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Fu L, Wang Y, Zhang K, Zhang W, Chen J, Deng Y, Du Y, Tang N. Realization of Ambient-Stable Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism by Low-Temperature Annealing of Graphene Oxide Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6341-6347. [PMID: 31026142 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) annealed at the low temperature of 400 °C (aGONRs-400) are developed as an excellent room-temperature (RT) ferromagnet. The saturated magnetization ( Ms) of aGONRs-400 is high, up to 0.39 emu/g at room temperature, and the RT ferromagnetism (FM) exhibits excellent ambient stability with Ms preserved for over half a year. The preferential distribution of the magnetic phenolic hydroxyl toward the edges, which contributes to the long-range ferromagnetic couplings, was confirmed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurement and gradient annealing analysis. The approach of low-temperature annealing is proved to be efficient both to remove the prominent nonmagnetic epoxy groups on the basal plane of GONRs or transform them to magnetic hydroxyl groups and to preserve the magnetic phenolic hydroxyl at the edges to realize a strong and ambient stable FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Weili Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Jie Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Yu Deng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Youwei Du
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Nujiang Tang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
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Błoński P, Tuček J, Sofer Z, Mazánek V, Petr M, Pumera M, Otyepka M, Zbořil R. Doping with Graphitic Nitrogen Triggers Ferromagnetism in Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3171-3180. [PMID: 28110530 PMCID: PMC5334781 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen doping opens possibilities for tailoring the electronic properties and band gap of graphene toward its applications, e.g., in spintronics and optoelectronics. One major obstacle is development of magnetically active N-doped graphene with spin-polarized conductive behavior. However, the effect of nitrogen on the magnetic properties of graphene has so far only been addressed theoretically, and triggering of magnetism through N-doping has not yet been proved experimentally, except for systems containing a high amount of oxygen and thus decreased conductivity. Here, we report the first example of ferromagnetic graphene achieved by controlled doping with graphitic, pyridinic, and chemisorbed nitrogen. The magnetic properties were found to depend strongly on both the nitrogen concentration and type of structural N-motifs generated in the host lattice. Graphenes doped below 5 at. % of nitrogen were nonmagnetic; however, once doped at 5.1 at. % of nitrogen, N-doped graphene exhibited transition to a ferromagnetic state at ∼69 K and displayed a saturation magnetization reaching 1.09 emu/g. Theoretical calculations were used to elucidate the effects of individual chemical forms of nitrogen on magnetic properties. Results showed that magnetic effects were triggered by graphitic nitrogen, whereas pyridinic and chemisorbed nitrogen contributed much less to the overall ferromagnetic ground state. Calculations further proved the existence of exchange coupling among the paramagnetic centers mediated by the conduction electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Błoński
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tuček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Mazánek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Tuček J, Błoński P, Sofer Z, Šimek P, Petr M, Pumera M, Otyepka M, Zbořil R. Sulfur Doping Induces Strong Ferromagnetic Ordering in Graphene: Effect of Concentration and Substitution Mechanism. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5045-5053. [PMID: 27135692 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Imprinting ferromagnetism to a graphene structure by substitution of carbon atoms with sulfur is reported. S-doped graphene (4.2 at%) shows strong ferromagnetic properties with saturation magnetization exceeding 5.5 emu g(-1) at 2 K, which is among the highest values reported for any sp-based system. The remarkable magnetic response is attributed to delocalization of electrons from sulfur injected into the graphene conduction band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Tuček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Błoński
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Bazaka K, Jacob MV, Ostrikov KK. Sustainable Life Cycles of Natural-Precursor-Derived Nanocarbons. Chem Rev 2015; 116:163-214. [PMID: 26717047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable societal and economic development relies on novel nanotechnologies that offer maximum efficiency at minimal environmental cost. Yet, it is very challenging to apply green chemistry approaches across the entire life cycle of nanotech products, from design and nanomaterial synthesis to utilization and disposal. Recently, novel, efficient methods based on nonequilibrium reactive plasma chemistries that minimize the process steps and dramatically reduce the use of expensive and hazardous reagents have been applied to low-cost natural and waste sources to produce value-added nanomaterials with a wide range of applications. This review discusses the distinctive effects of nonequilibrium reactive chemistries and how these effects can aid and advance the integration of sustainable chemistry into each stage of nanotech product life. Examples of the use of enabling plasma-based technologies in sustainable production and degradation of nanotech products are discussed-from selection of precursors derived from natural resources and their conversion into functional building units, to methods for green synthesis of useful naturally degradable carbon-based nanomaterials, to device operation and eventual disintegration into naturally degradable yet potentially reusable byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Bazaka
- Institute for Future Environments, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Electronics Materials Lab, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,CSIRO-QUT Joint Sustainable Materials and Devices Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization , P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Mohan V Jacob
- Electronics Materials Lab, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- Institute for Future Environments, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,CSIRO-QUT Joint Sustainable Materials and Devices Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization , P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia.,School of Physics, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Fang J, Levchenko I, Kumar S, Seo D, Ostrikov K(K. Vertically-aligned graphene flakes on nanoporous templates: morphology, thickness, and defect level control by pre-treatment. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:055009. [PMID: 27877721 PMCID: PMC5099682 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/5/055009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Various morphologies of the vertically-aligned graphene flakes were fabricated on the nanoporous templates treated with metal ions in solutions, as well as coated with a thin gold layer and activated in the low-temperature Ar plasma. The thickness and level of structural defects in the graphene flakes could be effectively controlled by a proper selection of the pre-treatment method. We have also demonstrated that various combinations of the flake thickness and defect levels can be obtained, and the morphology and density of the graphene pattern can be effectively controlled. The result obtained could be of interest for various applications requiring fabrication of large graphene networks with controllable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Fang
- CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Igor Levchenko
- CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- Plasma Nanoscience, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Donghan Seo
- CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- Plasma Nanoscience, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- Plasma Nanoscience, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments and School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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