1
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Khor CK, Calhoun LA, Neville JJ, Dyker CA. Experimental and Theoretical Predictors for Redox Potentials of Bispyridinylidene Electron Donors. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400092. [PMID: 38743866 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Bispyridinylidenes are neutral organic molecules capable of two-electron oxidation at a range of redox potentials that are widely tunable by choice of substituent, making them attractive as homogeneous organic reductants and active materials in redox flow batteries. In an effort to readily predict the redox potentials of this important class of compounds, we have developed correlations between the experimental redox potentials and both experimental and theoretical predictors. On the experimental side, we show that multinuclear NMR chemical shifts of related pyridinium ions correlate well with the redox potentials of bispyridinylidenes, with R2 and standard errors (S) reaching 0.9810 and 0.048 V, respectively, when the 13C (N-CH3) and 1H (ortho) chemical shifts are used together. Theoretical studies of the bispyridinylidenes and their doubly oxidized bipyridinium ions gave a range of predictively valuable equations at various levels of computational cost. This ranged from a simple model using only the EHOMO of the bispyridinylidenes (R2=0.9689; S=0.060 V), to a more computationally intensive model which include solvation effects for both redox states which gave the highest predictive value for all methods (R2=0.9958; S=0.022 V). This work will guide further studies of this important class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Keat Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5 A3
| | - Larry A Calhoun
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5 A3
| | - John J Neville
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5 A3
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5 A3
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2
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Ariai J, Ziegler M, Würtele C, Gellrich U. An N-Heterocyclic Quinodimethane: A Strong Organic Lewis Base Exhibiting Diradical Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316720. [PMID: 38088219 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We report the preparation of a new organic σ-donor with a C6H4-linker between an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and an exocyclic methylidene group, which we term N-heterocyclic quinodimethane (NHQ). The aromatization of the C6H4-linker provides a decisive driving force for the reaction of the NHQ with an electrophile and renders the NHQ significantly more basic than analogous NHCs or N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), as shown by DFT computations and competition experiments. In solution, the NHQ undergoes an unprecedented dehydrogenative head-to-head dimerization by C-C coupling of the methylidene groups. DFT computations indicate that this reaction proceeds via an open-shell singlet pathway revealing the diradical character of the NHQ. The product of this dimerization can be described as conjugated N-heterocyclic bis-quinodimethane, which according to cyclic voltammetry is a strong organic reducing agent (E1/2=-1.71 V vs. Fc/Fc+) and exhibits a remarkable small singlet-triplet gap of ΔES→T=4.4 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jama Ariai
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Maya Ziegler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christian Würtele
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Urs Gellrich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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3
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Shaikh A, Sahoo S, Marder SR, Barlow S, Mohapatra SK. Reductive dimerization of benzothiazolium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2115-2123. [PMID: 38376182 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01871g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Three different types of reaction products were obtained from the reduction of 2-substituted 3-methylbenzothiazolium salts using Na : Hg (1 wt%). Depending on the 2-substituents, two types of dimeric compounds were obtained: the 2-cyclohexyl-, 2-phenyl-, and 2-(p-tolyl)-substituted species are reduced to the corresponding 2,2'-bibenzo[d]thiazoles, while their 2-((p-OMe)C6H4)- and 2-((p-NMe2)C6H4)-substituted derivatives afford cis-[1,4]benzothiazino[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazines. Furthermore, in the presence of molecular O2, new disulfide derivatives were obtained from the bibenzo[d]thiazoles. The products were obtained in a moderate to good yield, and the structures were confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The electrochemistry and further reactivity towards different oxidants of the dimeric compounds were studied; the 2,2'-bibenzo[d]thiazoles show oxidation potentials similar to that of ferrocene and are converted back to the corresponding benzothiazolium cations by mild oxidants such as TCNQ. In contrast, the benzothiazino-benzothiazines show no oxidations in the solvent window of THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Shaikh
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
| | - Satyajit Sahoo
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Chemistry and of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Swagat K Mohapatra
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
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4
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Li T, Sun Z, Zhang S, Ma Q, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Jia X. Single-Electron Reduction of "Push-Pull" C-C Single Bond and Decyanation Using Tertiary Amines as the Organic Electron Donor. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2516-2524. [PMID: 38319086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Using commercially available tertiary amines as an organic electron donor (OED), the reduction of "push-pull" C-C single bond and reductive decyanation of tetrahydroisoquinolines were realized. These reactions exhibited higher reaction efficiency and better functional group tolerance compared with those of metallic reductants, and the mechanistic study indicated that a radical intermediate was involved in the reduction of the C-C single bond, which provides a new way to the OED-enabled mild reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
- Economic Development Bureau, Jiangsu Hangji Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Yangzhou 225111, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Skinner KC, Kammeraad JA, Wymore T, Narayan ARH, Zimmerman PM. Simulating Electron Transfer Reactions in Solution: Radical-Polar Crossover. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10097-10107. [PMID: 37976536 PMCID: PMC11135460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Single-electron transfer (SET) promotes a wide variety of interesting chemical transformations, but modeling of SET requires a careful treatment of electronic and solvent effects to give meaningful insight. Therefore, a combined constrained density functional theory and molecular mechanics (CDFT/MM) tool is introduced specifically for SET-initiated reactions. Mechanisms for two radical-polar crossover reactions involving the organic electron donors tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) were studied with the new tool. An unexpected tertiary radical intermediate within the TDAE system was identified, relationships between kinetics and substitution in the TTF system were explained, and the impact of the solvent environments on the TDAE and TTF reactions were examined. The results highlight the need for including solvent dynamics when quantifying SET kinetics and thermodynamics, as a free energy difference of >20 kcal/mol was observed. Overall, the new method informs mechanistic analysis of SET-initiated reactions and therefore is envisioned to be useful for studying reactions in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Skinner
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Josh A Kammeraad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Troy Wymore
- Laufer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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6
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Delfau L, Assani N, Nichilo S, Pecaut J, Philouze C, Broggi J, Martin D, Tomás-Mendivil E. On the Redox Properties of the Dimers of Thiazol-2-ylidenes That Are Relevant for Radical Catalysis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:136-142. [PMID: 37303499 PMCID: PMC10251502 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation and study of dimers stemming from popular thiazol-2-ylidene organocatalysts. The model featuring 2,6-di(isopropyl)phenyl (Dipp) N-substituents was found to be a stronger reducing agent (Eox = -0.8 V vs SCE) than bis(thiazol-2-ylidenes) previously studied in the literature. In addition, a remarkable potential gap between the first and second oxidation of the dimer also allows for the isolation of the corresponding air-persistent radical cation. The latter is an unexpected efficient promoter of the radical transformation of α-bromoamides into oxindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadhrata Assani
- Aix
Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire - UMR 7273,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Jacques Pecaut
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, UMR 5819 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Julie Broggi
- Aix
Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire - UMR 7273,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - David Martin
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France
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7
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Nayak MK, Elvers BJ, Mandal D, Das A, Ramakrishnan R, Mote KR, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Reduction of 2- H-substituted pyrrolinium cations: the carbon-carbon single bond in air stable 2,2'-bipyrrolidines as a two-electron-source. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6698-6701. [PMID: 37183853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00891f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of 2-H-substituted pyrrolinium cations via initially formed secondary radicals results in either dimerisation or H-abstracted products, while the outcome depends on the N-substituents. The resultant central carbon-carbon single bond in the dimerised 2,2'-bipyrrolidine derivatives can be oxidised chemically and electrochemically. The notably air and moisture-stable dimers were subsequently utilised as a source of two electrons in various chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Benedict J Elvers
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, Greifswald D-17489, Germany.
| | - Debdeep Mandal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Raghunathan Ramakrishnan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, Greifswald D-17489, Germany.
| | - Cem Burak Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Aksaray University, Aksaray-68100, Türkiye.
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
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8
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Singh V, Singh R, Hazari AS, Adhikari D. Unexplored Facet of Pincer Ligands: Super-Reductant Behavior Applied to Transition-Metal-Free Catalysis. JACS AU 2023; 3:1213-1220. [PMID: 37124293 PMCID: PMC10131200 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pincer ligands are well-established supporting ancillaries to afford robust coordination to metals across the periodic table. Despite their widespread use in developing homogeneous catalysts, the redox noninnocence of the ligand backbone is less utilized in steering catalytic transformations. This report showcases a trianionic, symmetric NNN-pincer to drive C-C cross-coupling reactions and heterocycle formation via C-H functionalization, without any coordination to transition metals. The starting substrates are aryl chlorides that can tease the limit of a catalyst's ability to promote a reductive cleavage at a much demanding potential of -2.90 V vs SCE. The reducing power of the simple trianionic ligand backbone has been tremendously amplified by shining visible light on it. The catalyst's success relies on its easy access to the one-electron oxidized iminosemiquinonate form that has been thoroughly characterized by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy through spectroelectrochemical experiments. The moderately long-lived excited-state lifetime (10.2 ns) and such a super-reductive ability dependent on the one-electron redox shuttle between the bisamido and iminosemiquinonato forms make this catalysis effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikramjeet Singh
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | | | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
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9
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Dolai R, Kumar R, Elvers BJ, Pal PK, Joseph B, Sikari R, Nayak MK, Maiti A, Singh T, Chrysochos N, Jayaraman A, Krummenacher I, Mondal J, Priyakumar UD, Braunschweig H, Yildiz CB, Schulzke C, Jana A. Carbodicarbenes and Striking Redox Transitions of their Conjugate Acids: Influence of NHC versus CAAC as Donor Substituents. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202888. [PMID: 36129127 PMCID: PMC10100033 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a new type of carbodicarbene (CDC) comprising two different classes of carbenes is reported; NHC and CAAC as donor substituents and compare the molecular structure and coordination to Au(I)Cl to those of NHC-only and CAAC-only analogues. The conjugate acids of these three CDCs exhibit notable redox properties. Their reactions with [NO][SbF6 ] were investigated. The reduction of the conjugate acid of CAAC-only based CDC with KC8 results in the formation of hydrogen abstracted/eliminated products, which proceed through a neutral radical intermediate, detected by EPR spectroscopy. In contrast, the reduction of conjugate acids of NHC-only and NHC/CAAC based CDCs led to intermolecular reductive (reversible) carbon-carbon sigma bond formation. The resulting relatively elongated carbon-carbon sigma bonds were found to be readily oxidized. They were, thus, demonstrated to be potent reducing agents, underlining their potential utility as organic electron donors and n-dopants in organic semiconductor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramapada Dolai
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Benedict J Elvers
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pal
- International Institute of Information Technology Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Benson Joseph
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Rina Sikari
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Avijit Maiti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Tejender Singh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Arumugam Jayaraman
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jagannath Mondal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - U Deva Priyakumar
- International Institute of Information Technology Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cem B Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
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10
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Sil S, Santha Bhaskaran A, Chakraborty S, Singh B, Kuniyil R, Mandal SK. Reduced-Phenalenyl-Based Molecule as a Super Electron Donor for Radical-Mediated C-N Coupling Catalysis at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22611-22621. [PMID: 36450182 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that an in situ generated di-reduced phenalenyl (PLY) species accumulates sufficiently high energy and acts as a super electron donor to generate aryl radicals from aryl halides to accomplish Buchwald-Hartwig-type C-N cross-coupling reactions at room temperature. This catalytic protocol does not require any external stimuli such as heat, light, or cathodic current. This protocol shows a wide variety of substrate scope covering different genres of aryl and heteroaryl halides with various aromatic as well as aliphatic amines and late-stage functionalization of the well-known natural products. The control experiments, along with extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations, unveil that the aryl radical is generated by a single electron transfer from the di-reduced PLY to the aryl halide substrate. The aryl radical acts as an electrophile and binds with amine, leading to the chemically driven radical-mediated C-N cross-coupling under transition-metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Sil
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Soumi Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhagat Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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11
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Jiao Y, Stoddart J. Electron / hole catalysis: A versatile strategy for promoting chemical transformations. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Lenz P, Oshimizu R, Klabunde S, Daniliuc CG, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Tendyck JC, Mori T, Uhl W, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Yamaguchi S, Studer A. Oxy-Borylenes as Photoreductants: Synthesis and Application in Dehalogenation and Detosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209391. [PMID: 36005897 PMCID: PMC9825981 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While the range of accessible borylenes has significantly broadened over the last decade, applications remain limited. Herein, we present tricoordinate oxy-borylenes as potent photoreductants that can be readily activated by visible light. Facile oxidation of CAAC stabilized oxy-borylenes (CAAC)(IPr2 Me2 )BOR (R=TMS, CH2 CH2 C6 H5 , CH2 CH2 (4-F)C6 H4 ) to their corresponding radical cations is achieved with mildly oxidizing ferrocenium ion. Cyclovoltammetric studies reveal ground-state redox potentials of up to -1.90 V vs. Fc+/0 for such oxy-borylenes placing them among the strongest organic super electron donors. Their ability as photoreductants is further supported by theoretical studies and showcased by the application as stoichiometric reagents for the photochemical hydrodehalogenation of aryl chlorides, aryl bromides and unactivated alkyl bromides as well as the detosylation of anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lenz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Ryo Oshimizu
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya UniversityFuro, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Sina Klabunde
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Jonas C. Tendyck
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Tatsuya Mori
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya UniversityFuro, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany,Instituto de Fisica de São CarlosUniversidade de Sao PauloAvenida Trabalhador Saocarlense 400São CarlosSP, 13566-590Brazil
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya UniversityFuro, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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13
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Lenz P, Oshimizu R, Klabunde S, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Tendyck JC, Mori T, Uhl W, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Yamaguchi S, Studer A. Oxy‐Borylenes as Photoreductants: Synthesis and Application in Dehalogenation and Detosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lenz
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Ryo Oshimizu
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Sina Klabunde
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Jonas C. Tendyck
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Tatsuya Mori
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Werner Uhl
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Michael R. Hansen
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Fisica de Sao Carlos BRAZIL
| | | | - Armido Studer
- Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster GERMANY
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14
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Day CS, Do CD, Odena C, Benet-Buchholz J, Xu L, Foroutan-Nejad C, Hopmann KH, Martin R. Room-Temperature-Stable Magnesium Electride via Ni(II) Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13109-13117. [PMID: 35830190 PMCID: PMC9345648 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Herein, we report the synthesis of highly reduced bipyridyl
magnesium
complexes and the first example of a stable organic magnesium electride
supported by quantum mechanical computations and X-ray diffraction.
These complexes serve as unconventional homogeneous reductants due
to their high solubility, modular redox potentials, and formation
of insoluble, non-coordinating byproducts. The applicability of these
reductants is showcased by accessing low-valent (bipy)2Ni(0) species that are challenging to access otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Day
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Carlota Odena
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Liang Xu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Antoni PW, Golz C, Hansmann MM. Organic Four-Electron Redox Systems Based on Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Carbene Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203064. [PMID: 35298870 PMCID: PMC9325510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel organic redox systems that display multistage redox behaviour are highly sought-after for a series of applications such as organic batteries or electrochromic materials. Here we describe a simple strategy to transfer well-known two-electron redox active bipyridine and phenanthroline architectures into novel strongly reducing four-electron redox systems featuring fully reversible redox events with up to five stable oxidation states. We give spectroscopic and structural insight into the changes involved in the redox-events and present characterization data on all isolated oxidation states. The redox-systems feature strong UV/Vis/NIR polyelectrochromic properties such as distinct strong NIR absorptions in the mixed valence states. Two-electron charge-discharge cycling studies indicate high electrochemical stability at strongly negative potentials, rendering the new redox architectures promising lead structures for multi-electron anolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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16
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Ruamps M, Bastin S, Rechignat L, Sournia-Saquet A, Vendier L, Lugan N, Mouesca JM, Valyaev DA, Maurel V, César V. Redox-Switchable Behavior of Transition-Metal Complexes Supported by Amino-Decorated N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123776. [PMID: 35744903 PMCID: PMC9227367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand IMes(NMe2)2, derived from the well-known IMes ligand by substitution of the carbenic heterocycle with two dimethylamino groups, was investigated with d6 [Mn(I), Fe(II)], d8 [Rh(I)], and d10 [Cu(I)] transition-metal centers. The redox behavior of the resulting organometallic complexes was studied through a combined experimental/theoretical study, involving electrochemistry, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. While the complexes [CuCl(IMes(NMe2)2)], [RhCl(COD)(IMes(NMe2)2)], and [FeCp(CO)2 (IMes(NMe2)2)](BF4) exhibit two oxidation waves, the first oxidation wave is fully reversible but only for the first complex the second oxidation wave is reversible. The mono-oxidation event for these complexes occurs on the NHC ligand, with a spin density mainly located on the diaminoethylene NHC-backbone, and has a dramatic effect on the donating properties of the NHC ligand. Conversely, as the Mn(I) center in the complex [MnCp(CO)2 ((IMes(NMe2)2)] is easily oxidizable, the latter complex is first oxidized on the metal center to form the corresponding cationic Mn(II) complex, and the NHC ligand is oxidized in a second reversible oxidation wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Ruamps
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Stéphanie Bastin
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Lionel Rechignat
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Alix Sournia-Saquet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Noël Lugan
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Jean-Marie Mouesca
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Dmitry A. Valyaev
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.V.); (V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincent Maurel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Correspondence: (D.A.V.); (V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincent César
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.V.); (V.M.); (V.C.)
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17
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Liao LL, Song L, Yan SS, Ye JH, Yu DG. Highly reductive photocatalytic systems in organic synthesis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Antoni PW, Golz C, Hansmann MM. Organic Four‐Electron Redox Systems Based on Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Carbene Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Antoni
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie GERMANY
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str.6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
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19
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Spitz C, Bertrand M, Remusat V, Terme T, Vanelle P. Addition of Benzyl Halides to Aldehydes and Imines Using Photoactivated TDAE: Access to 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins, 1,2-Diarylethanols, and 1,2-Diarylcarbamates under Metal-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4483-4488. [PMID: 35258309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the intermolecular addition reaction of benzyl halides to aldehydes and imines using photoactivated tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) as superphotoreductant. 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins, 1,2-diarylethanols, and 1,2-diarylcarbamates were obtained with good functional group tolerance using simple, mild, and metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Spitz
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Remusat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
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20
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Zhao Y, Rollet M, Charles L, Canard G, Gigmes D, Vanelle P, Broggi J. Switching from Single to Simultaneous Free‐Radical and Anionic Polymerization with Enamine‐Based Organic Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Marion Rollet
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) 13288 Marseille France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
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21
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Zhao Y, Rollet M, Charles L, Canard G, Gigmes D, Vanelle P, Broggi J. Switching from Single to Simultaneous Free-Radical and Anionic Polymerization with Enamine-Based Organic Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19389-19396. [PMID: 34157792 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although most monomers can polymerize through different propagation pathways, polymerization-initiating systems that can switch from one mode to another are rare. In this study, we demonstrate that enamine-based organic electron donors (OEDs) constitute the first systems able to initiate either free-radical or anionic polymerization under simple, mild, and safe conditions. While direct electron-transfer reduction of monomers by OEDs results in the initiation of anionic chain-growth polymerization, introduction of a competing oxidant with a higher reduction potential than the monomer switches the former anionic propagation to a clean radical-propagation process. The benefit of this dual-mode activator is highlighted in the synthesis of an interpenetrating polymer network through simultaneous initiation of radical and anionic propagation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Rollet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
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22
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Deng G, Duan S, Wang J, Chen Z, Liu T, Chen W, Zhang H, Yang X, Walsh PJ. Transition-metal-free allylation of 2-azaallyls with allyl ethers through polar and radical mechanisms. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3860. [PMID: 34162867 PMCID: PMC8222226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allylation of nucleophiles with highly reactive electrophiles like allyl halides can be conducted without metal catalysts. Less reactive electrophiles, such as allyl esters and carbonates, usually require a transition metal catalyst to facilitate the allylation. Herein, we report a unique transition-metal-free allylation strategy with allyl ether electrophiles. Reaction of a host of allyl ethers with 2-azaallyl anions delivers valuable homoallylic amine derivatives (up to 92%), which are significant in the pharmaceutical industry. Interestingly, no deprotonative isomerization or cyclization of the products were observed. The potential synthetic utility and ease of operation is demonstrated by a gram scale telescoped preparation of a homoallylic amine. In addition, mechanistic studies provide insight into these C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Shengzu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Tongqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China.
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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23
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Frenette BL, Arsenault N, Walker SL, Decken A, Dyker CA. Bis(Iminophosphorano)-Substituted Pyridinium Ions and their Corresponding Bispyridinylidene Organic Electron Donors. Chemistry 2021; 27:8528-8536. [PMID: 33834560 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optimized synthetic procedures for pyridinium ions featuring iminophosphorano (-N=PR3 ; R=Ph, Cy) π-donor substituents in the 2- and 4- positions are described. Crystallographic and theoretical studies reveal that the strongly donating substituents severely polarize the π-electrons of the pyridyl ring at the expense of aromaticity. Moreover, the pyridinium ions are readily deprotonated to generate powerful bispyridinylidene (BPY) organic electron donors. Electrochemical studies show exceptionally low redox potentials for the two-electron BPY/BPY2+ couples, ranging from -1.71 V vs the saturated calomel electrode for 3PhPh (with four Ph3 P=N- groups) to -1.85 V for 3CyCy (with four Cy3 P=N- groups). These new compounds represent the most reducing neutral organic electron donors (OEDs) currently known. Some preliminary reductions involving 3CyCy showed enhanced capability owing to its low redox potential, such as the thermally activated reduction of an aryl chloride, but purification challenges were often encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Nadine Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sarah L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
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25
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Hirata G, Takeuchi K, Shimoharai Y, Sumimoto M, Kaizawa H, Nokami T, Koike T, Abe M, Shirakawa E, Nishikata T. Chemistry of Tertiary Carbon Center in the Formation of Congested C-O Ether Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4329-4334. [PMID: 33350568 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitutions, including SN 1 and SN 2, are classical and reliable reactions, but a serious drawback is their intolerance for both bulky nucleophiles and chiral tertiary alkyl electrophiles for the synthesis of a chiral quaternary carbon center. An SRN 1 reaction via a radical species is another conventional method used to carry out substitution reactions of bulky nucleophiles and alkyl halides, but chiral tertiary alkyl electrophiles cannot be used. Therefore, a stereospecific nucleophilic substitution reaction using chiral tertiary alkyl electrophiles and bulky nucleophiles has not yet been well studied. In this paper, we describe the reaction of tertiary alkyl alcohols and non-chiral or chiral α-bromocarboxamides as a tertiary alkyl source for the formation of congested ether compounds possessing two different tertiary alkyl groups on the oxygen atom with stereoretention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goki Hirata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Kentarou Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimoharai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Michinori Sumimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Hazuki Kaizawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering (Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering), Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamachominami, Tottori city, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering (Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering), Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamachominami, Tottori city, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Takashi Koike
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Eiji Shirakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishikata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
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26
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Nayak MK, Suhr S, Chrysochos N, Rawat H, Schulzke C, Chandrasekhar V, Sarkar B, Jana A. Tethered CAAC-CAAC dimers: oxidation to persistent radical cations and bridging-unit dependent reactivity/stability of the dications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1210-1213. [PMID: 33416055 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07385g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report tethered cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) dimers in which two CAAC-motifs are connected by an ethylene-, trans-1,2-cyclohexylene- and propylene-spacer through their N-centres. The 1-electron oxidized radical cations are isolable, whereas a significant influence of the bridging unit on the chemical reactivity becomes apparent in and with the 2-electron oxidized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Simon Suhr
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany and Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart, D-70569, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, Greifswald, D-17489, Germany.
| | - Hemant Rawat
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, Greifswald, D-17489, Germany.
| | - Vadapalli Chandrasekhar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India. and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany and Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart, D-70569, Germany.
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
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27
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Tintori G, Fall A, Assani N, Zhao Y, Bergé-Lefranc D, Redon S, Vanelle P, Broggi J. Generation of powerful organic electron donors by water-assisted decarboxylation of benzimidazolium carboxylates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In situ and easy generation of organic electron donors from water-activation of carboxylate precursors allows OED-promoted intermolecular radical addition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tintori
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Arona Fall
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Nadhrata Assani
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | | | - Sébastien Redon
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
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28
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Messelberger J, Kumar M, Goodner SJ, Munz D. Wanzlick's equilibrium in tri- and tetraaminoolefins. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
How to isolate small carbenes, previously reported to from dimers instantaneously, and how to split triaminoolefins into free carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Messelberger
- Saarland University, Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Saarland University, Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Goodner
- Saarland University, Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy: Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Saarland University, Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy: Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Richard NA, Khor CK, Hetherington SM, Mills SL, Decken A, Dyker CA. Iminophosphorano-Substituted Bispyridinylidenes: Redox Potentials and Substituent Constants from Tolman Electronic Parameters. Chemistry 2020; 26:17371-17375. [PMID: 33022780 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bispyridinylidenes (BPYs) have emerged as an important class of neutral organic electron donors, with redox potentials that vary widely with choice of substituent. Methods to predict the effect of substitution on the redox potential are therefore highly desirable. Here we show that the redox potential of BPYs featuring iminophosphorano substituents (R3 P=N-), which represent the most reducing class of BPYs, can be predicted based on the well-known Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) for the respective phosphine fragment (R3 P). Moreover, building on earlier work relating redox potentials to Hammett-type substituent constants, it is now possible to quantitatively predict σp + values for iminophosphorano substituents from TEP values. These results provide a path for precisely tailoring redox potentials of iminophosphorano-substituted BPYs, but also give quantitative descriptors for how these highly versatile iminophosphorano substituents can impact the properties of any molecular scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Richard
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Chun Keat Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sydney M Hetherington
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Scott L Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
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30
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Hirata G, Takeuchi K, Shimoharai Y, Sumimoto M, Kaizawa H, Nokami T, Koike T, Abe M, Shirakawa E, Nishikata T. Chemistry of Tertiary Carbon Center in the Formation of Congested C−O Ether Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goki Hirata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamaguchi University 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube Yamaguchi 755-8611 Japan
| | - Kentarou Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamaguchi University 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube Yamaguchi 755-8611 Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimoharai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamaguchi University 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube Yamaguchi 755-8611 Japan
| | - Michinori Sumimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamaguchi University 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube Yamaguchi 755-8611 Japan
| | - Hazuki Kaizawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering (Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering) Tottori University 4-101 Koyamachominami, Tottori city Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering (Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering) Tottori University 4-101 Koyamachominami, Tottori city Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Takashi Koike
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 226–8503 Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Eiji Shirakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Takashi Nishikata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamaguchi University 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube Yamaguchi 755-8611 Japan
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31
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Spitz C, Matteudi M, Tintori G, Broggi J, Terme T, Vanelle P. Metal-Free Addition of Benzyl Halides to Aldehydes Using Super Electron Donors: Access to 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins and 1,2-Diarylethanols. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15736-15742. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Spitz
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, Cedex 05 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Mélanie Matteudi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, Cedex 05 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Tintori
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, Cedex 05 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, Cedex 05 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, Cedex 05 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, Cedex 05 13385 Marseille, France
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32
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Zhang J, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Diazaphosphinyl radical-catalyzed deoxygenation of α-carboxy ketones: a new protocol for chemo-selective C-O bond scission via mechanism regulation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8476-8481. [PMID: 34123107 PMCID: PMC8163385 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03220d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
C-O bond cleavage is often a key process in defunctionalization of organic compounds as well as in degradation of natural polymers. However, it seldom occurs regioselectively for different types of C-O bonds under metal-free mild conditions. Here we report a facile chemo-selective cleavage of the α-C-O bonds in α-carboxy ketones by commercially available pinacolborane under the catalysis of diazaphosphinane based on a mechanism switch strategy. This new reaction features high efficiency, low cost and good group-tolerance, and is also amenable to catalytic deprotection of desyl-protected carboxylic acids and amino acids. Mechanistic studies indicated an electron-transfer-initiated radical process, underlining two crucial steps: (1) the initiator azodiisobutyronitrile switches originally hydridic reduction to kinetically more accessible electron reduction; and (2) the catalytic phosphorus species upconverts weakly reducing pinacolborane into strongly reducing diazaphosphinane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Molecular Science, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Molecular Science, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Molecular Science, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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33
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Messelberger J, Grünwald A, Goodner SJ, Zeilinger F, Pinter P, Miehlich ME, Heinemann FW, Hansmann MM, Munz D. Aromaticity and sterics control whether a cationic olefin radical is resistant to disproportionation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4138-4149. [PMID: 34760147 PMCID: PMC8562513 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We elucidate why some electron rich-olefins such as tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinylidene) form persistent radical cations, whereas others such as the dimer of N,N'-dimethyl benzimidazolin-2-ylidene (benzNHC) do not. Specifically, three heterodimers derived from cyclic (alkyl) (amino) carbenes (CAAC) with N,N'-dimethyl imidazolin-2-ylidene (NHC), N,N'-dimethyl imidazolidin-2-ylidene (saNHC) and N-methyl benzothiazolin-2-ylidene (btNHC) are reported. Whereas the olefin radical cations with the NHC and btNHC are isolable, the NHC compound with a saturated backbone (saNHC) disproportionates instead to the biscation and olefin. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the electron-rich olefins derived from the dimerization of the saNHC and btNHC were assessed. Based on the experiments, we propose a general computational method to model the electrochemical potentials and disproportionation equilibrium. This method, which achieves an accuracy of 0.07 V (0.06 V with calibration) in reference to the experimental values, allows for the first time to rationalize and predict the (in)stability of olefin radical cations towards disproportionation. The combined results reveal that the stability of heterodimeric olefin radical cations towards disproportionation is mostly due to aromaticity. In contrast, homodimeric radical cations are in principle isolable, if lacking steric bulk in the 2,2' positions of the heterocyclic monomers. Rigid tethers increase accordingly the stability of homodimeric radical cations, whereas the electronic effects of substituents seem much less important for the disproportionation equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Messelberger
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Annette Grünwald
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Stephen J Goodner
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Florian Zeilinger
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Piermaria Pinter
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Matthias E Miehlich
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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34
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Liu Z, Li M, Deng G, Wei W, Feng P, Zi Q, Li T, Zhang H, Yang X, Walsh PJ. Transition-metal-free C(sp 3)-H/C(sp 3)-H dehydrogenative coupling of saturated heterocycles with N-benzyl imines. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7619-7625. [PMID: 34094139 PMCID: PMC8152681 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H dehydrocoupling of N-benzylimines with saturated heterocycles is described. Using super electron donor (SED) 2-azaallyl anions and aryl iodides as electron acceptors, single-electron-transfer (SET) generates an aryl radical. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from saturated heterocycles or toluenes to the aryl radical generates alkyl radicals or benzylic radicals, respectively. The newly formed alkyl radicals and benzylic radicals couple with the 2-azaallyl radicals with formation of new C-C bonds. Experimental evidence supports the key hydrogen-abstraction by the aryl radical, which determines the chemoselectivity of the radical-radical coupling reaction. It is noteworthy that this procedure avoids the use of traditional strong oxidants and transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Minyan Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Wanshi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Ping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Quanxing Zi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
- Department of Soil and Water Science, University of Florida 2181 McCarty Hall A Gainesville FL 32611-0290 USA
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
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35
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Gosset A, Wilbraham L, Lachmanová ŠN, Sokolová R, Dupeyre G, Tuyèras F, Ochsenbein P, Perruchot C, de Rouville HPJ, Randriamahazaka H, Pospíšil L, Ciofini I, Hromadová M, Lainé PP. Electron Storage System Based on a Two-Way Inversion of Redox Potentials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5162-5176. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gosset
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Liam Wilbraham
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Štěpánka Nováková Lachmanová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Sokolová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Grégory Dupeyre
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Tuyèras
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Ochsenbein
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Modélisation Moléculaire du Solide, Sanofi LGCR, 371 rue du Professeur Blayac, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 04 France
| | - Christian Perruchot
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Lubomír Pospíšil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo n.2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe P. Lainé
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
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36
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Burgoyne MM, MacDougall TM, Haines ZN, Conrad JW, Calhoun LA, Decken A, Dyker CA. A strong organic electron donor incorporating highly π-donating triphenylphosphonium ylidyl substituents. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9726-9733. [PMID: 31701988 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The π-electron donor strength of a triphenylphosphonium ylidyl group (Ph3P[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-) was explored through its substitution onto a bispyridinylidene (BPY) scaffold. Electrochemical studies revealed that the new triphenylphosphonium ylidyl-substituted BPY is the most reducing di-substituted derivative reported to date (E1/2 = -1.55 V vs. SCE). By using a previously established correlation between the redox potential of the substituted BPYs and the corresponding substituent, a Hammett constant for the Ph3P[double bond, length as m-dash]CH- group was determined (σp+ = -2.33), establishing it as the most donating neutral substituent currently quantified. The BPY is readily oxidized by hexachloroethane to produce the corresponding dicationic bipyridinium salt as a mixture of isomers owing to hindered Cylidyl-Cpyridyl bond rotation. In preliminary tests of the BPY as a reductant, dichlorotricyclohexylphosphorane and chlorodiphenylphosphine were reduced to the corresponding phosphine and diphosphine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Burgoyne
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Thomas M MacDougall
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Zachary N Haines
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Jordan W Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Larry A Calhoun
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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37
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Synthesis and properties of bi- and tricyclic 1,3-thiazoline/thiazolidine assemblies linked by an exocyclic С=С double bond. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-019-02571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Nozawa-Kumada K, Ito S, Noguchi K, Shigeno M, Kondo Y. Super electron donor-mediated reductive desulfurization reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12968-12971. [PMID: 31603153 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06775b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The desulfurization of thioacetals and thioethers by a pyridine-derived electron donor is described. This methodology provides efficient access to the reduced products in high yields and does not require the use of transition-metals, elemental alkali-metals, or hydrogen atom donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Shungo Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Koto Noguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Masanori Shigeno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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39
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Walter P, Kaifer E, Herrmann H, Wadepohl H, Hübner O, Himmel H. Redox‐Active Guanidines with One or Two Guanidino Groups and Their Integration in Low‐Dimensional Perovskite Structures. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Walter
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hendrik Herrmann
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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40
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Werr M, Kaifer E, Wadepohl H, Himmel HJ. Tuneable Redox Chemistry and Electrochromism of Persistent Symmetric and Asymmetric Azine Radical Cations. Chemistry 2019; 25:12981-12990. [PMID: 31306523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular organic radicals have been intensively studied in the last decades, due to their interesting optical, magnetic and redox properties. Here we report the synthesis and characterisation of persistent organic radicals from one-electron oxidation of redox-active azines (RAAs), composed of two guanidinyl or related groups. By connecting two different groups together, asymmetric compounds result. In this way a series of compounds with varying redox potential is obtained that could be oxidised reversibly to the mono- and the dicationic charge states. The accessible redox states were fully determined by chemical redox reactions. The standard Gibbs free energy change for disproportionation of the radical monocation into the dication and the neutral molecule in solution, estimated from cyclovoltammetric measurements, varies between 43 and 71 kJ mol-1 . While the neutral RAAs absorb predominately UV light, the radical monocations display strong absorptions covering almost the entire visible region and extending for some compounds into the NIR region. A detailed analysis of this highly reversible electrochromism is presented, and the fast switching characteristics are demonstrated in an electrochromic test device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Werr
- Anorganisch Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Rohrbach S, Shah RS, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Neutral Organic Super Electron Donors Made Catalytic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11454-11458. [PMID: 31222953 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutral organic super electron donors (SEDs) display impressive reducing power but, until now, it has not been possible to use them catalytically in radical chain reactions. This is because, following electron transfer, these donors form persistent radical cations that trap substrate-derived radicals. This paper unlocks a conceptually new approach to super electron donors that overcomes this issue, leading to the first catalytic neutral organic super electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rohrbach
- Dept. of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Rushabh S Shah
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Dept. of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Dept. of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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42
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Rohrbach S, Shah RS, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Neutral Organic Super Electron Donors Made Catalytic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rohrbach
- Dept. of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Rushabh S. Shah
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Dept. of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - John A. Murphy
- Dept. of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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43
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Antoni PW, Bruckhoff T, Hansmann MM. Organic Redox Systems Based on Pyridinium–Carbene Hybrids. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9701-9711. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Antoni
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Bruckhoff
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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44
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Kim Y, Lee E. Stable Organic Radicals Derived from N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:19110-19121. [PMID: 30058298 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsuk Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and ComplexityInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of ChemistryPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Center for Self-assembly and ComplexityInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of ChemistryPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials SciencePohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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45
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Antoni PW, Hansmann MM. Pyrylenes: A New Class of Tunable, Redox-Switchable, Photoexcitable Pyrylium–Carbene Hybrids with Three Stable Redox-States. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14823-14835. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Antoni
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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46
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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47
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Wang Q, Poznik M, Li M, Walsh PJ, Chruma JJ. 2‐Azaallyl Anions as Light‐Tunable Super‐Electron‐Donors: Coupling with Aryl Fluorides, Chlorides, and Bromides. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry and Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Science & Technology Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Michal Poznik
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
| | - Minyan Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
| | - Jason J. Chruma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry and Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Science & Technology Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 People's Republic of China
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48
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Martin JD, Dyker CA. Facile preparation and isolation of neutral organic electron donors based on 4-dimethylaminopyridine. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of new neutral bis-2-(4-dimethylamino)pyridinylidene electron donors featuring N-akyl groups of varying lengths (propyl, butyl, hexyl, dodecyl) have been prepared from 4-dimethylaminopyridine by means of a simple two-step procedure. Each derivative could be isolated in high yield and could be stored indefinitely under inert atmosphere. The electron donors were chemically oxidized to the corresponding bipyridinium ions, and all compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. As an emerging class of electron transfer agents, the availability of the isolated neutral bispyridinylidenes should be beneficial for cases that are incompatible with generating the electron donor in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - C. Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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49
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Zhang L, Jiao L. Super electron donors derived from diboron. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2711-2722. [PMID: 29732055 PMCID: PMC5911971 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-electron transfer is an important process in organic chemistry, in which a single-electron reductant (electron donor) acts as a key component. Compared with metal-based electron donors, organic electron donors have some unique advantages, such as tunable reduction ability and mild reaction conditions. The development of novel organic electron donors with good reduction ability together with ease of preparation is in high demand. Based on the pyridine-catalyzed radical borylation reaction developed in our laboratory, we have discovered that, the reaction system consisting of a diboron(4) compound, methoxide and a pyridine derivative could smoothly produce super electron donors in situ. Two boryl-pyridine based species, the major one being a trans-2H,2'H-[2,2'-bipyridine]-1,1'-diide borate complex and the minor one being a pyridine radical anion-borate complex, were observed and carefully characterized. These complexes were found to be organic super electron donors unprecedented in literature, and their formation mechanisms were studied by DFT calculations. The diboron/methoxide/pyridine system enables the preparation of organic super electron donors from easily accessible starting materials under mild conditions, which has the potential to be a general and practical single-electron reducing agent in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084 , China .
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084 , China .
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50
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Tintori G, Nabokoff P, Buhaibeh R, Bergé-Lefranc D, Redon S, Broggi J, Vanelle P. Base-Free Generation of Organic Electron Donors from Air-Stable Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3148-3153. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tintori
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Pierre Nabokoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Ruqaya Buhaibeh
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - David Bergé-Lefranc
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD; Laboratoire IMBE UMR 7263; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Sébastien Redon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
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