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Reisinger D, Sietmann A, Das A, Plutzar S, Korotkov R, Rossegger E, Walluch M, Holler-Stangl S, Hofer TS, Dielmann F, Glorius F, Schlögl S. Light-Driven, Reversible Spatiotemporal Control of Dynamic Covalent Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2411307. [PMID: 39370771 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202411307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent polymer networks exhibit a cross-linked structure like conventional thermosets and elastomers, although their topology can be reorganized through externally triggered bond exchange reactions. This characteristic enables a unique combination of repairability, recyclability and dimensional stability, crucial for a sustainable industrial economy. Herein the application of a photoswitchable nitrogen superbase is reported for the spatially resolved and reversible control over dynamic bond exchange within a thiol-ene photopolymer. By the exposure to UV or visible light, the associative exchange between thioester links and thiol groups is successfully gained control over, and thereby the macroscopic mechanical material properties, in a locally controlled manner. Consequently, the resulting reorganization of the global network topology enables to utilize this material for previously unrealizable advanced applications such as spatially resolved, reversible reshaping as well as micro-imprinting over multiple steps. Finally, the presented concept contributes fundamentally to the evolution of dynamic polymers and provides universal applicability in covalent adaptable networks relying on a base-catalyzed exchange mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Alexander Sietmann
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Ankita Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Plutzar
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Roman Korotkov
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Thomas S Hofer
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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2
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Weingartz T, Nagorny S, Adams J, Eitzeroth A, Schewe M, Rembe C, Schmidt A. Bis(thienyl)ethenes with α-methoxymethyl groups. Syntheses, spectroscopic Hammett plots, and stabilities in PMMA films. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25704-25716. [PMID: 37649660 PMCID: PMC10462923 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of bis(thienyl)ethenes (BTEs) possessing perfluorocyclopentene backbones and methoxymethyl groups (MOM) in the 2/2'-positions of the thiophenes was prepared and examined. The substitution pattern of the 5/5'-positions was varied, covering the range from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing. The substituent effects of the absorption wavelengths of the ring-opened and the ring-closed isomers, which are interconverted by reversible 6π-electrocyclizations and cycloreversions, are studied by means of the spectroscopic Hammett equation and the Hammett-Brown equation. Excellent correlations of these linear free energy relationships were found, when the σp values of the Hammett equation, which summarize inductive, mesomeric and field effects, were replaced to the Hammett-Brown σp+ and σp- values which also take direct conjugation into account. We studied solvent effects on the spectroscopic properties and embedded the BTEs into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coatings to examine their fatigue resistance. By our studies, the spectroscopic properties of BTEs can be adjusted by variation of the substitution pattern to a desired excitation wavelength for switching processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Weingartz
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Sven Nagorny
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jörg Adams
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - André Eitzeroth
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Marvin Schewe
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute for Electrical Information Technology Leibnizstraße 28 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Christian Rembe
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute for Electrical Information Technology Leibnizstraße 28 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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3
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Komura M, Ogawa T, Tani Y. Room-temperature phosphorescence of a supercooled liquid: kinetic stabilisation by desymmetrisation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14363-14368. [PMID: 34880986 PMCID: PMC8580009 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in a solvent-free liquid state is a challenging task because the liquid state provides a less rigid environment than the crystal. Here, we report that an unsymmetrical heteroaromatic 1,2-diketone forms an organic RTP liquid. This diketone exists as a kinetically stable supercooled liquid, which resists crystallisation even under pricking or shearing stresses, and remains as a liquid for several months. The unsymmetrical diketone core is flexible, with eight distinct conformers possible, which prevents nucleation and growth for the liquid-solid transition. Interestingly, the thermodynamically stable crystalline solid-state was non-emissive. Thus, the RTP of the diketone was found to be liquiefaction-induced. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed that the diminished RTP of the crystal is due to insufficient intermolecular interactions and restricted access to an emissive conformer. Our work demonstrates that flexible unsymmetrical skeletons are promising motifs for bistable liquid-solid molecular systems, which are useful for the further development of stimuli-responsive materials that use phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Komura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takuji Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yosuke Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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4
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Lvov AG, Kavun AM, Kachala VV, Lyssenko KA, Shirinian VZ. Photorearrangement of dihetarylethenes as a tool for the benzannulation of heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4990-5000. [PMID: 30964495 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00690g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A general strategy for the preparative benzannulation of aromatic heterocycles via photocyclization of 1,2-dihetarylethenes was proposed for the first time. The strategy includes two steps, namely, modular assembly of dihetarylethenes from widely available 3-hetarylacetic acids and 2-bromo-1-hetarylethanones, and subsequent preparative photorearrangement (using a UV lamp at 365 nm as the light source). This approach is efficient for the annulation of a wide range of heterocycles and provides C-, N-, O- or S-substituents in the benzoheterocycles obtained. The photochemical step is a metal-, acid-, and oxidant-free reaction, which requires non-inert conditions, and can be easily monitored by NMR spectroscopy. Applicability of the proposed strategy was tested in the synthesis of a wide range of substituted carbazoles and benzo[b]thiophenes as well as on a gram-scale benzannulation of 3-indoleacetic acid. Our study disclosed how to overcome two notable obstacles to the successful photorearrangement of dihetarylethenes: undesired reactions associated with photogenerated singlet oxygen, and the instability of desired products. The first problem was successfully solved by the addition of DABCO, while development of an in situ alkylation protocol to trap unstable photoproducts allowed us to overcome the second issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Lvov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey M Kavun
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation. and Higher Chemical College, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim V Kachala
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Konstantin A Lyssenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valerii Z Shirinian
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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5
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Fredrich S, Bonasera A, Valderrey V, Hecht S. Sensitive Assays by Nucleophile-Induced Rearrangement of Photoactivated Diarylethenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6432-6440. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fredrich
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Virginia Valderrey
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Yamaguchi T, Nakagawa T, Ozeki T, Fukuda M, Morimoto M, Takami S. Thermal decomposition product of 1,2-bis(2-methyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Valderrey V, Bonasera A, Fredrich S, Hecht S. Light-Activated Sensitive Probes for Amine Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1914-1918. [PMID: 28090723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our new, simple, and accurate colorimetric method is based on diarylethenes (DAEs) for the rapid detection of a wide range of primary and secondary amines. The probes consist of aldehyde- or ketone-substituted diarylethenes, which undergo an amine-induced decoloration reaction, selectively to give the ring-closed isomer. Thus, these probes can be activated at the desired moment by light irradiation, with a sensitivity that allows the detection of amines at concentrations as low as 10-6 m in solution. In addition, the practical immobilization of DAEs on paper makes it possible to detect biogenic amines, such as cadaverine, in the gas phase above a threshold of 12 ppbv within 30 seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Valderrey
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fredrich
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Valderrey V, Bonasera A, Fredrich S, Hecht S. Lichtaktivierte Sensoren zur empfindlichen Amindetektion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Valderrey
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Fredrich
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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9
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10
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Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Strategy for Molecular Design of Photochromic Diarylethenes Having Thermal Functionality. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2005-15. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University; 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
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11
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Photochromic reaction behavior and thermal stability of thiophene-S,S-dioxidized diarylethenes having a benzofuryl group. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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van Dijken DJ, Kovaříček P, Ihrig SP, Hecht S. Acylhydrazones as Widely Tunable Photoswitches. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14982-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derk Jan van Dijken
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Svante P. Ihrig
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Kodama R, Sumaru K, Morishita K, Kanamori T, Hyodo K, Kamitanaka T, Morimoto M, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K. A diarylethene as the SO2 gas generator upon UV irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1736-8. [PMID: 25519491 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07790c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A closed-ring isomer of a diarylethene having a sulfone group works as the reagent for SO2 gas generation with thermal stability even at 70 °C, and it rapidly reverts to the open-ring isomer and generates the SO2 gas to induce cell death upon UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Kodama
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan.
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14
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Herder M, Schmidt BM, Grubert L, Pätzel M, Schwarz J, Hecht S. Improving the fatigue resistance of diarylethene switches. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2738-47. [PMID: 25679768 DOI: 10.1021/ja513027s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When applying photochromic switches as functional units in light-responsive materials or devices, an often disregarded yet crucial property is their resistance to fatigue during photoisomerization. In the large family of diarylethene photoswitches, formation of an annulated isomer as a byproduct of the photochromic reaction turns out to prevent the desired high reversibility for many different derivatives. To overcome this general problem, we have synthesized and thoroughly investigated the fatigue behavior of a series of diarylethenes, varying the nature of the hetaryl moieties, the bridging units, and the substituents. By analysis of photokinetic data, a quantification of the tendency for byproduct formation in terms of quantum yields could be achieved, and a strong dependency on the electronic properties of the substituents was observed. In particular, substitution with 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl or 3,5-bis(pentafluorosulfanyl)phenyl groups strongly suppresses the byproduct formation and opens up a general strategy to construct highly fatigue-resistant diarylethene photochromic systems with a large structural flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Herder
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Shoji H, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Alkyl substituent effects in photochemical and thermal reactions of photochromic thiophene-S,S-dioxidized diarylethenes. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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