1
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Yin X, Wang X, Song L, Zhang J, Wang X. Recent Progress in Synthesis of Alkyl Fluorinated Compounds with Multiple Contiguous Stereogenic Centers. Molecules 2024; 29:3677. [PMID: 39125080 PMCID: PMC11314154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic fluorides are widely used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, material sciences, and other fields due to the special physical and chemical properties of fluorine atoms. The synthesis of alkyl fluorinated compounds bearing multiple contiguous stereogenic centers is the most challenging research area in synthetic chemistry and has received extensive attention from chemists. This review summarized the important research progress in the field over the past decade, including asymmetric electrophilic fluorination and the asymmetric elaboration of fluorinated substrates (such as allylic alkylation reactions, hydrofunctionalization reactions, Mannich addition reactions, Michael addition reactions, aldol addition reactions, and miscellaneous reactions), with an emphasis on synthetic methodologies, substrate scopes, and reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.S.)
| | - Xihong Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Song
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.S.)
| | - Junxiong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.S.)
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.S.)
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2
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Kumar R. Decennary Update on Oxidative-Rearrangement Involving 1,2-Aryl C-C Migration Around Alkenes: Synthetic and Mechanistic Insights. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400053. [PMID: 38741472 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous methodologies on oxidative rearrangements of alkenes have been investigated, that produce multipurpose synthons and heterocyclic scaffolds of potential applications. The present review focused on recently established methodologies for oxidative transformation via 1,2-aryl migration in alkenes (2013-2023). Special emphasis has been placed on mechanistic pathways to understand the reactivity pattern of different substrates, challenges to enhance selectivity, the key role of different reagents, and effect of different substituents, and how they affect the rearrangement process. Moreover, synthetic limitations and future direction also have been discussed. We believe, this review offers new synthetic and mechanistic insight to develop elegant precursors and approaches to explore the utilization of alkene-based compounds for natural product synthesis and functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (India
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3
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Imagawa T, Okazawa K, Yoshizawa K, Yoshida H, Shang R, Yamamoto Y, Nakamoto M. Complexation-Triggered Fluctuation of π-Conjugation on an Antiaromatic Dicyanoanthracene Dianion. Chemistry 2023:e202302550. [PMID: 37643995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of Lewis pairs is an important chemical concept. Recently, the complexation of Lewis acidic tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane with Lewis basic moieties and subsequent reduction has emerged as a fascinating strategy for designing novel reactions and structures. The impact of the complexation and subsequent reduction of antiaromatic systems bearing Lewis base moieties has been investigated. We found how Lewis adduct formation stabilizes an antiaromatic system consisting of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane by using synthesis, X-ray crystallography, spectroscopic analysis, and quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Imagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Engineering and Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okazawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroto Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Engineering and Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Rong Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Engineering and Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Engineering and Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Engineering and Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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4
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Stadler B, Gorgas N, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Double Deprotonation of CH 3 CN by an Iron-Aluminium Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219212. [PMID: 36799769 PMCID: PMC10946928 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present the first double deprotonation of acetonitrile (CH3 CN) using two equivalents of a bimetallic iron-aluminium complex. The products of this reaction contain an exceeding simple yet rare [CHCN]2- dianion moiety that bridges two metal fragments. DFT calculations suggest that the bonding to the metal centres occurs through heavily polarised covalent interactions. Mechanistic studies reveal the intermediacy of a monomeric [CH2 CN]- complex, which has been characterised in situ. Our findings provide an important example in which a bimetallic metal complex achieves a new type of reactivity not previously encountered with monometallic counterparts.[1, 2] The isolation of a [CHCN]2- dianion through simple deprotonation of CH3 CN also offers the possibility of establishing a broader chemistry of this motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Stadler
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London White CityLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Nikolaus Gorgas
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London White CityLondonW12 0BZUK
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London White CityLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London White CityLondonW12 0BZUK
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5
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Stadler B, Gorgas N, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Double Deprotonation of CH 3CN by an Iron-Aluminium Complex. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202219212. [PMID: 38516673 PMCID: PMC10952947 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202219212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein we present the first double deprotonation of acetonitrile (CH3CN) using two equivalents of a bimetallic iron-aluminium complex. The products of this reaction contain an exceeding simple yet rare [CHCN]2- dianion moiety that bridges two metal fragments. DFT calculations suggest that the bonding to the metal centres occurs through heavily polarised covalent interactions. Mechanistic studies reveal the intermediacy of a monomeric [CH2CN]- complex, which has been characterised in situ. Our findings provide an important example in which a bimetallic metal complex achieves a new type of reactivity not previously encountered with monometallic counterparts.[1, 2] The isolation of a [CHCN]2- dianion through simple deprotonation of CH3CN also offers the possibility of establishing a broader chemistry of this motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Stadler
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London White CityLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Nikolaus Gorgas
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London White CityLondonW12 0BZUK
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London White CityLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London White CityLondonW12 0BZUK
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6
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Abstract
A palladium(phosphinoxazoline) catalyzed method for asymmetric allylic alkylation of α-aryl-α-fluoroacetonitriles is introduced. This reaction achieves C-C bond formation and incorporation of two adjacent chirality centers with moderate to good yields, high enantioselectivities, and up to 15:1 dr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Sripada
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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7
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Mills LR, Patel P, Rousseaux SAL. Decyanation-(hetero)arylation of malononitriles to access α-(hetero)arylnitriles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5933-5937. [PMID: 35315852 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary α-(hetero)arylnitriles are desirable biologically relevant products, however the existing methods for their synthesis can be unselective or require the use of undesirable reagents, such as cyanide salts. Herein we report a one-pot method for transnitrilation-mediated decyanation-metalation of disubstituted malononitriles, followed by treatment with (hetero)aryl electrophiles to access quaternary α-(hetero)arylnitrile products. A number of products were prepared using this method (34 examples, 27-99% yield). This method highlights the usefulness of malononitriles as precursors for alkylnitrile-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reginald Mills
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Purvish Patel
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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8
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Mills LR, Edjoc RK, Rousseaux SAL. Design of an Electron-Withdrawing Benzonitrile Ligand for Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Involving Tertiary Nucleophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10422-10428. [PMID: 34197103 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of new ligands for cross-coupling is essential for developing new catalytic reactions that access valuable products such as pharmaceuticals. In this report, we exploit the reactivity of nitrile-containing additives in Ni catalysis to design a benzonitrile-containing ligand for cross-coupling involving tertiary nucleophiles. Kinetic and Hammett studies are used to elucidate the role of the optimized ligand, which demonstrate that the benzonitrile moiety acts as an electron-acceptor to promote reductive elimination over β-hydride elimination and stabilize low-valent Ni. With these conditions, a protocol for decyanation-metalation and Ni-catalyzed arylation is conducted, enabling access to quaternary α-arylnitriles from disubstituted malononitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reginald Mills
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Racquel K Edjoc
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Tom MJ, Evans PA. Regioselective and Stereospecific Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylic Cyanomethylation with an Acetonitrile Equivalent: Construction of Acyclic β-Quaternary Stereogenic Nitriles. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11957-11961. [PMID: 32486634 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly regioselective and stereospecific rhodium-catalyzed cyanomethylation of tertiary allylic carbonates for the construction of acyclic β-quaternary stereogenic nitriles is described. This protocol represents the first example of a metal-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction using a triorganosilyl-stabilized acetonitrile anion, which permits access to several carbonyl derivatives that are challenging to prepare using conventional pronucleophiles. The synthetic utility of the stereospecific cyanomethylation is further exemplified through the construction of an intermediate utilized in the total synthesis of both (-)-epilaurene and (-)-α-cuparenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Jan Tom
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, P. R. of China
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10
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Zhang W, Pan YL, Yang C, Chen L, Li X, Cheng JP. Metal-Free Direct C–H Cyanoalkylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-Ones by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7786-7795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu-Liang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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11
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Ding R, De los Santos ZA, Wolf C. Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of α-Fluoronitriles with Ketimines: Enantioselective and Diastereodivergent Construction of Vicinal Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters. ACS Catal 2019; 9:2169-2176. [PMID: 30956891 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b05164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diastereodivergent and enantioselective conversion of isatin ketimines to α-fluoro-β-aminonitriles with vicinal tetrasubstituted stereocenters is achieved by a chiral copper complex/guanidine base catalyzed Mannich reaction with proper choice of the bisphosphine ligand. The reaction is broad in scope, scalable, and provides efficient access to a series of 3-aminoindolinones exhibiting a quaternary carbon-fluorine stereocenter with high yields and stereoselectivities. Selective transformations of the Mannich reaction products into multifunctional 3-aminooxindoles without erosion of enantiomeric and diastereomeric purity highlight the synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ransheng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Zeus A. De los Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
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12
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Schwarz C, Scharf LT, Scherpf T, Weismann J, Gessner VH. Isolation of the Metalated Ylides [Ph 3 P-C-CN]M (M=Li, Na, K): Influence of the Metal Ion on the Structure and Bonding Situation. Chemistry 2019; 25:2793-2802. [PMID: 30556625 PMCID: PMC6519153 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and structural characterization of the cyanido-substituted metalated ylides [Ph3 P-C-CN]M (1-M; M=Li, Na, K) are reported with lithium, sodium, and potassium as metal cations. In the solid-state, most different aggregates could be determined depending on the metal and additional Lewis bases. The crown-ether complexes of sodium (1-Na) and potassium (1-K) exhibited different structures, with sodium preferring coordination to the nitrogen end, whereas potassium binds in an unusual η2 -coordination mode to the two central carbon atoms. The formation of the yldiide was accompanied by structural changes leading to shorter C-C and longer C-N bonds. This could be attributed to the delocalization of the free electron pairs at the carbon atom into the antibonding orbitals of the CN moiety, which was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and computational studies. Detailed density functional theory calculations show that the changes in the structure and the bonding situation were most pronounced in the lithium compounds due to the higher covalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schwarz
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Lennart T. Scharf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Julia Weismann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
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13
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Knorr R, Schmidt B, Mehlstäubl J, von Roman T. Structures and stereoinversions of β-shielded α-Li (or K or Cs)-acrylonitriles: A mechanism with neighborly assistance. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Sasaki M, Shimabara R, Takegawa T, Kotomori Y, Otani Y, Ohwada T, Takeda K. Steric Course of Deprotonation/Substitution of Chelating/Dipole-Stabilizing-Group-Substituted α-Amino- and α-Oxynitriles. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Sasaki
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Rumiko Shimabara
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Tomo Takegawa
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yuri Kotomori
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yuko Otani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo 113-0033 Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo 113-0033 Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Kei Takeda
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
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15
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Bissember AC, Gardiner MG, Wierenga TS. α-Cyanocarbanion complexes and their application in synthesis. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Yang X, Fleming FF. C- and N-Metalated Nitriles: The Relationship between Structure and Selectivity. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2556-2568. [PMID: 28930437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Metalated nitriles are exceptional nucleophiles capable of forging highly hindered stereocenters in cases where enolates are unreactive. The excellent nucleophilicity emanates from the powerful inductive stabilization of adjacent negative charge by the nitrile, which has a miniscule steric demand. Inductive stabilization is the key to understanding the reactivity of metalated nitriles because this permits a continuum of structures that range from N-metalated ketenimines to nitrile anions. Solution and solid-state analyses reveal two different metal coordination sites, the formally anionic carbon and the nitrile nitrogen, with the site of metalation depending intimately on the solvent, counterion, temperature, and ligands. The most commonly encountered structures, C- and N-metalated nitriles, have either sp3 or sp2 hybridization at the nucleophilic carbon, which essentially translates into two distinct organometallic species with similar but nonidentical stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, and reactivity preferences. The hybridization differences are particularly important in SNi displacements of cyclic nitriles because the orbital orientations create very precise trajectories that control the cyclization selectivity. Harnessing the orbital differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles allows selective cyclization to afford nitrile-containing cis- or trans-hydrindanes, decalins, or bicyclo[5.4.0]undecanes. Similar orbital constraints favor preferential SNi displacements with allylic electrophiles on sp3 centers over sp2 centers. The strategy permits stereoselective displacements on secondary centers to set contiguous tertiary and quaternary stereocenters or even contiguous vicinal quaternary centers. Stereoselective alkylations of acyclic nitriles are inherently more challenging because of the difficulty in creating steric differentiation in a dynamic system with rotatable bonds. However, judicious substituent placement of vicinal dimethyl groups and a trisubstituted alkene sufficiently constrains C- and N-metalated nitriles to install quaternary stereocenters with excellent 1,2-induction. The structural differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles permit a rare series of chemoselective alkylations with bifunctional electrophiles. C-Magnesiated nitriles preferentially react with carbonyl electrophiles, whereas N-lithiated nitriles favor SN2 displacement of alkyl halides. The chemoselective alkylations potentially provide a strategy for late-stage alkylations of polyfunctional electrophiles en route to bioactive targets. In this Account, the bonding of metalated nitriles is summarized as a prelude to the different strategies for selectively preparing C- and N-metalated nitriles. With this background, the Account then transitions to applications in which C- or N-metalated nitriles allow complementary diastereoselectivity in alkylations and arylations, and regioselective alkylations and arylations, with acyclic and cyclic nitriles. In the latter sections, a series of regiodivergent cyclizations are described that provide access to cis- and trans-hydrindanes and decalins, structural motifs embedded within a plethora of natural products. The last section describes chemoselective alkylations and acylations of C- and N-metalated nitriles that offer the tantalizing possibility of selectively manipulating functional groups in bioactive medicinal leads without recourse to protecting groups. Collectively, the unusual reactivity profiles of C- and N-metalated nitriles provide new strategies for rapidly and selectively accessing valuable synthetic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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17
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Mas-Roselló J, Hachisu S, Clayden J. Geometry-Retentive C-Alkenylation of Lithiated α-Aminonitriles: Quaternary α-Alkenyl Amino Acids and Hydantoins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Mas-Roselló
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Shuji Hachisu
- Syngenta Agrochemicals; Jealotts Hill Research Station Bracknell, Berks RG42 6EY UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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18
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Mas-Roselló J, Hachisu S, Clayden J. Geometry-Retentive C-Alkenylation of Lithiated α-Aminonitriles: Quaternary α-Alkenyl Amino Acids and Hydantoins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Mas-Roselló
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Shuji Hachisu
- Syngenta Agrochemicals; Jealotts Hill Research Station Bracknell, Berks RG42 6EY UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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19
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Dalziel ME, Chen P, Carrera DE, Zhang H, Gosselin F. Highly Diastereoselective α-Arylation of Cyclic Nitriles. Org Lett 2017; 19:3446-3449. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Dalziel
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Penghao Chen
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Diane E. Carrera
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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20
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21
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Sadhukhan A, Hobbs MC, Meijer AJHM, Coldham I. Highly enantioselective metallation-substitution alpha to a chiral nitrile. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1436-1441. [PMID: 28616143 PMCID: PMC5460602 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the deprotonation of a chiral nitrile and reaction of the resulting chiral organometallic species with a variety of electrophiles to give highly enantiomerically enriched 2-substituted nitrile products. The nitrile was treated with TMPMgCl and the resulting anion, an asymmetric alpha cyano Grignard species, was found to be configurationally stable at low temperature for a short time (half-life several minutes at -104 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Melanie C Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Anthony J H M Meijer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
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22
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Bai DC, Liu XY, Li H, Ding CH, Hou XL. Tandem Thorpe Reaction/Palladium Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: Access to Chiral β-enaminonitriles with Excellent Enantioselectivity. Chem Asian J 2016; 12:212-215. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Chang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiu-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chang-Hua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xue-Long Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shanghai 200032 China
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23
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Jiao Z, Chee KW, Zhou J“S. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric α-Arylation of Alkylnitriles. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16240-16243. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Jiao
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Kwok Wei Chee
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jianrong “Steve” Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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24
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Chu XQ, Xing ZH, Meng H, Xu XP, Ji SJ. Copper-mediated radical alkylarylation of unactivated alkenes with acetonitrile leading to fluorenes and pyrroloindoles. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A Cu-mediated/catalyzed selective oxidative dual C–H bond cleavage of an arene and alkylnitrile or acetone is reported. This method provides an alternative method for designing new pharmaceutical frameworks and photoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Zhen-Hua Xing
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Hua Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
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25
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López R, Palomo C. Cyanoalkylation: Alkylnitriles in Catalytic CC Bond‐Forming Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13170-84. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV‐EHU), Apdo. 1022, 20080 San Sebastián (Spain)
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV‐EHU), Apdo. 1022, 20080 San Sebastián (Spain)
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26
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López R, Palomo C. Cyanoalkylierung: Alkylnitrile in katalytischen C‐C‐Kupplungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV‐EHU), Apdo. 1022, 20080 San Sebastián (Spanien)
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV‐EHU), Apdo. 1022, 20080 San Sebastián (Spanien)
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
| | - Dinesh Nath
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
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28
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Turnbull BWH, Evans PA. Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution with a Nitrile Anion: Construction of Acyclic Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6156-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben W. H. Turnbull
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P. Andrew Evans
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
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29
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Bunescu A, Wang Q, Zhu J. Synthesis of Functionalized Epoxides by Copper-Catalyzed Alkylative Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols with Alkyl Nitriles. Org Lett 2015; 17:1890-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ala Bunescu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and
Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH
5304, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and
Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH
5304, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and
Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH
5304, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Bunescu A, Wang Q, Zhu J. Copper-Catalyzed Cyanomethylation of Allylic Alcohols with Concomitant 1,2-Aryl Migration: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Ketones Containing an α-Quaternary Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Bunescu A, Wang Q, Zhu J. Copper-Catalyzed Cyanomethylation of Allylic Alcohols with Concomitant 1,2-Aryl Migration: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Ketones Containing an α-Quaternary Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3132-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Bhaskara Rao VU, Kumar K, Singh RP. An efficient aldol-type direct reaction of isatins with TMSCH2CN. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9755-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cesium fluoride catalyzed direct cyanomethylation of various isatins by using trimethylsilyl acetonitrile (TMSAN) as a nucleophile has been developed. The reaction has been explored for a number of isatins, with various substitutions on its aromatic ring. Further, the versatility of the reaction is demonstrated by converting the direct aldol adducts to various corresponding intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. U. Bhaskara Rao
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- New Delhi
- India 110016
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- New Delhi
- India 110016
| | - Ravi P. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- New Delhi
- India 110016
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33
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Chu XQ, Xu XP, Meng H, Ji SJ. Synthesis of functionalized benzoxazines by copper-catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization of acetonitrile with olefinic amides. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14729h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A Cu-mediated/catalyzed oxycyanomethylation reaction of olefinic amides with acetonitrile was developed for the synthesis of important benzoxazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Hua Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
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34
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Bunescu A, Wang Q, Zhu J. Copper-Mediated/Catalyzed Oxyalkylation of Alkenes with Alkylnitriles. Chemistry 2014; 20:14633-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Van Stipdonk MJ, Michelini MDC, Plaviak A, Martin D, Gibson JK. Formation of Bare UO22+ and NUO+ by Fragmentation of Gas-Phase Uranyl–Acetonitrile Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7838-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5066067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Van Stipdonk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | | | - Alexandra Plaviak
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Dean Martin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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36
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Nath D, Skilbeck MC, Coldham I, Fleming FF. Arylthio-Metal Exchange of α-Arylthioalkanenitriles. Org Lett 2013; 16:62-5. [PMID: 24328754 DOI: 10.1021/ol403020s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Nath
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
| | | | - Iain Coldham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
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37
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Barker G, Alshawish MR, Skilbeck MC, Coldham I. Remarkable Configurational Stability of Magnesiated Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Barker G, Alshawish MR, Skilbeck MC, Coldham I. Remarkable Configurational Stability of Magnesiated Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7700-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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