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Nene LC, Abrahamse H. Design consideration of phthalocyanines as sensitizers for enhanced sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy of cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1077-1097. [PMID: 38486981 PMCID: PMC10935510 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the diseases with the highest incidence and mortality globally. Conventional treatment modalities have demonstrated threatening drawbacks including invasiveness, non-controllability, and development of resistance for some, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy (SPDT) has been developed as an alternative treatment modality which offers a non-invasive and controllable therapeutic approach. SPDT combines the mechanism of action of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which uses ultrasound, and photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses light, to activate a sensitizer and initiate cancer eradication. The use of phthalocyanines (Pcs) as sensitizers for SPDT is gaining interest owing to their ability to induce intracellular oxidative stress and initiate toxicity under SDT and PDT. This review discusses some of the structural prerequisites of Pcs which may influence their overall SPDT activities in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindokuhle Cindy Nene
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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2
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Whittaker SJ, Zhou H, Spencer RB, Yang Y, Tiwari A, Bendesky J, McDowell M, Sundaram P, Lozano I, Kim S, An Z, Shtukenberg AG, Kahr B, Lee SS. Leveling up Organic Semiconductors with Crystal Twisting. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:613-626. [PMID: 38250542 PMCID: PMC10797633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The performance of crystalline organic semiconductors depends on the solid-state structure, especially the orientation of the conjugated components with respect to device platforms. Often, crystals can be engineered by modifying chromophore substituents through synthesis. Meanwhile, dissymetry is necessary for high-tech applications like chiral sensing, optical telecommunications, and data storage. The synthesis of dissymmetric molecules is a labor-intensive exercise that might be undermined because common processing methods offer little control over orientation. Crystal twisting has emerged as a generalizable method for processing organic semiconductors and offers unique advantages, such as patterning of physical and chemical properties and chirality that arises from mesoscale twisting. The precession of crystal orientations can enrich performance because achiral molecules in achiral space groups suddenly become candidates for the aforementioned technologies that require dissymetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- St. John Whittaker
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Hengyu Zhou
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Rochelle B. Spencer
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Yongfan Yang
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Akash Tiwari
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Justin Bendesky
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Merritt McDowell
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Pallavi Sundaram
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Idalys Lozano
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Shin Kim
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Zhihua An
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Stephanie S. Lee
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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3
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Li W, Wu C, Han X. Controlling Molecular Orientation of Small Molecular Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials: Toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073076. [PMID: 37049838 PMCID: PMC10095671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have great potential for future application. However, the commercialization of PSCs is limited by the prohibitively expensive and doped hole-transport materials (HTMs). In this regard, small molecular dopant-free HTMs are promising alternatives because of their low cost and high efficiency. However, these HTMs still have a lot of space for making further progress in both efficiency and stability. This review firstly provides outlining analyses about the important roles of molecular orientation when further enhancements in device efficiency and stability are concerned. Then, currently studied strategies to control molecular orientation in small molecular HTMs are presented. Finally, we propose an outlook aiming to obtain optimized molecular orientation in a cost-effective way.
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4
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Fernando PS, Smilgies DM, Mativetsky JM. Mixed molecular orientations promote charge transport in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5765-5768. [PMID: 35451433 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By systematically varying the molecular orientation of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) in P3HT:fullerene bulk heterojunctions, we show that a mixed face-on and edge-on texture can be beneficial for out-of-plane charge flow in solution processed organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. These results implicate the need to balance in-plane and out-of-plane pathways for efficient charge percolation in bulk heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravini S Fernando
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, USA.
| | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Center for Advanced Microelectronics Manufacturing (CAMM), Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Mativetsky
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, USA. .,Materials Science and Engineering Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902, USA
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5
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Nguyen NN, Lee H, Lee HC, Cho K. van der Waals Epitaxy of Organic Semiconductor Thin Films on Atomically Thin Graphene Templates for Optoelectronic Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:673-684. [PMID: 35142485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusOrganic semiconductors (OSCs) offer unique advantages with respect to mechanical flexibility, low-cost processing, and tunable properties. The optical and electrical properties of devices based on OSCs can be greatly improved when an OSC is coupled with graphene in a certain manner. Our research group has focused on using graphene as a growth template for OSCs and incorporating such high-quality heterostructures into optoelectronic devices. The idea is that graphene's atomically flat surface with a uniform sp2 carbon network can serve as a perfect quasi-epitaxial template for the growth of OSCs. In addition, OSC-graphene heterostructures benefit from graphene's unique characteristics, such as its high charge-carrier mobility, excellent optical transparency, and fascinating mechanical durability and flexibility.However, we have often found that OSC molecules assemble on graphene in unpredictable manners that vary from batch to batch. From observations of numerous research systems, we elucidated the mechanism underlying such poor repeatability and set out a framework to actually control the template effect of graphene on OSCs. In this Account, we not only present our scientific findings in this spectrum of areas but also convey our research scheme to the readers so that similar heterostructure complexes can be systematically studied.We began with experiments showing that the growth of OSCs on a graphene surface was driven by van der Waals interactions and is therefore sensitive to the cleanliness of the graphene surface. Nonetheless, we noted that, even on similarly clean graphene surfaces, the OSC thin film still varied with the underlying substrate. Thanks to the graphene-transfer method and in situ gating methods that we developed, we discovered that the decisive parameter for molecule-graphene interaction (and, hence, for the growth of OSCs on graphene) is the charge density in the graphene. Thus, to prepare a graphene template for high-quality graphene-OSC heterostructures, we controlled the charge density in the graphene to minimize the molecule-graphene interaction. Moreover, the possible charge transfer between OSC molecules and graphene, which induces additional molecule-graphene interactions, should also be taken into account. Eventually, we demonstrated a wide range of optoelectronic applications that benefitted from high-quality OSC-graphene heterostructures fabricated using our proof-of-concept systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngan Nguyen
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hansol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Chan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myoungji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Chen Y, Yao Q, Qu S, Shi W, Li H, Chen L. Significantly Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Copper Phthalocyanine/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids by Iodine Doping. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55156-55163. [PMID: 34783235 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The copper phthalocyanine/single-walled carbon nanotube (CuPcI/SWCNT) hybrids were fabricated through doping the CuPc/SWCNT mixture using iodine vapor. It was found that both CuPc and SWCNTs were oxidized by iodine vapor resulting in great increase in carrier concentration. Moreover, the strong π-π conjugation interactions between CuPcI- and I-doped SWCNTs make the CuPcI molecules to assemble on the surface of SWCNTs in an ordered face-on packing, which benefits decreasing the carrier transport barrier across the CuPcI/SWCNT interfaces. The combination of iodine bidoping and the ordered face-on packing of CuPcI on the SWCNT surface realizes the synergetic enhancement of carrier concentration and carrier mobility and therefore the great improvement of electrical conductivity. The maximum electrical conductivity (6281 S cm-1) and thermoelectric power factor (∼304 μW m-1 K-2) at room temperature were obtained at a composition of 60 wt % SWCNTs. The power factor value is 3 orders of magnitude higher than the pure CuPcI and 1 order of magnitude higher than SWCNTs. Consequently, the highest ZT value of CuPc/SWCNT hybrids is up to 0.03, which is among the highest value of organic small-molecule complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Sanyin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Ogle J, Powell D, Flannery L, Whittaker-Brooks L. Interplay between Morphology and Electronic Structure in Emergent Organic and π-d Conjugated Organometal Thin Film Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ogle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Daniel Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Laura Flannery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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8
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Alaei A, Zong K, Asawa K, Chou TM, Briseño AL, Choi CH, Lee SS. Orienting and shaping organic semiconductor single crystals through selective nanoconfinement. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3603-3608. [PMID: 33416826 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01928c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For organic semiconductor crystals exhibiting anisotropic charge transport along different crystallographic directions, nanoconfinement is a powerful strategy to control crystal orientation by aligning the fast crystallographic growth direction(s) with the unconfined axis(es) of nanoconfining scaffolds. Here, design rules are presented to relate crystal morphology, scaffold geometry, and orientation control in solution-processed small-molecule crystals. Specifically, organic semiconductor triisopropylsilylethynyl pyranthrene needle-like crystals with a dimensionality of n = 1 and perylene platelike crystals with n = 2 were grown from solution within nanoconfining scaffolds comprising cylindrical nanopores with a dimensionality of m = 1, representing one unconfined dimension along the cylinder axis, and those comprising nanopillar arrays with a dimensionality of m = 2. For m = n systems, native crystal growth habits were preserved while the crystal orientation in n = m direction(s) was dictated by the geometry of the scaffold. For n≠m systems, on the other hand, orientation control was restricted within a single plane, either parallel or perpendicular to the substrate surface. Intriguingly, control over crystal shape was also observed for perylene crystals grown in cylindrical nanopores (n > m). Within the nanopores, crystal growth was restricted along a single direction to form a needle-like morphology. Once growth proceeded above the scaffold surface, the crystals adopted their native growth habit to form asymmetric T-shaped single crystals with concave corners. These findings suggest that nanoporous scaffolds with spatially-varying dimensionalities can be used to grow single crystals of complex shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Alaei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Kai Zong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Kaustubh Asawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Tseng-Ming Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Alejandro L Briseño
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Stephanie S Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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9
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Ramirez CE, Chen S, Powers-Riggs NE, Schlesinger I, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Symmetry-Breaking Charge Separation in the Solid State: Tetra(phenoxy)perylenediimide Polycrystalline Films. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18243-18250. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E. Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Su Chen
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Natalia E. Powers-Riggs
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Itai Schlesinger
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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10
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Yamada K, Suzuki M, Suenobu T, Nakayama KI. High Vertical Carrier Mobilities of Organic Semiconductors Due to a Deposited Laid-Down Herringbone Structure Induced by a Reduced Graphene Oxide Template. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9489-9497. [PMID: 32013380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High vertical carrier mobilities in organic semiconductor films are a challenging issue for fundamentally improving the performance of vertical devices. To achieve improvement in the vertical direction, a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) template is used with pentacene and DNTT having a herringbone structure enabling two-dimensional (2D) transport in comparison with CuPc having a slipped-stack structure. A thin-film structure and the optoelectrical properties of the oriented films are investigated with respect to molecular structures and packing modes. The rGO template induces a "laid-down" herringbone structure for pentacene and DNTT with a face-on orientation. Our results reveal that intermolecular dispersion energy is an additional important factor to form face-on states of molecules and influences face-on ratios in the films on rGO. Vertical charge mobilities of the films are significantly enhanced by the rGO template. Particularly, the DNTT film with a laid-down herringbone structure produces a vertical mobility as high as 0.27 cm2 V-1 s-1, one of the highest values for ordinary thin films with several hundred nanometer thickness. These findings suggest that 2D transport is advantageous for vertical carrier transport also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Yamada
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Suenobu
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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11
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Nguyen NN, Lee HC, Kang B, Jo M, Cho K. Electric-Field-Tunable Growth of Organic Semiconductor Crystals on Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1758-1766. [PMID: 30747540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth of organic semiconductor thin films on a two-dimensional template is affected by its properties and is not well understood. This growth process dictates a thin film's final morphology and crystal structure and is controlled by the interactions between ad-molecules and the template. Here, we report that the template's charge density determines the tuning of such interactions. We observe the dependence of pentacene nucleation on charge carrier density ng in graphene under an applied electric field and contact-doping and then deduce that the interaction energy EA between the ad-molecule and the graphene is related linearly to ng. This tunability of EA allows control of the pentacene crystals growth. We exploit these findings to demonstrate that graphene, in which ng is controlled, can be used to template pentacene thin films for improved optoelectronic properties, such as electrical conductivity and exciton diffusion length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngan Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Hyo Chan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Mankyu Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673 , Korea
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12
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Yamada K, Okamoto M, Sakurai M, Suenobu T, Nakayama KI. Solution-processable reduced graphene oxide template layer for molecular orientation control of organic semiconductors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32940-32945. [PMID: 35529162 PMCID: PMC9073147 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An ultrasmooth reduced graphene oxide (rGO) film indicated a strong templating effect inducing a face-on orientation for copper phthalocyanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Yamada
- Department of Material and Life Science
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | | | - Minori Sakurai
- Department of Material and Life Science
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
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13
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Tian T, Shih CJ. Molecular Epitaxy on Two-Dimensional Materials: The Interplay between Interactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Quan Q, Lin X, Zhang N, Xu YJ. Graphene and its derivatives as versatile templates for materials synthesis and functional applications. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2398-2416. [PMID: 28155929 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The obvious incongruity between the increasing depletion of fossil fuel and the finite amount of resources has motivated us to seek means to maintain sustainability in our society. Developing renewable and highly efficient energy conversion and storage systems represents one of the most promising and viable methods. Although the efficiency of energy conversion and storage devices depends on various factors, their overall performances strongly rely on the structure and functional properties of materials. Graphene and its derivatives as versatile templates for materials synthesis have garnered widespread interest because of their flexible capability to tune the morphology and structure of functional materials. Herein, we have demonstrated recent progress on graphene and its derivatives as versatile templates for materials synthesis, particularly highlighting the basic fundamental roles of graphene in the materials preparation process. Then, a concise overview of the functional applications of materials obtained from graphene-templated approaches has been presented with a few selected examples to show the wide scope of potential in energy storage and conversion. Finally, a brief perspective and potential future challenges in this burgeoning research area have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China and College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China and College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China and College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China and College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China.
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15
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Van Der Waals Heterostructures between Small Organic Molecules and Layered Substrates. CRYSTALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst6090113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Growing Ultra-flat Organic Films on Graphene with a Face-on Stacking via Moderate Molecule-Substrate Interaction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28895. [PMID: 27356623 PMCID: PMC4928121 DOI: 10.1038/srep28895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic properties of small molecule organic crystals depend heavily on the molecular orientation. For multi-layer organic photovoltaics, it is desirable for the molecules to have a face-on orientation in order to enhance the out-of-plane transport properties. However, it is challenging to grow well-ordered and smooth films with a face-on stacking on conventional substrates such as metals and oxides. In this work, metal-phthalocyanine molecules is used as a model system to demonstrate that two-dimensional crystals such as graphene can serve as a template for growing high quality, ultra-flat organic films with a face-on orientation. Furthermore, the molecule-substrate interaction is varied systematically from strong to weak interaction regime with the interaction strength characterized by ultrafast electron transfer measurements. We find that in order to achieve the optimum orientation and morphology, the molecule-substrate interaction needs to be strong enough to ensure a face-on stacking while it needs to be weak enough to avoid film roughening.
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Apostol P, Eccher J, Dotto MER, Costa CB, Cazati T, Hillard EA, Bock H, Bechtold IH. High rectification in organic diodes based on liquid crystalline phthalocyanines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:32390-7. [PMID: 26585027 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05582b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The optical and electrical properties of mesogenic metal-free and metalated phthalocyanines (PCs) with a moderately sized and regioregular alkyl periphery were investigated. In solution, the individualized molecules show fluorescence lifetimes of 4-6 ns in THF. When deposited as solid thin films the materials exhibit significantly shorter fluorescence lifetimes with bi-exponential decay (1.4-1.8 ns; 0.2-0.4 ns) that testify to the formation of aggregates viaπ-π intermolecular interactions. In diode structures, their pronounced columnar order outbalances the unfavorable planar alignment and leads to excellent rectification behavior. Field-dependent charge carrier mobilities are obtained from the J-V curves in the trap-limited space-charge-limited current regime and demonstrate that the metalated PCs display an improved electrical response with respect to the metal-free homologue. The excited-state lifetime characterization suggest that the π-π intermolecular interactions are stronger for the metal-free PC, confirming that the metallic centre plays an important role in the charge transport inside these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru Apostol
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Université de Bordeaux & CNRS, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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18
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Haruk AM, Mativetsky JM. Supramolecular Approaches to Nanoscale Morphological Control in Organic Solar Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13381-406. [PMID: 26110382 PMCID: PMC4490500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Having recently surpassed 10% efficiency, solar cells based on organic molecules are poised to become a viable low-cost clean energy source with the added advantages of mechanical flexibility and light weight. The best-performing organic solar cells rely on a nanostructured active layer morphology consisting of a complex organization of electron donating and electron accepting molecules. Although much progress has been made in designing new donor and acceptor molecules, rational control over active layer morphology remains a central challenge. Long-term device stability is another important consideration that needs to be addressed. This review highlights supramolecular strategies for generating highly stable nanostructured organic photovoltaic active materials by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Haruk
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Mativetsky
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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19
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Yang J, Yan D, Jones TS. Molecular Template Growth and Its Applications in Organic Electronics and Optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5570-603. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donghang Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tim S. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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20
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Nguyen NN, Jo SB, Lee SK, Sin DH, Kang B, Kim HH, Lee H, Cho K. Atomically thin epitaxial template for organic crystal growth using graphene with controlled surface wettability. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:2474-2484. [PMID: 25798655 DOI: 10.1021/nl504958e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional epitaxial growth template for organic semiconductors was developed using a new method for transferring clean graphene sheets onto a substrate with controlled surface wettability. The introduction of a sacrificial graphene layer between a patterned polymeric supporting layer and a monolayer graphene sheet enabled the crack-free and residue-free transfer of free-standing monolayer graphene onto arbitrary substrates. The clean graphene template clearly induced the quasi-epitaxial growth of crystalline organic semiconductors with lying-down molecular orientation while maintaining the "wetting transparency", which allowed the transmission of the interaction between organic molecules and the underlying substrate. Consequently, the growth mode and corresponding morphology of the organic semiconductors on graphene templates exhibited distinctive dependence on the substrate hydrophobicity with clear transition from lateral to vertical growth mode on hydrophilic substrates, which originated from the high surface energy of the exposed crystallographic planes of the organic semiconductors on graphene. The optical properties of the pentacene layer, especially the diffusion of the exciton, also showed a strong dependency on the corresponding morphological evolution. Furthermore, the effect of pentacene-substrate interaction was systematically investigated by gradually increasing the number of graphene layers. These results suggested that the combination of a clean graphene surface and a suitable underlying substrate could serve as an atomically thin growth template to engineer the interaction between organic molecules and aromatic graphene network, thereby paving the way for effectively and conveniently tuning the semiconductor layer morphologies in devices prepared using graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngan Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Korea
| | - Sae Byeok Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Korea
| | - Dong Hun Sin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Korea
| | - Hansol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Korea
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Zhang Y, Diao Y, Lee H, Mirabito TJ, Johnson RW, Puodziukynaite E, John J, Carter KR, Emrick T, Mannsfeld SCB, Briseno AL. Intrinsic and extrinsic parameters for controlling the growth of organic single-crystalline nanopillars in photovoltaics. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5547-54. [PMID: 25226442 DOI: 10.1021/nl501933q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The most efficient architecture for achieving high donor/acceptor interfacial area in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) would employ arrays of vertically interdigitated p- and n- type semiconductor nanopillars (NPs). Such morphology could have an advantage in bulk heterojunction systems; however, precise control of the dimension morphology in a crystalline, interpenetrating architecture has not yet been realized. Here we present a simple, yet facile, crystallization technique for the growth of vertically oriented NPs utilizing a modified thermal evaporation technique that hinges on a fast deposition rate, short substrate-source distance, and ballistic mass transport. A broad range of organic semiconductor materials is beneficial from the technique to generate NP geometries. Moreover, this technique can also be generalized to various substrates, namely, graphene, PEDOT-PSS, ZnO, CuI, MoO3, and MoS2. The advantage of the NP architecture over the conventional thin film counterpart is demonstrated with an increase of power conversion efficiency of 32% in photovoltaics. This technique will advance the knowledge of organic semiconductor crystallization and create opportunities for the fabrication and processing of NPs for applications that include solar cells, charge storage devices, sensors, and vertical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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