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Abstract
At the advent of cross-coupling chemistry, carbon electrophiles based on halides or pseudohalides were the only suitable electrophilic coupling partners. Almost two decades passed before the first cross-coupling reaction of heteroatom-based electrophiles was reported. Early work by Murai and Tanaka initiated investigations into silicon electrophiles. Narasaka and Johnson pioneered the way in the use of nitrogen electrophiles, while Suginome began the exploration of boron electrophiles. The chemistry reviewed within provides perspective on the use of heteroatomic electrophiles, specifically silicon-, nitrogen-, boron-, oxygen-, and phosphorus-based electrophiles in transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling. For the purposes of this review, a loose definition of cross-coupling is utilized; all reactions minimally proceed via an oxidative addition event. Although not cross-coupling in a traditional sense, we have also included catalyzed reactions that join a heteroatomic electrophile with an in situ generated nucleophile. However, for brevity, those involving hydroamination or C-H activation as a key step are largely excluded. This work includes primary references published up to and including October 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina M Korch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Donald A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
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Luo X, Wang S, Xi C. Cp2TiCl2-catalyzed highly regioselective hydroamination of styrenes with hydroxylamines. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo01068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An efficient Cp2TiCl2-catalyzed one-pot two-step hydroamination procedure that allows the direct formation of tertiary amines from styrenes and an electrophilic nitrogen source has been reported with high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Sheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Chanjuan Xi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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Yan X, Xi C. Advances in transmetalation reactions originated from organozirconium compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bolotin DS, Bokach NA, Demakova MY, Kukushkin VY. Metal-Involving Synthesis and Reactions of Oximes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13039-13122. [PMID: 28991449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review classifies and summarizes the past 10-15 years of advancements in the field of metal-involving (i.e., metal-mediated and metal-catalyzed) reactions of oximes. These reactions are diverse in nature and have been employed for syntheses of oxime-based metal complexes and cage-compounds, oxime functionalizations, and the preparation of new classes of organic species, in particular, a wide variety of heterocyclic systems spanning small 3-membered ring systems to macroheterocycles. This consideration gives a general outlook of reaction routes, mechanisms, and driving forces and underlines the potential of metal-involving conversions of oxime species for application in various fields of chemistry and draws attention to the emerging putative targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda A Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Ya Demakova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Jiao J, Wang S, Chen C, Liu Q, Xi C. Directly Oxidative Cross-Coupling between Alkenylzirconocene and Alkynylcopper Reagents. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Jiao
- Institute
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050091, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingbin Liu
- Institute
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050091, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chanjuan Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
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Wang S, Shao P, Chen C, Xi C. Copper-Catalyzed Carboxylation of Alkenylzirconocenes with Carbon Dioxide Leading to α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2015; 17:5112-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chanjuan Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Zhou S, Yang Z, Chen X, Li Y, Zhang L, Fang H, Wang W, Zhu X, Wang S. Copper-Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Organoaluminum Nucleophiles with O-Benzoyl Hydroxylamines. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6323-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangliu Zhou
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory
of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory
of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory
of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
| | - Yimei Li
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory
of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory
of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Fang
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory
of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory
of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
| | - Xiancui Zhu
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory
of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
| | - Shaowu Wang
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory
of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Yan X, Xi C. Conversion of zirconacyclopentadienes into metalloles: Fagan-Nugent reaction and beyond. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:935-46. [PMID: 25831225 DOI: 10.1021/ar500429f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metalloles are derivatives of cyclopentadiene in which the methylene unit is replaced by a heteroatom, such as S, Se, Te, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Si, Ge, Sn, B, Al, Ga, and so on. Many metallole derivatives have been widely used as photovoltaic cells, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), chemical sensors, electrochromic devices, microelectronic actuators, and organic field effect transistors (OFETs). In the meantime, many of them showed promising biological actives. Due to the similarity to cyclopentadiene, the anionic forms of metalloles were also widely explored in coordination chemistry. As a result, development of a general method for the formation of metalloles from available starting materials is highly desired. In this Account, we outline formation of various p-block element metalloles from zirconacyclopentadienes. The zirconacyclopentadienes can be easily prepared from two molecules of alkynes and a low-valent zirconocene species "Cp2Zr(II)" (Cp = cyclopentadienyl). Fagan and Nugent first reported the formation of main group metalloles from zirconacyclopentadiene, which provided a versatile approach for the construction of metalloles, especially for the formation of metalloles in heavier p-block elements. To further expand the substrate scope, a number of stepwise conversions were developed, which involve 1,4-dimetallo- or dihalo-1,3-butadiene as intermediates from zirconacyclopentadienes. Here, four processes are classified based on direct and indirect conversion of zirconacyclopentadienes into metalloles. Direct reaction of zirconacyclopentadienes with element halides afforded heterocycles of main group elements, which provided a versatile method for the synthesis of metalloles. Nonetheless, the reaction scope was restricted to heavier p-block elements such as S, Se, P, As, Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Ga, and In. And these reactions usually suffered low yields and long reaction time. Transmetalation of zirconacyclopentadiene with copper chloride greatly enriched the zirconacyclopentadiene chemistry. The synthesis of stannoles and pyrroles from zirconacyclopentadienes has been developed in the presence of CuCl. The direct reaction of the zirconacyclopentadienes with SiCl4 or R2SiCl2 does not give the desired silacyclopendadiene derivatives, even in the presence of CuCl. It can be circumvented by using dilithiated dienes from diiododienes, which are easily prepared by the iodination of zirconacyclopentadienes using CuCl as an additive. Finally, an umpolung strategy, reaction of electrophilic 1,4-diiodo-1,3-butadiene with nucleophilic amine or sulfide reagents, was successfully used in the formation of pyrroles and thiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chanjuan Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Nandi GC, Kota SR, Wakchaure PB, Chinthakindi PK, Govender T, Kruger HG, Naicker T, Arvidsson PI. Pd-catalyzed C–N coupling of vinylbromides and sulfonimidamides: a facile synthesis of N′-vinylsulfonimidamides. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N′-Vinyl sulfonimidamides were synthesized through Pd-catalyzed C–N coupling; the product's utility were further demonstrated by preparing N′-alkyl sulfonimidamides through hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh C. Nandi
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
- Organic Chemistry Section
| | - Sudhakar R. Kota
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Prasad B. Wakchaure
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala Biomedical Center
- Uppsala University
- 751 23 Uppsala
| | | | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Hendrick G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Per I. Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
- Science for Life Laboratory
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11
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Yan X, Chen C, Xi C. Zirconoarylation of alkynes through p-chloranil-promoted reductive elimination of arylzirconates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:528-34. [PMID: 24605170 PMCID: PMC3943479 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method for the zirconoarylation of alkynes was developed. TCQ-promoted reductive elimination of arylzirconate [LiCp2ZrAr(RC≡CR)], which was prepared by the reaction of zirconocene-alkyne complexes with aryllithium compounds, afforded trisubstituted alkenylzirconocenes. This reaction can afford multi-substituted olefins with high stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chanjuan Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China ; State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Abstract
This perspective encompasses the recent trends and developments in copper-catalyzed electrophilic amination for the construction of various amines and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianghua Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chanjuan Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Liu H, Zhou Y, Yan X, Chen C, Liu Q, Xi C. Copper-mediated amidation of alkenylzirconocenes with acyl azides: formation of enamides. Org Lett 2013; 15:5174-7. [PMID: 24083640 DOI: 10.1021/ol402212g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper-mediated amidation of alkenylzirconocenes generated in situ from alkynes and zirconocenes with acyl azides is accomplished under mild conditions. The reaction can be used to prepare various enamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China , and Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang 050091, China
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