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Nozawa K, Zhang X, Nakamura T, Nashimoto Y, Takahashi Y, Ino K, Shiku H. Topographical evaluation of human mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation using scanning ion conductance microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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2
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Erdem A, Eksin E. Zip Nucleic Acid-Based Genomagnetic Assay for Electrochemical Detection of microRNA-34a. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010144. [PMID: 36671979 PMCID: PMC9856502 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Zip nucleic acid (ZNA)-based genomagnetic assay was developed herein for the electrochemical detection of microRNA-34a (miR-34a), which is related to neurological disorders and cancer. The hybridization between the ZNA probe and miR-34a target was performed in the solution phase; then, the resultant hybrids were immobilized onto the surface of magnetic beads (MBs). After magnetic separation, the hybrids were separated from the surface of MBs and then immobilized on the surface of pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs). In the case of a full-match hybridization, the guanine oxidation signal was measured via the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. All the experimental parameters that influenced the hybridization efficiency (i.e., hybridization strategy, probe concentration, hybridization temperature, etc.) were optimized. The cross-selectivity of the genomagnetic assay was tested against two different miRNAs, miR-155 and miR-181b, individually as well as in mixture samples. To show the applicability of the ZNA-based genomagnetic assay for miR-34a detection in real samples, a batch of experiments was carried out in this study by using the total RNA samples isolated from the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HUH-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzum Erdem
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-232-311-5131
| | - Ece Eksin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
- Biomedical Device Technology Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir 35290, Turkey
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Nasrollahpour H, Khalilzadeh B, Naseri A, Yousefi H, Erk N, Rahbarghazi R. Electrochemical biosensors for stem cell analysis; applications in diagnostics, differentiation and follow-up. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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4
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Liu G, Cao C, Ni S, Feng S, Wei H. On-chip structure-switching aptamer-modified magnetic nanobeads for the continuous monitoring of interferon-gamma ex vivo. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:35. [PMID: 31636925 PMCID: PMC6799845 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that indicate the health status of the body. In this study, we developed a microfluidic device integrated with structure-switching aptamers capable of continuously tracking the concentration of the cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in cell culture medium and blood serum. First, a ferrocene (Fc)-labeled structure-switching signaling aptamer with a hairpin structure targeting IFN-γ was immobilized on magnetic nanobeads by the strongest noncovalent interactions between streptavidin and biotin. The aptamer-modified magnetic nanobeads were trapped on a customized microfluidic chip by a magnetic field to form the sensing interface. The binding of IFN-γ could trigger the hairpin structure of the aptamer to unfold, pushing Fc redox molecules away from the sensing interface and consequently switching off the electrochemical signal. The change in the redox current of Fc was quantitatively related to the concentration of IFN-γ in a linear range of 10-500 pg mL-1 and with the lowest detection limit of 6 pg mL-1. This microfluidic device was specific to IFN-γ in the presence of overabundant serum proteins and allowed the continuous monitoring of IFN-γ without adding exogenous reagents. It provided a universal point-of-care biosensing platform for the real-time detection of a spectrum of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chaomin Cao
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shengnan Ni
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Hui Wei
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, PR China
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Erdem A, Eksin E. Magnetic beads assay based on Zip nucleic acid for electrochemical detection of Factor V Leiden mutation. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:839-846. [PMID: 30552928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Development of reliable methods for the detection of SNP is crucial in aspects of molecular diagnosis and personalized medicine. In our study, a genomagnetic assay in combination with zip nucleic acid (ZNA) for electrochemical detection of SNP related to Factor V Leiden mutation. For the first time in the literature, a new generation nucleic acid; ZNA was applied herein for electrochemical monitoring of nucleic acid hybridization. Streptavidin coated magnetic beads (MBs) were used for preparation of samples containing ZNA-DNA hybrid and accordingly, the guanine signal was measured as a response of hybridization related to Factor V Leiden mutation by carbon nanofibers (CNF) modified screen printed electrodes (SPE) and multi-channel screen printed array of electrodes (CNF-MULTI SPEx8). The detection limit (DL) was found to be 3.79 μg/mL (376 nM) and, 11.63 μg/mL (1.624 μM), respectively by CNF-SPE and CNF-MULTI SPEx8. The selectivity of ZNA probe to mutation-free DNA sequences was also investigated in contrast to DNA probe. The applicability of ZNA based magnetic beads assay to sequence selective hybridization related to Factor V Leiden was also tested in synthetic PCR samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzum Erdem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Biotechnology Department, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
| | - Ece Eksin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Biotechnology Department, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
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Nanobiosensing Platforms for Real-Time and Non-Invasive Monitoring of Stem Cell Pluripotency and Differentiation. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18092755. [PMID: 30134637 PMCID: PMC6163950 DOI: 10.3390/s18092755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in the biomedical and regenerative therapy fields have led to the influential ability of stem cells to differentiate into specific types of cells that enable the replacement of injured tissues/organs in the human body. Non-destructive identification of stem cell differentiation is highly necessary to avoid losses of differentiated cells, because most of the techniques generally used as confirmation tools for the successful differentiation of stem cells can result in valuable cells becoming irrecoverable. Regarding this issue, recent studies reported that both Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical sensing possess excellent characteristics for monitoring the behavior of stem cells, including differentiation. In this review, we focus on numerous studies that have investigated the detection of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation in non-invasive and non-destructive manner, mainly by using the Raman and electrochemical methods. Through this review, we present information that could provide scientific or technical motivation to employ or further develop these two techniques for stem cell research and its application.
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P J A, Seemesh B, G RKR, P SK, V R. Disulphide linkage: To get cleaved or not? Bulk and nano copper based SERS of cystine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 196:229-232. [PMID: 29454250 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Different nano-structures of noble metals have been the conventional substrates for carrying out Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). In this paper we examine electrodeposited copper (Cu) nano-structures on pencil graphite as novel substrate to carry out SERS measurements by considering l-cystine (Cys-Cys) (dimer of the amino acid cysteine) as the probe. The formation of monolayer of the probe molecule on the substrates was confirmed using cyclic voltammetric measurements. Mode of adsorption of Cys-Cys was observed to be different on bulk Cu (taken in the wire form) and nano-structured Cu on pencil graphite. Whereas in the former the disulphide bond of Cys-Cys remained intact, it got cleaved when Cys-Cys was adsorbed on electrodeposited copper indicating the activated nature of the nano-structure compared to bulk copper. CS stretching mode of vibration underwent blue shift in Cys-Cys adsorbed on Cu on pencil graphite vis-à-vis Cys-Cys adsorbed on Cu wire. Further evidence on the cleavage of the CS bond on an activated substrate was obtained by considering a bimetallic substrate comprising of silver on copper which was electrodeposited on pencil graphite. Our studies have demonstrated that nano‑copper surface is an excellent substrate for SERS giving 200 μM as lower detection limit for Cys-Cys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi P J
- Department of Chemistry, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhaskar Seemesh
- Department of Chemistry, SSSIHL, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Suresh Kumar P
- Department of Chemistry, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramanathan V
- Department of Chemistry, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ino K, Onodera T, Kanno Y, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsue T, Shiku H. Electrochemicolor imaging of endogenous alkaline phosphatase and respiratory activities of mesenchymal stem cell aggregates in early-stage osteodifferentiation. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Cao FY, Fan JX, Long Y, Zeng X, Zhang XZ. A smart fluorescence nanoprobe for the detection of cellular alkaline phosphatase activity and early osteogenic differentiation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1313-22. [PMID: 26961462 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, biomaterials were designed to induce stem cell toward osteogenic differentiation. However, conventional methods for evaluation osteogenic differentiation all required a process of cell fixation or lysis, which induce waste of a large number of cells. In this study, a fluorescence nanoprobe was synthesized by combining phosphorylated fluoresceinamine isomer I (FLA) on the surface of mesoporous silica-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4@mSiO2) nanoparticles. In the presence of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the phosphorylated FLA on the nanoprobe would be hydrolyzed, resulting in a fluorescence recovery of FLA. During early osteogenic differentiation, a high-level expression of cellular ALP was induced, which accelerated the hydrolysis of phosphorylated FLA, resulting in an enhancement of cellular fluorescence intensity. This fluorescence nanoprobe provides us a rapid and non-toxic method for the detection of cellular ALP activity and early osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Xuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Long
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Akanda MR, Sohail M, Aziz MA, Kawde AN. Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes for Electroanalysis. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Congur G, Plucnara M, Erdem A, Fojta M. Detection of p53 Gene by Using Genomagnetic Assay Combined with Carbon Nanotube Modified Disposable Sensor Technology. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Erdem A, Congur G, Mese F. PAMAM dendrimer functionalized magnetic particles developed for voltammetric DNA analysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Bal-Demirci T, Congur G, Erdem A, Erdem-Kuruca S, Özdemir N, Akgün-Dar K, Varol B, Ülküseven B. Iron(iii) and nickel(ii) complexes as potential anticancer agents: synthesis, physicochemical and structural properties, cytotoxic activity and DNA interactions. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The iron complex 3 was cytotoxic at low concentrations in K562 cells and could damage the DNA, specifically the adenine base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülay Bal-Demirci
- Department of Chemistry
- Engineering Faculty
- İstanbul University
- İstanbul
- Turkey
| | - Gulsah Congur
- Ege University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- İzmir
- Turkey
| | - Arzum Erdem
- Ege University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- İzmir
- Turkey
| | - Serap Erdem-Kuruca
- Department of Physiology
- İstanbul Medical Faculty
- İstanbul University
- İstanbul
- Turkey
| | - Namık Özdemir
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences
- Ondokuz Mayıs University
- Samsun
- Turkey
| | - Kadriye Akgün-Dar
- Department of Biology
- İstanbul Science Faculty
- İstanbul University
- İstanbul
- Turkey
| | - Başak Varol
- Department of Biophysic
- İstanbul Medical Faculty
- İstanbul University
- İstanbul
- Turkey
| | - Bahri Ülküseven
- Department of Chemistry
- Engineering Faculty
- İstanbul University
- İstanbul
- Turkey
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14
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Eksin E, Erdem A. Electrochemical Determination of Homocysteine at Disposable Graphite Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Zhu J, Wu XY, Shan D, Yuan PX, Zhang XJ. Sensitive electrochemical detection of NADH and ethanol at low potential based on pyrocatechol violet electrodeposited on single walled carbon nanotubes-modified pencil graphite electrode. Talanta 2014; 130:96-102. [PMID: 25159384 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the electrodeposition of pyrocatechol violet (PCV) was initially investigated by the electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) technique. Subsequently, PCV was used as redox-mediator and was electrodeposited on the surface of pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Owing to the remarkable synergistic effect of SWCNTs and PCV, PGE/SWCNTs/PCV exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation at low potential (0.2V vs. SCE) with fast amperometric response (<10s), broad linear range (1.3-280 μM), good sensitivity (146.2 μA mM(-1)cm(-2)) and low detection limit (1.3 μM) at signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Thus, this PGE/SWCNTs/PCV could be further used to fabricate a sensitive and economic ethanol biosensor using alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) via a glutaraldehyde/BSA cross-linking procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Dan Shan
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Pei-Xin Yuan
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xue-Ji Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Erdem A, Congur G. Voltammetric aptasensor combined with magnetic beads assay developed for detection of human activated protein C. Talanta 2014; 128:428-33. [PMID: 25059182 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective label free voltammetric aptasensor based on magnetic beads assay was performed for the first time in our study for monitoring of human activated protein C (APC), which is a serine protease (i.e., key enzyme of the protein C pathway). An amino modified DNA aptamer (DNA APT) was covalently immobilized onto the surface of carboxylated magnetic beads (MBs), and then, the specific interaction between DNA APT and its cognate protein, APC, was performed at the surface of MBs. Similarly a biotinylated DNA APT was immobilized onto the surface of streptavidin coated MBs. Before and after interaction process, the oxidation signal of guanine was measured at disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surface in combination with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique and accordingly, the decrease at the guanine signal was evaluated. The biomolecular recognition of APC was successfully achieved with a low detection limit found as 2.35 µg mL(-1) by using MB-COOH based assay. Moreover, the selectivity of this aptasensor assay was tested in the presence of numerous proteins and other biomolecules: protein C (PC), thrombin (THR), bovine serum albumin (BSA), factor Va (FVa) and chromogenic substrate (KS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzum Erdem
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Biotechnology Department, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gulsah Congur
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Biotechnology Department, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Ertl P, Sticker D, Charwat V, Kasper C, Lepperdinger G. Lab-on-a-chip technologies for stem cell analysis. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:245-53. [PMID: 24726257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The combination of microfabrication-based technologies with cell biology has laid the foundation for the development of advanced in vitro diagnostic systems capable of analyzing cell cultures under physiologically relevant conditions. In the present review, we address recent lab-on-a-chip developments for stem cell analysis. We highlight in particular the tangible advantages of microfluidic devices to overcome most of the challenges associated with stem cell identification, expansion and differentiation, with the greatest advantage being that lab-on-a-chip technology allows for the precise regulation of culturing conditions, while simultaneously monitoring relevant parameters using embedded sensory systems. State-of-the-art lab-on-a-chip platforms for in vitro assessment of stem cell cultures are presented and their potential future applications discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ertl
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Drago Sticker
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Charwat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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