1
|
Jiang X, Li Z, Young DJ, Liu M, Wu C, Wu YL, Loh XJ. Toward the prevention of coronavirus infection: what role can polymers play? MATERIALS TODAY. ADVANCES 2021; 10:100140. [PMID: 33778467 PMCID: PMC7980145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 has caused a global public health crisis with high rates of infection and mortality. Treatment and prevention approaches include vaccine development, the design of small-molecule antiviral drugs, and macromolecular neutralizing antibodies. Polymers have been designed for effective virus inhibition and as antiviral drug delivery carriers. This review summarizes recent progress and provides a perspective on polymer-based approaches for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus infection. These polymer-based partners include polyanion/polycations, dendritic polymers, macromolecular prodrugs, and polymeric drug delivery systems that have the potential to significantly improve the efficacy of antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Z Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A∗STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - D J Young
- College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory 0909, Australia
| | - M Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - C Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Y-L Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - X J Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A∗STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jarach N, Dodiuk H, Kenig S. Polymers in the Medical Antiviral Front-Line. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1727. [PMID: 32752109 PMCID: PMC7464166 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral polymers are part of a major campaign led by the scientific community in recent years. Facing this most demanding of campaigns, two main approaches have been undertaken by scientists. First, the classic approach involves the development of relatively small molecules having antiviral properties to serve as drugs. The other approach involves searching for polymers with antiviral properties to be used as prescription medications or viral spread prevention measures. This second approach took two distinct directions. The first, using polymers as antiviral drug-delivery systems, taking advantage of their biodegradable properties. The second, using polymers with antiviral properties for on-contact virus elimination, which will be the focus of this review. Anti-viral polymers are obtained by either the addition of small antiviral molecules (such as metal ions) to obtain ion-containing polymers with antiviral properties or the use of polymers composed of an organic backbone and electrically charged moieties like polyanions, such as carboxylate containing polymers, or polycations such as quaternary ammonium containing polymers. Other approaches include moieties hybridized by sulphates, carboxylic acids, or amines and/or combining repeating units with a similar chemical structure to common antiviral drugs. Furthermore, elevated temperatures appear to increase the anti-viral effect of ions and other functional moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Kenig
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Raman-Gan 52562, Israel; (N.J.); (H.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Freeman H, Srinivasan S, Das D, Stayton PS, Convertine AJ. Fully synthetic macromolecular prodrug chemotherapeutics with EGFR targeting and controlled camptothecin release kinetics. Polym Chem 2018; 9:5224-5233. [PMID: 36660314 PMCID: PMC9847574 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a fully polymerizable, peptide-targeted, camptothecin polymeric prodrug system. Two prodrug monomers were synthesized via esterification of campothecin (20Cam) and 10-hydroxycamptothecin (10Cam) with mono-2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl succinate (SMA) resulting in polymerizable forms of the aliphatic ester- and aromatic ester-linked drugs respectively. These monomers were then incorporated into zwitterionic polymers via RAFT copolymerization of the prodrug monomers with a tert-butyl ester protected carboxy betaine monomer. Subsequent deprotection of the tert-butyl residues with TFA yielded carboxy betaine methacrylate (CBM) scaffolds with controlled prodrug incorporation. Reverse phase HPLC was then employed to establish drug release kinetics in human serum at 37 oC for the resultant polymeric prodrugs. Copolymers containing 10Cam residues linked via aromatic esters showed faster hydrolysis rates with 59 % drug released at 7 days, while copolymers with Cam residues linked via aliphatic esters showed only 28 % drug release over the same time period. These differences in drug release kinetics were then shown to correlate with large differences in cytotoxic activity in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell cultures. At 72 hours, the IC50s of aromatic- and aliphatic- ester linked prodrugs were 56 nM and 4776 nM, respectively. An EGFR-targeting peptide sequence, GE11, was then directly incorporated into the polymeric prodrugs via RAFT copolymerization of the polymeric prodrugs with a peptide macronomer. The GE11-targeted polymeric prodrugs showed enhanced targeting and cytotoxic activity in SKOV3 cell cultures relative to untargeted polymers containing the negative control sequence HW12. Following pulse-chase treatment (15 min, 37 °C), the 72 hour IC50 of GE11 targeted prodrug was determined to be 1597 nM, in contrast to 3399 nM for the non-targeted control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Freeman
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, department of BioEngineering, Box 355061, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, department of BioEngineering, Box 355061, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
| | - Debobrato Das
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, department of BioEngineering, Box 355061, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, department of BioEngineering, Box 355061, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anthony J Convertine
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla MO, 65401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zuwala K, Riber CF, Løvschall KB, Andersen AHF, Sørensen L, Gajda P, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin: Polymer backbone defines blood safety, drug release, and efficacy of anti-inflammatory effects. J Control Release 2018; 275:53-66. [PMID: 29432822 PMCID: PMC7114659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular (pro)drugs hold much promise as broad-spectrum antiviral agents as either microbicides or carriers for intracellular delivery of antiviral drugs. Intriguing opportunity exists in combining the two modes of antiviral activity in the same polymer structure such that the same polymer acts as a microbicide and also serves to deliver the conjugated drug (ribavirin) into the cells. We explore this opportunity in detail and focus on the polymer backbone as a decisive constituent of such formulations. Fourteen polyanions (polycarboxylates, polyphosphates and polyphosphonates, and polysulfonates) were analyzed for blood pro/anti coagulation effects, albumin binding and albumin aggregation, inhibitory activity on polymerases, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity in stimulated macrophages. Ribavirin containing monomers were designed to accommodate the synthesis of macromolecular prodrugs with disulfide-exchange triggered drug release. Kinetics of drug release was fast in all cases however enhanced hydrophobicity of the polymer significantly slowed release of ribavirin. Results of this study present a comprehensive view on polyanions as backbone for macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anna H F Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | - Lise Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | - Paulina Gajda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark; iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das D, Srinivasan S, Brown FD, Su FY, Burrell AL, Kollman JM, Postma A, Ratner DM, Stayton PS, Convertine AJ. Radiant star nanoparticle prodrugs for the treatment of intracellular alveolar infections. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiant star nanoparticle prodrugs were synthesized in a two-step process by first homopolymerizing RAFT transmers followed by copolymerization from the hyperbranched polymer core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Das
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - S. Srinivasan
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - F. D. Brown
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - F. Y. Su
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - A. L. Burrell
- University of Washington
- Department of Biochemistry
- USA
| | - J. M. Kollman
- University of Washington
- Department of Biochemistry
- USA
| | - A. Postma
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - D. M. Ratner
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - P. S. Stayton
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - A. J. Convertine
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Advanced Prodrug Strategies in Nucleoside and Non-Nucleoside Antiviral Agents: A Review of the Recent Five Years. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101736. [PMID: 29035325 PMCID: PMC6151663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Poor pharmacokinetic profiles and resistance are the main two drawbacks from which currently used antiviral agents suffer, thus make them excellent targets for research, especially in the presence of viral pandemics such as HIV and hepatitis C. Methods: The strategies employed in the studies covered in this review were sorted by the type of drug synthesized into ester prodrugs, targeted delivery prodrugs, macromolecular prodrugs, other nucleoside conjugates, and non-nucleoside drugs. Results: Utilizing the ester prodrug approach a novel isopropyl ester prodrug was found to be potent HIV integrase inhibitor. Further, employing the targeted delivery prodrug zanamivir and valine ester prodrug was made and shown a sole delivery of zanamivir. Additionally, VivaGel, a dendrimer macromolecular prodrug, was found to be very efficient and is now undergoing clinical trials. Conclusions: Of all the strategies employed (ester, targeted delivery, macromolecular, protides and nucleoside analogues, and non-nucleoside analogues prodrugs), the most promising are nucleoside analogues and macromolecular prodrugs. The macromolecular prodrug VivaGel works by two mechanisms: envelope mediated and receptor mediated disruption. Nucleotide analogues have witnessed productive era in the recent past few years. The era of non-interferon based treatment of hepatitis (through direct inhibitors of NS5A) has dawned.
Collapse
|
7
|
Natfji AA, Osborn HM, Greco F. Feasibility of polymer-drug conjugates for non-cancer applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
8
|
Ramharack P, Soliman MES. Zika virus NS5 protein potential inhibitors: an enhanced in silico approach in drug discovery. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1118-1133. [PMID: 28351337 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1313175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The re-emerging Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that has been described to have explosive potential as a worldwide pandemic. The initial transmission of the virus was through a mosquito vector, however, evolving modes of transmission has allowed the spread of the disease over continents. The virus has already been linked to irreversible chronic central nervous system conditions. The concerns of the scientific and clinical community are the consequences of Zika viral mutations, thus suggesting the urgent need for viral inhibitors. There have been large strides in vaccine development against the virus but there are still no FDA approved drugs available. Rapid rational drug design and discovery research is fundamental in the production of potent inhibitors against the virus that will not just mask the virus, but destroy it completely. In silico drug design allows for this prompt screening of potential leads, thus decreasing the consumption of precious time and resources. This study demonstrates an optimized and proven screening technique in the discovery of two potential small molecule inhibitors of ZIKV Methyltransferase and RNA dependent RNA polymerase. This in silico 'per-residue energy decomposition pharmacophore' virtual screening approach will be critical in aiding scientists in the discovery of not only effective inhibitors of Zika viral targets, but also a wide range of anti-viral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pritika Ramharack
- a Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research Group , School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus, Durban 4001 , South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- a Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research Group , School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus, Durban 4001 , South Africa.,b Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus, Durban 4001 , South Africa.,c Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt.,d College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, FAMU , Tallahassee , FL 32307 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Riber CF, Hinton TM, Gajda P, Zuwala K, Tolstrup M, Stewart C, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular Prodrugs of Ribavirin: Structure-Function Correlation as Inhibitors of Influenza Infectivity. Mol Pharm 2016; 14:234-241. [PMID: 28043136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for new antiviral therapeutics is an ever present need. Particularly lacking are broad spectrum antivirals that have low toxicity. We develop such agents based on macromolecular prodrugs whereby both the polymer chain and the drug released from the polymer upon cell entry have antiviral effects. Specifically, macromolecular prodrugs were designed herein based on poly(methacrylic acid) and ribavirin. Structure-function parameter space was analyzed via the synthesis of 10 polymer compositions varied by molar mass and drug content. Antiviral activity was tested in cell culture against both low and high pathogenic strains of influenza. Lead compounds were successfully used to counter infectivity of influenza in chicken embryos. The lead composition with the highest activity against influenza was also active against another respiratory pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus, providing opportunity to potentially treat infection by the two pathogens with one antiviral agent. In contrast, structure-function activity against the herpes simplex virus was drastically different, revealing limitations of the broad spectrum antiviral agents based on macromolecular prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey M Hinton
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong, Vic 3220 Australia
| | - Paulina Gajda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cameron Stewart
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong, Vic 3220 Australia
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lapponi MJ, Rivero CW, Zinni MA, Britos CN, Trelles JA. New developments in nucleoside analogues biosynthesis: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Kryger MBL, Pedersen SL, Wohl BM, Zelikin AN. Tools of gene transfer applied to the intracellular delivery of non-nucleic acid polyanionic drugs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:889-91. [PMID: 26576493 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08011h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first successful implementation of transfection agents to facilitate the delivery of non-nucleic acid based anti-inflammatory and anti-viral drugs. In doing so, we illustrate a new paradigm in the intracellular delivery of polyanionic drugs and also extend the scope and utility of successful tools of gene transfer into a new area of biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mille B L Kryger
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. and iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren L Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. and iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Benjamin M Wohl
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. and iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. and iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hinton TM, Zuwala K, Deffrasnes C, Todd S, Shi S, Marsh GA, Dearnley M, Wohl BM, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Polyanionic Macromolecular Prodrugs of Ribavirin: Antiviral Agents with a Broad Spectrum of Activity. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:534-40. [PMID: 26789641 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular prodrugs are developed as multiarmed agents against diverse viral pathogens. Lead candidates inhibit infectivity and replication of HIV, Ebola, influenza, measles, RSV, etc-thus being broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M. Hinton
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and the iNano, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Celine Deffrasnes
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Shawn Todd
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Shuning Shi
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Benjamin M. Wohl
- Department of Chemistry and the iNano, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry and the iNano, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Das D, Gerboth D, Postma A, Srinivasan S, Kern H, Chen J, Ratner DM, Stayton PS, Convertine AJ. Synthesis of zwitterionic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic polymers via RAFT polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) in acetic acid. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and combinations of these monomers were directly (co)polymerized via RAFT polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) in acetic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debobrato Das
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Devin Gerboth
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Almar Postma
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Hanna Kern
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Jasmin Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Daniel M. Ratner
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Anthony J. Convertine
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Son HN, Srinivasan S, Yhee JY, Das D, Daugherty BK, Berguig GY, Oehle VG, Kim SH, Kim K, Kwon IC, Stayton PS, Convertine AJ. Chemotherapeutic copolymers prepared via the RAFT polymerization of prodrug monomers. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00756b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was employed to prepare prodrug polymer carrier systems with the chemotherapeutic agent camptothecin (Cam) and the kinase inhibitor dasatinib (Dt).
Collapse
|
15
|
Das D, Srinivasan S, Kelly AM, Chiu DY, Daugherty BK, Ratner DM, Stayton PS, Convertine AJ. RAFT polymerization of ciprofloxacin prodrug monomers for the controlled intracellular delivery of antibiotics. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01704a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prodrug monomers derived from the antibiotic ciprofloxacin were synthesized with phenolic or aliphatic esters linking the drug to a polymerizable methacrylate group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debobrato Das
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | | | - Abby M. Kelly
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - David Y. Chiu
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Low-dose ribavirin treatments attenuate neuroinflammatory activation of BV-2 Cells by interfering with inducible nitric oxide synthase. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:923614. [PMID: 26413464 PMCID: PMC4564589 DOI: 10.1155/2015/923614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a key role in defending central nervous system from various internal and external threats. However, their excessive and/or chronic activation is associated with deleterious effects in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Previously, we have shown that ribavirin when applied in clinically relevant dosage (10 μM) modulates activated microglia in complex fashion inducing both anti- and proinflammatory effects, simultaneously causing cytotoxicity. Here, we examined potential of low-dose ribavirin (0.1 and 1 μM) to modulate activated BV-2 microglia. Morphological and functional activation of BV-2 cells was achieved with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Our results demonstrated that low-dose ribavirin did not induce cell death, while 10 μM ribavirin promoted LPS induced apoptosis. We determined that 1 μM ribavirin was equally efficient in deactivation of LPS induced morphological changes as 10 μM ribavirin treatment. Ribavirin showed halfway success in reducing markers of functional activation of microglia. Namely, none of the doses had effect on LPS triggered production of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha. On the other hand, low-dose ribavirin proved its effectiveness in reduction of another inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide, by inhibiting inducible form of nitric oxide synthase. Our results imply that low-dose ribavirin may alleviate nitrosative stress during neuroinflammation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo H, Sun S, Yang Z, Tang X, Wang Y. Strategies for ribavirin prodrugs and delivery systems for reducing the side-effect hemolysis and enhancing their therapeutic effect. J Control Release 2015; 209:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
18
|
Bioactive nucleoside analogues possessing selected five-membered azaheterocyclic bases. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:409-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Ruiz-Sanchis P, Wohl BM, Smith AAA, Zuwala K, Melchjorsen J, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Highly active macromolecular prodrugs inhibit expression of the hepatitis C virus genome in the host cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:65-8. [PMID: 25132665 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious, potent, and at the same time nontoxic macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin are designed taking advantage over prodrug activation by the intracellular milieu. Activity of these prodrugs is illustrated in the cells hosting hepatitis C virus replication and also in the cells implicated in the inflammatory response to the viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Ruiz-Sanchis
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Benjamin M. Wohl
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | | | - Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; Denmark
| | | | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; Denmark
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Savic D, Stojiljkovic M, Lavrnja I, Parabucki A, Bjelobaba I, Nedeljkovic N, Herdegen T, Pekovic S. Ribavirin shows immunomodulatory effects on activated microglia. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:433-41. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.971962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
21
|
Wohl BM, Smith AAA, Jensen BEB, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular (pro)drugs with concurrent direct activity against the hepatitis C virus and inflammation. J Control Release 2014; 196:197-207. [PMID: 25451544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular prodrugs (MPs) are a powerful tool to alleviate side-effects and improve the efficacy of the broad-spectrum antiviral agent ribavirin. In this work, we sought an understanding of what makes an optimal formulation within the macromolecular parameter space--nature of the polymer carrier, average molar mass, drug loading, or a good combination thereof. A panel of MPs based on biocompatible synthetic vinylic and (meth)acrylic polymers was tested in an anti-inflammatory assay with relevance to alleviating inflammation in the liver during hepatitis C infection. Pristine polymer carriers proved to have a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity, a notion which may prove significant in developing MPs for antiviral and anticancer treatments. With conjugated ribavirin, MPs revealed enhanced activity but also higher toxicity. Therapeutic windows and therapeutic indices were determined and discussed to reveal the most potent formulation and those with optimized safety. Polymers were also tested as inhibitors of replication of the hepatitis C viral RNA using a subgenomic viral replicon system. For the first time, negatively charged polymers are revealed to have an intracellular activity against hepatitis C virus replication. Concerted activity of the polymer and ribavirin afforded MPs which significantly increased the therapeutic index of ribavirin-based treatment. Taken together, the systematic investigation of the macromolecular space identified lead candidates with high efficacy and concurrent direct activity against the hepatitis C virus and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Wohl
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Anton A A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Smith AAA, Zuwala K, Kryger MBL, Wohl BM, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Tolstrup M, Postma A, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin: towards a treatment for co-infection with HIV and HCV. Chem Sci 2014; 6:264-269. [PMID: 28580095 PMCID: PMC5435870 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02754j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) represent tremendous healthcare burdens with a large proportion of patients hosting the two viruses at the same time. An altered hepatic function and immunity as well as cross-interference of drugs make treatment of co-infection increasingly challenging. Herein we report the first design of macromolecular prodrugs (MP) with concurrent success in fighting HIV and alleviating hepatitis (liver inflammation). To achieve this, polymer compositions were systematically screened in a broad range of molar mass and content of ribavirin - a broad spectrum antiviral agent. For the first time, we report that ribavirin is efficacious in fighting HIV and in the form of MP, the treatment is safe, both in terms of lack of association of ribavirin with red blood cells and lack of toxicity upon cellular internalization. The lead polymer compositions were also potent in anti-inflammatory assays with relevance to viral hepatitis - thus making up formulations with potential for treatment of co-infection with HIV and HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A A Smith
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark .
| | - Kaja Zuwala
- Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Mille B L Kryger
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark . .,iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre , Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark
| | - Benjamin M Wohl
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark . .,iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre , Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- CSIRO-Manufacturing Flagship , Clayton VIC , Australia.,Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO-Manufacturing Flagship , Clayton VIC , Australia
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark . .,iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre , Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Smith AAA, Wohl BM, Kryger MBL, Hedemann N, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Postma A, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin: concerted efforts of the carrier and the drug. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1404-7. [PMID: 24408515 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymers in tune. Automated parallel polymer synthesis is developed to obtain libraries of macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. As many as 10 identified lead polymer conjugates exhibit therapeutic efficacy matching that of the pristine drug and at the same time suppressed the origin of the main side effect of ribavirin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. A. Smith
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Benjamin M. Wohl
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Mille B. L. Kryger
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Natasha Hedemann
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- CSIRO - Materials Science and Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory; Bayview Ave Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO - Materials Science and Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory; Bayview Ave Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Smith AAA, Kryger MBL, Wohl BM, Ruiz-Sanchis P, Zuwala K, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular (pro)drugs in antiviral research. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00624k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
25
|
Stevens DM, Gilmore KA, Harth E. An assessment of nanosponges for intravenous and oral drug delivery of BCS class IV drugs: Drug delivery kinetics and solubilization. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
26
|
Wohl BM, Smith AAA, Kryger MBL, Zelikin AN. Narrow therapeutic window of ribavirin as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis is broadened by macromolecular prodrugs. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3916-26. [PMID: 24156371 DOI: 10.1021/bm401048s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RBV), a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, is a standard medication against hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, despite the decades of clinical success, the mechanism of action of this drug against HCV remains a subject of debate. Furthermore, the appeal of this therapeutic agent is considerably lessened by unfavorable pharmacokinetics. This interdisciplinary study contributes to the understanding of intracellular effects exerted by RBV and presents a successful design of macromolecular prodrugs of RBV to achieve a safer treatment. Specifically, we demonstrate that RBV exhibits a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity in cultured macrophages as is evidenced by a 2-fold decrease in the levels of produced nitric oxide achieved using a clinically relevant concentration of this drug. However, this effect was characterized by a rather narrow therapeutic window with experimental values of EC50 and IC50 being 7 and 19 μM, respectively. Macromolecular prodrugs were obtained using an acrylate derivative of RBV, RAFT polymerization technique, and N-vinyl pyrrolidone as a partner monomer. The synthesized polymers were characterized with uniform molecular weights, relatively narrow polydispersities, and gradually increasing content of RBV. The resulting polymer therapeutics were effective in delivering their payload to the cultured macrophages and afforded a significantly wider therapeutic window, as much as >1000 μM (18-fold in relative values). Taken together, this work contributes significantly to the development of safer methods for delivery of RBV, as well as understanding the mechanism of action and origins of the side effects of this broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Wohl
- Department of Chemistry and ‡iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University , Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kryger MBL, Smith AAA, Wohl BM, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular prodrugs for controlled delivery of ribavirin. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:173-85. [PMID: 24105953 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RBV)-containing polymers are synthesized based on poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(acrylic acid), two polymers with extensive characterization in biomedicine. The copolymers are shown to exhibit a minor to negligible degree of association with erythrocytes, thus effectively eliminating the origin of the main side effects of RBV. The therapeutic benefit of macromolecular RBV prodrugs is illustrated by matched efficacy in suppressing production of nitric oxide by stimulated cultured macrophages as compared to pristine RBV with no associated cytotoxicity, which is in stark contrast to an RBV-based treatment which results in a significant decrease in cell viability. These results contribute to the development of antiviral polymer therapeutics and delivery of RBV in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mille B L Kryger
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Gustav WiedsVej 14, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|