
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Reinecke T, Kenyon S, Gendreau K, Clowers BH. Characterization of a Modulated X-ray Source for Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12008-12015. [PMID: 36001409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a highly deployed field instrument for the detection of narcotics, explosives, and chemical warfare agents, drift tube ion mobility spectrometry relies heavily upon the performance of the ionization source and mechanism of ion beam modulation. For this instrumental platform, ion chemistry plays a critical role in the performance of the instrument from a sensitivity and selectivity perspective; however, a range of instrumental components also occupy pivotal roles. Most notably, the mechanism of ion modulation or ion gating is a primary contributor to peak width in a drift tube ion mobility experiment. Unfortunately, physical ion gates rarely perform perfectly, and in addition to serving as physical impediments to ion transmission, their modulation also has undesirable field effects. Using a recently developed modulated, non-radioactive X-ray source, we detail the performance of an ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) system that is free of a gating structure and utilizes the pulsed nature of the modulated X-ray source (MXS) for both ion generation and initiation of the IMS experiment. After investigating the influence of pulse duration and spatial X-ray beam width on the analytical performance of the instrument, the possibility of using multiplexing with a shutterless system is explored. By increasing ion throughput, the observed multiplexing gain compared to a signal-averaged spectrum approaches the theoretical maximum and illustrates the capability of the MXS-IMS system to realize significant signal to noise improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Reinecke
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Steven Kenyon
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Keith Gendreau
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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17
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Kirk AT, Kueddelsmann MJ, Zimmermann S. Ultrasensitive Ion Source for Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometers Combining Optimized Sample Gas Flow with Both Chemical Ionization and Direct Ionization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9960-9969. [PMID: 35793469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efficient ionization of analyte molecules is a crucial step for the outstanding sensitivity of ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) used for trace gas detection. Here, we present a new ion source that combines the previously published extended field switching ion shutter with two switchable ionization sources and an optimized sample gas flow that leads to a focused laminar stream through the reaction region of the ion source. The X-ray ionization source allows for chemical gas phase ionization of analyte molecules, while the UV ionization source allows for direct ionization of analyte molecules. The optimized sample gas flow not only allows for quickly washing out analyte molecules from the reaction region but also has improved sensitivity by a factor of about 5 for protonated monomers, 20 for proton-bound dimers, and over 100 for the proton-bound trimer of 1-octanol. The resulting limits of detection using chemical X-ray ionization are in the subpptv-range for protonated monomers and in the low pptv-range for proton-bound dimers, while the limits of detection using direct UV ionization are in the subppbv-range. Especially, a direct comparison between chemical and direct ionization of ketones using this ultrasensitive ion source reveals a stepwise conversion from directly ionized monomers to proton-bound dimers via protonated monomers during direct UV ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T Kirk
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Kueddelsmann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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18
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Hu W, Meng Q, Lu Y, Xu Y, Nwadiuso OJ, Yu J, Liu W, Jing G, Li W, Liu W. Fourier Deconvolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 241:123270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for Structural Elucidation of Petroleum Compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Hitzemann M, Kirk AT, Lippmann M, Bohnhorst A, Zimmermann S. Miniaturized Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometer with Ultra-Fast Polarity Switching. Anal Chem 2022; 94:777-786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hitzemann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T. Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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21
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Thoben C, Raddatz CR, Lippmann M, Salehimoghaddam Z, Zimmermann S. Electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometer with new tristate ion gating for improved sensitivity for compounds with lower ion mobility. Talanta 2021; 233:122579. [PMID: 34215071 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An electrospray is a dispersed nebula of charged droplets produced under the influence of a strong electric field. The charged droplets subsequently result in ions in the gas phase. Therefore, electrospray is a commonly used method for transferring liquids to the gas phase while ionizing its constituents at the same time. In this work, we investigate the performance of an electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometer by varying the electric field strength in the desolvation region. In particular, we investigate a new tristate ion shutter with increased sensitivity for ions with higher molecular mass and lower ion mobility that are usually suppressed by classical Bradbury-Nielsen or Tyndall-Powell ion shutters when using short gating times as required for high resolving power. The electric field in the tristate ion shutter affects the optimal ratio of the electric field strengths in the drift and desolvation region. Furthermore, the solvent flow rate needs to be considered when setting the field strengths in the desolvation region. However, a higher electric field strength in the desolvation region affects the field at the emitter tip. For this reason, a smaller ratio of the drift field strength and the desolvation field strength is beneficial, especially since higher solvent flow rates require higher fields to initiate an electrospray. In this work, we use tetraoctylammonium bromide as an instrument standard and the fungicide metalaxyl, the herbicide isoproturon and the antibiotic cefuroxime as model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thoben
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - C-R Raddatz
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Lippmann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Z Salehimoghaddam
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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22
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McKenna KR, Clowers BH, Krishnamurthy R, Liotta CL, Fernández FM. Separations of Carbohydrates with Noncovalent Shift Reagents by Frequency-Modulated Ion Mobility-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2472-2480. [PMID: 34351139 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An increased focus on characterizing the structural heterogeneity of carbohydrates has been driven by their many significant roles in extant life and potential roles in chemical evolution and the origin of life. In this work, multiplexed drift tube ion mobility-Orbitrap mass spectrometry methods were developed to analyze mixtures of disaccharides modified with noncovalent shift reagents. Since traditional coupling of atmospheric pressure drift tube ion mobility cells with Orbitrap mass analyzers suffers from low duty cycles (<0.1%), a frequency modulation scheme was applied to improve the signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Several parameters such as the resolution setting and maximum injection time of the Orbitrap analyzer and the magnitude and duration of the frequency sweep were investigated for their impact on the sensitivity gains and resolution of disaccharide-shift reagent adducts. The sweep time and disaccharide concentration had a positive correlation with SNR. The magnitude of the frequency sweep had a negative correlation with SNR. However, increasing the frequency sweep improved the resolution of mixtures of disaccharide analytes. Application of frequency-modulated ion mobility-Orbitrap mass spectrometry to four noncovalently modified glucose dimers allowed for the differentiation of three out of these four analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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23
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Bohnhorst A, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Toward Compact High-Performance Ion Mobility Spectrometers: Ion Gating in Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6062-6070. [PMID: 33825452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Printed circuit board (PCB) based drift tube ion mobility spectrometers enable the use of state-of-the-art production techniques to manufacture compact devices with excellent performance at minimum cost. The new PCB ion mobility spectrometer (PCB-IMS) presented here is equipped with either a 140 MBq tritium or a 95 MBq nickel-63 ionization source and consists of a combination of horizontally arranged 6-layer PCBs for the drift and reaction regions and vertically arranged PCBs for interfacing the ionization source, ion shutter, and detector. The design allows the reproducible manufacturing and thus comparison of different IMS topologies. Here, we investigate different ion shutters, field-switching, Bradbury-Nielsen, and tristate and their effects on resolving power and limits of detection considering two different ionization region geometries and ionization sources, tritium and nickel-63. It is shown that the high resolving power of RP > 80 at low drift voltage of 3 kV and short drift length of 50 mm can be achieved independent of the used ion shutter mechanism and reaction region geometry. While the resolving power of all ion shutters is excellent, the Bradbury-Nielsen shutter shows a pronounced discrimination of slow ion species when using short shutter opening times for small initial ion cloud widths, as required for high resolving power. Thus, the intensity of the proton-bound dimer of 2-pentanone is reduced by 30% compared to the signal intensity obtained with both the field-switching and tristate shutter. The detection limits employing the Bradbury-Nielsen shutter and a 50 mm reaction region as required for nickel-63 are 58 pptv for the protonated monomer and 3.4 ppbv for the proton-bound dimer of 2-pentanone. The detection limits achieved with the tristate shutter utilizing the same reaction region are slightly higher for the protonated monomer at 68 pptv, but lower for the proton-bound dimer at 2 ppbv due to the advanced ion shutter principle not discriminating slow ions. However, the lowest detection limits of 13 pptv and 301 pptv can be achieved with the field-switching shutter and a 2 mm reaction region, sufficient for a tritium ionization source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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24
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Ahrens A, Zimmermann S. Towards a hand-held, fast, and sensitive gas chromatograph-ion mobility spectrometer for detecting volatile compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1009-1016. [PMID: 33222000 PMCID: PMC7813738 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometers can detect gaseous compounds at atmospheric pressure in the range of parts per trillion within a second. Due to their fast response times, high sensitivity, and limited instrumental effort, they are used in a variety of applications, especially as mobile or hand-held devices. However, most real-life samples are gas mixtures, which can pose a challenge for IMS with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mainly due to competing gas-phase ionization processes. Therefore, we present a miniaturized drift tube IMS coupled to a compact gas chromatograph for pre-separation, built of seven bundled standard GC columns (Rtx-Volatiles, Restek GmbH) with 250 μm ID and 1.07 m in length. Such pre-separation significantly reduces chemical cross sensitivities caused by competing gas-phase ionization processes and adds orthogonality. Our miniaturized GC-IMS system is characterized with alcohols, halocarbons, and ketones as model substances, reaching detection limits down to 70 pptv with IMS averaging times of just 125 ms. It separates test mixtures of ketones and halocarbons within 180 s and 50 s, respectively. The IMS has a short drift length of 40.6 mm and reaches a high resolving power of RP = 68. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ahrens
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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Chen C, Tabrizchi M, Li H. Ion gating in ion mobility spectrometry: Principles and advances. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hartner NT, Raddatz CR, Thoben C, Piendl SK, Zimmermann S, Belder D. On-Line Coupling of Chip-Electrochromatography and Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15129-15136. [PMID: 33143411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the first hyphenation of chip-electrochromatography (ChEC) with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). This approach combines the separation power of two electrokinetically driven separation techniques, the first in liquid phase and the second in gas phase, with a label-free detection of the analytes. For achieving this, a microfluidic glass chip incorporating a monolithic separation column, a nanofluidic liquid junction for providing post-column electrical contact, and a monolithically integrated electrospray emitter was developed. This device was successfully coupled to a custom-built high-resolution drift tube IMS with shifted potentials. After proof-of-concept studies in which a mixture of five model compounds was analyzed in less than 80 s, this first ChEC-IMS system was applied to a more complex sample, the analysis of herbicides spiked in the wine matrix. The use of ChEC before IMS detection not only facilitated the peak allocation and increased the peak capacity but also enabled analyte quantification. As both, ChEC and IMS work at ambient conditions and are driven by high voltages, no bulky pumping systems are needed, neither for the hydrodynamic pumping of the mobile phase as in high-performance liquid chromatography nor for generating a vacuum system as in mass spectrometry. Accordingly, the approach has great potential as a portable analytical system for field analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora T Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian K Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Bohnhorst A, Hitzemann M, Lippmann M, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Enhanced Resolving Power by Moving Field Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12967-12974. [PMID: 32880438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is a powerful detection method widely used in various applications. Particularly in field applications, ion mobility spectrometers (IMSs) are useful because of their extremely low detection limits at short measuring periods and their compact and robust design. However, especially small IMSs suffer from the consequences of low resolving power when compared to laboratory systems. Therefore, in this paper, we present a new approach to increase the resolving power of a drift time IMS without employing higher drift voltages and bulky power supplies. The so-called moving field IMS (MOF-IMS) presented here allows a more effective use of the available voltage because of a segmented drift region where only a small part is supplied with voltage. Even with the basic version of an MOF-IMS presented here, it was possible to increase the resolving power by 60% from 60 to 95 without increasing the required drift voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Lippmann M, Kirk AT, Hitzemann M, Zimmermann S. Compact and Sensitive Dual Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometer with a New Dual Field Switching Ion Shutter for Simultaneous Detection of Both Ion Polarities. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11834-11841. [PMID: 32786212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) with field switching ion shutters are an excellent choice for trace gas detection, being extremely sensitive while having fast response times. However, as different target molecules may form positive, negative, or even ions of both polarities, it is beneficial to simultaneously detect both ion polarities. Here, we present a dual drift tube IMS with a new dual field switching ion shutter for gating both ion polarities and an X-ray ionization source in orthogonal configuration. The dual field switching ion shutter allows significantly improved ion gating and ion accumulation due to improved shielding of the ionization region from the drift field. Equipped with two 75 mm long high-performance drift tubes, the dual IMS reaches high resolving power of R = 90 with detection limits in the lower pptv range for different ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons and methyl salicylate that forms ions in both polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lippmann
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Ahrens A, Möhle J, Hitzemann M, Zimmermann S. Novel ion drift tube for high-performance ion mobility spectrometers based on a composite material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-020-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIon mobility spectrometers (IMS) are able to detect pptV-level concentrations of substances in gasses and in liquids within seconds. Due to the continuous increase in analytical performance and reduction of the instrument size, IMS are established nowadays in a variety of analytical field applications. In order to reduce the manufacturing effort and further enhance their widespread use, we have developed a simple manufacturing process for drift tubes based on a composite material. This composite material consists of alternating layers of metal sheets and insulator material, which are connected to each other in a mechanically stable and gastight manner. Furthermore, this approach allows the production of ion drift tubes in just a few steps from a single piece of material, thus reducing the manufacturing costs and efforts. Here, a drift tube ion mobility spectrometer based on such a composite material is presented. Although its outer dimensions are just 15 mm × 15 mm in cross section and 57 mm in length, it has high resolving power of Rp = 62 and detection limits in the pptV-range, demonstrated for ethanol and 1,2,3-trichloropropane.
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Schlottmann F, Kirk AT, Allers M, Bohnhorst A, Zimmermann S. High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS) at 40 mbar. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1536-1543. [PMID: 32432872 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometers (HiKE-IMS) are usually operated at an absolute pressure of 20 mbar reaching high reduced electric field strengths of up to 125 Td for controlled reaction kinetics. This significantly increases the linear range and limits chemical cross sensitivities. Furthermore, HiKE-IMS enables the ionization of compounds normally not detectable in ambient pressure IMS, such as benzene, due to new reaction pathways and the inhibition of clustering reactions. In addition, HiKE-IMS allows the observation of additional orthogonal parameters related to an increased ion temperature such as fragmentation and field-dependent ion mobility, which may help to separate compounds that have similar ion mobility under low field conditions. Aiming for a hand-held HiKE-IMS to carry its benefits into field applications, reducing size and power consumption of the vacuum system is necessary. In this work, we present a novel HiKE-IMS design entirely manufactured from standard printed circuit boards (PCB) and experimentally investigate the analytical performance in dependence of the operating pressure between 20 mbar and 40 mbar. Hereby, the limit of detection (LoD) for benzene in purified, dry air (1.4 ppmV water) improved from 7 ppbV at 20 mbar down to 1.8 ppbV at 40 mbar. Furthermore, adding 0.9 ppmV toluene, the signal of the benzene B+ peak decreased by only 2% at 40 mbar. Even in the presence of high relative humidity in the sample gas above 90% or toluene concentrations of up to 20 ppmV, the LoD for benzene just increased to 9 ppbV at 40 mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schlottmann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Allers
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Allers M, Kirk AT, von Roßbitzky N, Erdogdu D, Hillen R, Wissdorf W, Benter T, Zimmermann S. Analyzing Positive Reactant Ions in High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS) by HiKE-IMS-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:812-821. [PMID: 32233385 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to classical ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) operating at ambient pressure, the high kinetic energy ion mobility spectrometer (HiKE-IMS) is operated at reduced pressures between 10-40 mbar. In HiKE-IMS, ions are generated in a reaction region before they are separated in a drift region. Due to the operation at reduced pressure, it is possible to reach high reduced electric field strengths up to 120 Td in both the reaction as well as drift region, resulting in a pronounced decrease in chemical cross sensitivities and a significant enhancement of the dynamic range. Until now though, only limited knowledge about the ionization pathways in HiKE-IMS is available. Typically, proton bound water clusters, H+(H2O)n, are the most abundant positive reactant ion species in classical IMS with atmospheric chemical ionization sources. However, at reduced pressure and increased effective ion temperature, the reactant ion population significantly changes. As the ionization efficiency of analyte molecules in HiKE-IMS strongly depends on the reactant ion population, a detailed knowledge of the reactant ion population generated in HiKE-IMS is essential. Here, we present a coupling stage of the HiKE-IMS to a mass spectrometer enabling the identification of ion species and the investigation of ion molecule reactions prevailing in HiKE-IMS. In the present study, the HiKE-IMS-MS is used to identify positive reactant ion populations in both, purified air and nitrogen, respectively. The experimental data suggest the generation of systems of clustered primary ions (H+(H2O)n, NO+(H2O)m, and O2+(H2O)p), which most probably serve as reactant ions. Their relative abundances highly depend on the reduced electric field strength in the reaction region. Furthermore, their effective mobilities are studied as a function of the reduced electric field strength in the drift region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Allers
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nikolaj von Roßbitzky
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Duygu Erdogdu
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Strasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Robin Hillen
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Strasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Walter Wissdorf
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Strasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Strasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Kirk AT, Kueddelsmann MJ, Bohnhorst A, Lippmann M, Zimmermann S. Improving Ion Mobility Spectrometer Sensitivity through the Extended Field Switching Ion Shutter. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4838-4847. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T. Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian J. Kueddelsmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Schrader RL, Marsh BM, Cooks RG. Fourier Transform-Ion Mobility Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Using Frequency Encoding for Recognition of Related Compounds in a Single Acquisition. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5107-5115. [PMID: 32122122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Schrader
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirk AT, von Helden G, Causon TJ, Pagel K. Plate-height model of ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2020; 145:6313-6333. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In analogy to chromatography, a plate-height model of drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry is presented that describes zone broadening and resolving power in ion mobility separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Department of Biology
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
| | - Maike Lettow
- Department of Biology
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
| | - Ansgar T. Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Department of Molecular Physics
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tim J. Causon
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Vienna
- 1190 Vienna
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
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Giles K, Ujma J, Wildgoose J, Pringle S, Richardson K, Langridge D, Green M. A Cyclic Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry System. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8564-8573. [PMID: 31141659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in the performance and availability of commercial instrumentation have made ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) an increasingly popular approach for the structural analysis of ionic species as well as for separation of complex mixtures. Here, a new research instrument is presented which enables complex experiments, extending the current scope of IM technology. The instrument is based on a Waters SYNAPT G2-S i IM-MS platform, with the IM separation region modified to accept a cyclic ion mobility (cIM) device. The cIM region consists of a 98 cm path length, closed-loop traveling wave (TW)-enabled IM separator positioned orthogonally to the main ion optical axis. A key part of this geometry and its flexibility is the interface between the ion optical axis and the cIM, where a planar array of electrodes provides control over the TW direction and subsequent ion motion. On either side of the array, there are ion guides used for injection, ejection, storage, and activation of ions. In addition to single and multipass separations around the cIM, providing selectable mobility resolution, the instrument design and control software enable a range of "multifunction" experiments such as mobility selection, activation, storage, IMS n, and importantly custom combinations of these functions. Here, the design and performance of the cIM-MS instrument is highlighted, with a mobility resolving power of approximately 750 demonstrated for 100 passes around the cIM device using a reverse sequence peptide pair. The multifunction capabilities are demonstrated through analysis of three isomeric pentasaccharide species and the small protein ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Giles
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , U.K
| | - Jakub Ujma
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , U.K
| | - Jason Wildgoose
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , U.K
| | - Steven Pringle
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , U.K
| | - Keith Richardson
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , U.K
| | - David Langridge
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , U.K
| | - Martin Green
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , U.K
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Piendl SK, Raddatz CR, Hartner NT, Thoben C, Warias R, Zimmermann S, Belder D. 2D in Seconds: Coupling of Chip-HPLC with Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7613-7620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora T. Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Kirk AT, Bohnhorst A, Raddatz CR, Allers M, Zimmermann S. Ultra-high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry-current instrumentation, limitations, and future developments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6229-6246. [PMID: 30957205 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
With recent advances in ionization sources and instrumentation, ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) have transformed from a detector for chemical warfare agents and explosives to a widely used tool in analytical and bioanalytical applications. This increasing measurement task complexity requires higher and higher analytical performance and especially ultra-high resolution. In this review, we will discuss the currently used ion mobility spectrometers able to reach such ultra-high resolution, defined here as a resolving power greater than 200. These instruments are drift tube IMS, traveling wave IMS, trapped IMS, and field asymmetric or differential IMS. The basic operating principles and the resulting effects of experimental parameters on resolving power are explained and compared between the different instruments. This allows understanding the current limitations of resolving power and how ion mobility spectrometers may progress in the future. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Allers
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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Ahrens A, Hitzemann M, Zimmermann S. Miniaturized high-performance drift tube ion mobility spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-019-00248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Chiluwal U, Lee G, Rajapakse MY, Willy T, Lukow S, Schmidt H, Eiceman GA. Tandem ion mobility spectrometry at ambient pressure and field decomposition of mobility selected ions of explosives and interferences. Analyst 2019; 144:2052-2061. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A tandem ion mobility spectrometer at ambient pressure included a thermal desorption inlet, two drift regions, dual ion shutters, and a wire grid assembly in the second drift region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Chiluwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
| | - Gyoungil Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
| | | | - Timothy Willy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
| | | | | | - Gary A. Eiceman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
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Bunert E, Kirk AT, Käbein O, Zimmermann S. Comparison of spatial ion distributions from different ionization sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-018-0241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Allers M, Timoumi L, Kirk AT, Schlottmann F, Zimmermann S. Coupling of a High-Resolution Ambient Pressure Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometer to a Commercial Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2208-2217. [PMID: 30105740 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry provides information about molecular structures of ions. Hence, high resolving power allows separation of isomers which is of major interest in several applications. In this work, we couple our high-resolution ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) with a resolving power of Rp = 100 to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Besides, the benefit of an increased resolving power such an IMS-MS also helps analyzing and understanding the ionization processes in IMS. Usually, the coupling between IMS and TOF-MS is realized by synchronizing data acquisition of the IMS and MS resulting in two-dimensional data containing ion mobility and mass spectra. However, due to peak widths of less than 100 μs in our high-resolution IMS, this technique is not practicable due to significant peak broadening during the ion transfer into the MS and an insufficient data acquisition rate of the MS. Thus, a novel but simple interface between the IMS and MS has been designed which minimizes ion losses, allows recording of ion mobility at full IMS resolving power, and enables a shuttered transmission of ions into the MS. The interface is realized by replacing the Faraday plate used in IMS by a Faraday grid that is shielded by two additional aperture grids. For demonstration, positive product ions of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene in air are investigated. The IMS is equipped with a radioactive 3H source. Besides the well-known product ions M+ and M·NO+, a dimer ion is also observed for benzene and toluene, consisting of two molecules and three further hydrogen atoms. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Allers
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Laila Timoumi
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Schlottmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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Bunert E, Reinecke T, Kirk AT, Bohnhorst A, Zimmermann S. Ion mobility spectrometer with orthogonal X-Ray source for increased sensitivity. Talanta 2018; 185:537-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kirk AT, Kobelt T, Spehlbrink H, Zimmermann S. A Simple Analytical Model for Predicting the Detectable Ion Current in Ion Mobility Spectrometry Using Corona Discharge Ionization Sources. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1425-1430. [PMID: 29740761 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Corona discharge ionization sources are often used in ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) when a non-radioactive ion source with high ion currents is required. Typically, the corona discharge is followed by a reaction region where analyte ions are formed from the reactant ions. In this work, we present a simple yet sufficiently accurate model for predicting the ion current available at the end of this reaction region when operating at reduced pressure as in High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometers (HiKE-IMS) or most IMS-MS instruments. It yields excellent qualitative agreement with measurement results and is even able to calculate the ion current within an error of 15%. Additional interesting findings of this model are the ion current at the end of the reaction region being independent from the ion current generated by the corona discharge and the ion current in High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometers (HiKE-IMS) growing quadratically when scaling down the length of the reaction region. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Thomas Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover, 30167, Germany.
| | - Tim Kobelt
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Hauke Spehlbrink
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover, 30167, Germany
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Kirk AT, Grube D, Kobelt T, Wendt C, Zimmermann S. High-Resolution High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometer Based on a Low-Discrimination Tristate Ion Shutter. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5603-5611. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T. Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and
Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Denise Grube
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and
Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Kobelt
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and
Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelius Wendt
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and
Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and
Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Kuklya A, Coban L, Uteschil F, Kerpen K, Telgheder U. Direct inlet probe ion mobility spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 180:61-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bohnhorst A, Kirk AT, Berger M, Zimmermann S. Fast Orthogonal Separation by Superposition of Time of Flight and Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1114-1121. [PMID: 29271643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is a powerful and low-cost technique for the identification of chemical warfare agents, toxic chemicals, or explosives in air. Drift tube ion mobility spectrometers (DT-IMS) separate ions by the absolute value of their low field ion mobility, while field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometers (FAIMS) separate them by the change of their ion mobility at high fields. However, using one of these devices alone, some common and harmless substances show the same response as the hazardous target substances. In order to increase the selectivity, orthogonal data are required. Thus, in this work, we present for the first time an ambient pressure ion mobility spectrometer which is able to separate ions both by their differential and low field mobility, providing additional information for selectivity enhancement. This novel field asymmetric time of flight ion mobility spectrometer (FAT-IMS) allows high repetition rates and reaches limits of detection in the low ppb range common for DT-IMS. The device consists of a compact 44 mm drift tube with a tritium ionization source and a resolving power of 70. An increased separation of four substances with similar low field ion mobility is shown: phosgene (K0 = 2.33 cm2/(V s)), 1,1,2-trichlorethane (K0 = 2.31 cm2/(V s)), chlorine (K0 = 2.24 cm2/(V s)), and nitrogen dioxide (K0 = 2.25 cm2/(V s)). Furthermore, the behavior and limits of detection for acetonitrile, dimethyl methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methyl phosphonate in positive polarity and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, cyanogen chloride, and hydrogen cyanide in negative polarity are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Berger
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Chen C, Chen H, Li H. Pushing the Resolving Power of Tyndall–Powell Gate Ion Mobility Spectrometry over 100 with No Sensitivity Loss for Multiple Ion Species. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13398-13404. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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