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Shariati A, Hosseini SM, Chegini Z, Seifalian A, Arabestani MR. Graphene-Based Materials for Inhibition of Wound Infection and Accelerating Wound Healing. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114184. [PMID: 36587554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of the wound could potentially cause serious complications and an enormous medical and financial cost to the rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Nanomaterials are an emerging technology, that has been researched as possible antimicrobial nanomaterials for the inhibition of wound infection and enhancement of wound healing. Graphene is 2-dimensional (2D) sheet of sp2 carbon atoms in a honeycomb structure. It has superior properties, strength, conductivity, antimicrobial, and molecular carrier abilities. Graphene and its derivatives, Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO), have antibacterial activity and could damage bacterial morphology and lead to the leakage of intracellular substances. Besides, for wound infection management, Graphene-platforms could be functionalized by different antibacterial agents such as metal-nanoparticles, natural compounds, and antibiotics. The Graphene structure can absorb near-infrared wavelengths, allowing it to be used as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Therefore, Graphene-based material could be used to inhibit pathogens that cause serious skin infections and destroy their biofilm community, which is one of the biggest challenges in treating wound infection. Due to its agglomerated structure, GO hydrogel could entrap and stack the bacteria; thus, it prevents their initial attachment and biofilm formation. The sharp edges of GO could destroy the extracellular polymeric substance surrounding the biofilm and ruin the biofilm biomass structure. As well as, Chitosan and different natural and synthetic polymers such as collagen and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) also have attracted a great deal of attention for use with GO as wound dressing material. To this end, multi-functional polymers based on Graphene and blends of synthetic and natural polymers can be considered valid non-antibiotic compounds useful against wound infection and improvement of wound healing. Finally, the global wound care market size was valued at USD 20.8 billion in 2022 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2022 to 2027 (USD 27.2 billion). This will encourage academic as well as pharmaceutical and medical device industries to investigate any new materials such as graphene and its derivatives for the treatment of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Molecular and medicine research center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amelia Seifalian
- Department of Urogynaecology and Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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2
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Zhao Y, An F, Meng J, Zhu Y, Sun X, Zhang X, Sun X. Nickel Phthalocyanines as Potential Aggregation‐Induced Antibacterial Agents: Fenton‐Like Pathways Driven by Near‐Infrared Light. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University 250100 Jinan China
| | - Fuhao An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University 250100 Jinan China
| | - Jiao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University 250100 Jinan China
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University 250100 Jinan China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University 250100 Jinan China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University 250100 Jinan China
| | - Xuan Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University 250100 Jinan China
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3
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Mei L, Shi Y, Miao Z, Cao F, Hu K, Lin C, Li X, Li J, Gao J. Photo-initiated enhanced antibacterial therapy using a non-covalent functionalized graphene oxide nanoplatform. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8404-8412. [PMID: 34037016 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a novel antibacterial phototherapeutic platform for highly efficient healing of bacteria-infected wounds. It is based on the photodynamic and physical actions of a zinc tetraaminophthalocyanine-modified graphene oxide nanocomposite produced via non-covalent functionalization. The nanocomposite is positively charged and can easily capture negatively charged bacteria via electrostatic interactions. The antibacterial action is two-fold: (1) reactive oxygen species are produced by the phthalocyanine photosensitizer after short-term exposure to 680 nm light and (2) the graphene oxide can physically cut bacterial cell membranes. These enhanced activities can kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at very low dosages. An ultrastructural examination indicates that this nanocomposite causes enormous damage to bacterial morphology and leakage of intracellular substances that lead to bacterial death. A rat wound model is used to demonstrate that the proposed phototherapeutic platform has low cytotoxicity and can promote rapid healing in bacteria-infected wounds. These results suggest that the integration of different antibacterial methods into a single nanotherapeutic platform is a promising strategy for anti-infective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P.R. China.
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4
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Nyga A, Czerwińska-Główka D, Krzywiecki M, Przystaś W, Zabłocka-Godlewska E, Student S, Kwoka M, Data P, Blacha-Grzechnik A. Covalent Immobilization of Organic Photosensitizers on the Glass Surface: Toward the Formation of the Light-Activated Antimicrobial Nanocoating. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113093. [PMID: 34200077 PMCID: PMC8201308 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two highly efficient commercial organic photosensitizers—azure A (AA) and 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-(triphenyl)porphyrin (APTPP)—were covalently attached to the glass surface to form a photoactive monolayer. The proposed straightforward strategy consists of three steps, i.e., the initial chemical grafting of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) followed by two chemical postmodification steps. The chemical structure of the resulting mixed monolayer (MIX_TC_APTES@glass) was widely characterized by X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and Raman spectroscopies, while its photoactive properties were investigated in situ by UV–Vis spectroscopy with α-terpinene as a chemical trap. It was shown that both photosensitizers retain their activity toward light-activated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after immobilization on the glassy surface and that the resulting nanolayer shows high stability. Thanks to the complementarity of the spectral properties of AA and APTPP, the effectiveness of the ROS photogeneration under broadband illumination can be optimized. The reported light-activated nanocoating demonstrated promising antimicrobial activity toward Escherichia coli (E. coli), by reducing the number of adhered bacteria compared to the unmodified glass surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nyga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.N.); (D.C.-G.); (P.D.)
| | - Dominika Czerwińska-Główka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.N.); (D.C.-G.); (P.D.)
| | - Maciej Krzywiecki
- Center for Science and Education (CSE), Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Wioletta Przystaś
- Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (W.P.); (E.Z.-G.)
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Ewa Zabłocka-Godlewska
- Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (W.P.); (E.Z.-G.)
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Student
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Monika Kwoka
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Institute of Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Przemysław Data
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.N.); (D.C.-G.); (P.D.)
| | - Agata Blacha-Grzechnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.N.); (D.C.-G.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-322371024
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5
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Galstyan A. Turning Photons into Drugs: Phthalocyanine-Based Photosensitizers as Efficient Photoantimicrobials. Chemistry 2021; 27:1903-1920. [PMID: 32677718 PMCID: PMC7894475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising alternatives for treating bacterial infections is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), making the synthesis and application of new photoactive compounds called photosensitizers (PS) a dynamic research field. In this regard, phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives offer great opportunities due to their extraordinary light-harvesting and tunable electronic properties, structural versatility, and stability. This Review, rather than focusing on synthetic strategies, intends to overview current progress in the structural design strategies for Pcs that could achieve effective photoinactivation of microorganisms. In addition, the Review provides a concise look into the recent developments and applications of nanocarrier-based Pc delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft NanoscienceWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterBusso-Peus-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
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6
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Mei L, Xu Z, Miao Z, Yun M, Luan Y, Yang D, Xia L. Polymyxin B-functionalized phthalocyanine for chemo-photodynamic antibacterial therapy in enhanced wound healing. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid healing of bacteria-infected wounds was achieved via synergistic photodynamic antimicrobial therapy and chemotherapy using polymyxin B-functionalized phthalocyanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Zhongyuan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450007
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Xu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Zhongyuan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450007
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Miao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Zhongyuan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450007
- P. R. China
| | - Mengyao Yun
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Zhongyuan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450007
- P. R. China
| | - Yidan Luan
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Zhongyuan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450007
- P. R. China
| | - Dehong Yang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Zhongyuan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450007
- P. R. China
| | - Luxi Xia
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Zhongyuan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450007
- P. R. China
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7
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Yuan H, Li G, Dai E, Lu G, Huang X, Hao L, Tan Y. Ordered
Honeycomb‐Pattern
Membrane
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological Textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
| | - Guangzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological Textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
| | - Enhao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological Textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
| | - Guolin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological Textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological Textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
| | - Longyun Hao
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological Textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
| | - Yeqiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological Textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self‐Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
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8
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Amitha G, Vasudevan S. DNA/BSA binding studies of peripherally tetra substituted neutral azophenoxy zinc phthalocyanine. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Karabach YY, Kopylovich MN, Luzyanin KV, Guedes da Silva MFC, Kukushkin VY, Pombeiro AJ. Expanding the family of substituted-at-core nickel(II) phthalocyanines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Shi M, Zhao Y, Xu H, Mack J, Yin L, Wang X, Shen Z. Photoisomerization and optical properties of a subphthalocyanine–azobenzene–subphthalocyanine triad. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11452k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel subPc–AB–subPc triad exhibits on–off switching of the fluorescence emission intensity upon reversible trans ↔ cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety. NMR spectroscopy provides additional evidence for the conformational change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing 210046
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing 210046
- P. R. China
| | - Haijun Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- P. R. China
| | - John Mack
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Luan Yin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures
- School of Physics
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures
- School of Physics
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing 210046
- P. R. China
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11
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Zhang A, Bai H, Li L. Breath Figure: A Nature-Inspired Preparation Method for Ordered Porous Films. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9801-68. [PMID: 26284609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Zhang
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Bai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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12
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Lin FW, Xu XL, Wan LS, Wu J, Xu ZK. Porphyrinated polyimide honeycomb films with high thermal stability for HCl gas sensing. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermally stable films with ordered pores are fabricated from porphyrinated polyimides and they exhibit excellent property in HCl gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Wen Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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13
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Zhu LW, Yang W, Wan LS, Xu ZK. Synthesis of core cross-linked star polystyrene with functional end groups and self-assemblies templated by breath figures. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of core cross-linked star (CCS) polymers with functional end groups for self-assembled films, which show mono-layer and multi-layer transition, depending on arm numbers, arm length, and end groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wu Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
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14
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Wan LS, Zhu LW, Ou Y, Xu ZK. Multiple interfaces in self-assembled breath figures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4024-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49826c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the breath figure method is reviewed by emphasizing the role of the multiple interfaces and the applications of honeycomb films in separation, biocatalysis, biosensing, templating, stimuli-responsive surfaces and adhesive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang-Wei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Ou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
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