1
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Stanistreet-Welsh K, Kerridge A. Quantifying Covalency and Environmental Effects in RASSCF-Simulated O K-Edge XANES of Uranyl. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39091118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A RASSCF approach to simulate the O K-edge XANES spectra of uranyl is employed, utilizing three models that progressively improve the representation of the local crystal environment. Simulations successfully reproduce the observed three-peak profile of the experimental spectrum and confirm peak assignments made by Denning. The [UO2Cl4]2- model offers the best agreement with experiment, with peak positions (to within 1 eV) and relative peak separations accurately reproduced. Establishing a direct link between a specific electronic transition and peak intensity is complicated, as a large number of possible transitions can contribute to the overall peak profile. Furthermore, a relationship between oxygen character in the antibonding orbital and the strength of the transition breaks down when using a variety of orbital composition approaches at larger excitation energy. Covalency analysis of the U-O bond in both the ground- and excited-state reveals a dependence on the crystal environment. Orbital composition analysis reveals an underestimation of the uranium contribution to ground-state bonding orbitals when probing O K-edge core-excited states, regardless of the uranyl model employed. However, improving the environmental model provides core-excited state electronic structures that are better representative of that of the ground-state, validating their use in the determination of covalency and bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Kerridge
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, U.K
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2
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Focke K, De Santis M, Wolter M, Martinez B JA, Vallet V, Pereira Gomes AS, Olejniczak M, Jacob CR. Interoperable workflows by exchanging grid-based data between quantum-chemical program packages. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:162503. [PMID: 38686818 DOI: 10.1063/5.0201701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum-chemical subsystem and embedding methods require complex workflows that may involve multiple quantum-chemical program packages. Moreover, such workflows require the exchange of voluminous data that go beyond simple quantities, such as molecular structures and energies. Here, we describe our approach for addressing this interoperability challenge by exchanging electron densities and embedding potentials as grid-based data. We describe the approach that we have implemented to this end in a dedicated code, PyEmbed, currently part of a Python scripting framework. We discuss how it has facilitated the development of quantum-chemical subsystem and embedding methods and highlight several applications that have been enabled by PyEmbed, including wave-function theory (WFT) in density-functional theory (DFT) embedding schemes mixing non-relativistic and relativistic electronic structure methods, real-time time-dependent DFT-in-DFT approaches, the density-based many-body expansion, and workflows including real-space data analysis and visualization. Our approach demonstrates, in particular, the merits of exchanging (complex) grid-based data and, in general, the potential of modular software development in quantum chemistry, which hinges upon libraries that facilitate interoperability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Focke
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matteo De Santis
- CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mario Wolter
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jessica A Martinez B
- CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Valérie Vallet
- CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Małgorzata Olejniczak
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christoph R Jacob
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Focke K, Jacob CR. Coupled-Cluster Density-Based Many-Body Expansion. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9139-9148. [PMID: 37871170 PMCID: PMC10626589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
While CCSD(T) is often considered the "gold standard" of computational chemistry, the scaling of its computational cost as N7 limits its applicability for large and complex molecular systems. In this work, we apply the density-based many-body expansion [ Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2020, 120, e26228] in combination with CCSD(T). The accuracy of this approach is assessed for neutral, protonated, and deprotonated water hexamers, as well as (H2O)16 and (H2O)17 clusters. For the neutral water clusters, we find that already with a density-based two-body expansion, we are able to approximate the supermolecular CCSD(T) energies within chemical accuracy (4 kJ/mol). This surpasses the accuracy that is achieved with a conventional, energy-based three-body expansion. We show that this accuracy can be maintained even when approximating the electron densities using Hartree-Fock instead of using coupled-cluster densities. The density-based many-body expansion thus offers a simple, resource-efficient, and highly parallelizable approach that makes CCSD(T)-quality calculations feasible where they would otherwise be prohibitively expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Focke
- Institute of Physical and
Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph R. Jacob
- Institute of Physical and
Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Chakraborty R, Boguslawski K, Tecmer P. Static embedding with pair coupled cluster doubles based methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25377-25388. [PMID: 37705409 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum embedding methods have recently been significantly developed to model large molecular structures. This work proposes a novel wave function theory in a density functional theory (WTF-in-DFT) embedding scheme based on pair-coupled cluster doubles (pCCD)-type methods. While pCCD can reliably describe strongly-correlated systems with mean-field-like computational cost, the large extent of the dynamic correlation can be accounted for by (linearized) coupled-cluster corrections on top of the pCCD wave function. Here we focus on the linearized coupled-cluster singles and doubles (LCCSD) ansatz for electronic ground states and its extension to excited states within the equation of motion (EOM) formalism. We test our EOM-pCCD-LCCSD-in-DFT approach for the vertical excitation energies of the hydrogen-bonded water-ammonia complex, micro-solvated thymine, and uranyl tetrahalides (UO2X42-, X = F, Cl, Br). Furthermore, we assess the quality of the embedding potential using an orbital entanglement and correlation analysis. The approximate embedding models successfully capture changes in the excitation energies going from bare fragments to supramolecular structures and represent a promising computational method for excited states in large molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chakraborty
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Katharina Boguslawski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Paweł Tecmer
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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5
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Misael WA, Severo Pereira Gomes A. Core Excitations of Uranyl in Cs 2UO 2Cl 4 from Relativistic Embedded Damped Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Calculations. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11589-11601. [PMID: 37432868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray spectroscopies, by their high selectivity and sensitivity to the chemical environment around the atoms probed, provide significant insights into the electronic structures of molecules and materials. Interpreting experimental results requires reliable theoretical models, accounting for environmental, relativistic, electron correlation, and orbital relaxation effects in a balanced manner. In this work, we present a protocol for the simulation of core excited spectra with damped response time-dependent density functional theory based on the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian (4c-DR-TD-DFT), in which environmental effects are accounted for through the frozen density embedding (FDE) method. We showcase this approach for the uranium M4- and L3-edges and oxygen K-edge of the uranyl tetrachloride (UO2Cl42-) unit as found in a host Cs2UO2Cl4 crystal. We have found that the 4c-DR-TD-DFT simulations yield excitation spectra that very closely match the experiment for the uranium M4-edge and the oxygen K-edge, with good agreement for the broad experimental spectra for the L3-edge. By decomposing the complex polarizability in terms of its components, we have been able to correlate our results with angle-resolved spectra. We have observed that for all edges, but in particular the uranium M4-edge, an embedded model in which the chloride ligands are replaced by an embedding potential reproduces rather well the spectral profile obtained for UO2Cl42-. Our results underscore the importance of the equatorial ligands to simulating core spectra at both uranium and oxygen edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilken Aldair Misael
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
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6
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De Santis M, Sorbelli D, Vallet V, Gomes ASP, Storchi L, Belpassi L. Frozen-Density Embedding for Including Environmental Effects in the Dirac-Kohn-Sham Theory: An Implementation Based on Density Fitting and Prototyping Techniques. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:5992-6009. [PMID: 36172757 PMCID: PMC9558305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frozen density embedding (FDE) represents an embedding scheme in which environmental effects are included from first-principles calculations by considering the surrounding system explicitly by means of its electron density. In the present paper, we extend the full four-component relativistic Dirac-Kohn-Sham (DKS) method, as implemented in the BERTHA code, to include environmental and confinement effects with the FDE scheme (DKS-in-DFT FDE). The implementation, based on the auxiliary density fitting techniques, has been enormously facilitated by BERTHA's python API (PyBERTHA), which facilitates the interoperability with other FDE implementations available through the PyADF framework. The accuracy and numerical stability of this new implementation, also using different auxiliary fitting basis sets, has been demonstrated on the simple NH3-H2O system, in comparison with a reference nonrelativistic implementation. The computational performance has been evaluated on a series of gold clusters (Aun, with n = 2, 4, 8) embedded into an increasing number of water molecules (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 water molecules). We found that the procedure scales approximately linearly both with the size of the frozen surrounding environment (consistent with the underpinnings of the FDE approach) and with the size of the active system (in line with the use of density fitting). Finally, we applied the code to a series of heavy (Rn) and super-heavy elements (Cn, Fl, Og) embedded in a C60 cage to explore the confinement effect induced by C60 on their electronic structure. We compare the results from our simulations, with respect to more-approximate models employed in the atomic physics literature. Our results indicate that the specific interactions described by FDE are able to improve upon the cruder approximations currently employed, and, thus, they provide a basis from which to generate more-realistic radial potentials for confined atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Santis
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Diego Sorbelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Valérie Vallet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Loriano Storchi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi 'G. D'Annunzio', Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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7
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Opoku RA, Toubin C, Gomes ASP. Simulating core electron binding energies of halogenated species adsorbed on ice surfaces and in solution via relativistic quantum embedding calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14390-14407. [PMID: 35647703 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05836c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effects of the environment on the X-ray photoelectron spectra of hydrogen chloride and chloride ions adsorbed on ice surfaces, as well as of chloride ions in water droplets. In our approach, we combine a density functional theory (DFT) description of the ice surface with that of halogen species using the recently developed relativistic core-valence separation equation of motion coupled cluster (CVS-EOM-IP-CCSD) via the frozen density embedding formalism (FDE), to determine the K and L1,2,3 edges of chlorine. Our calculations, which incorporate temperature effects through snapshots from classical molecular dynamics simulations, are shown to reproduce experimental trends in the change of the core binding energies of Cl- upon moving from a liquid (water droplets) to an interfacial (ice quasi-liquid layer) environment. Our simulations yield water valence band binding energies in good agreement with experiment, which vary little between the droplets and the ice surface. For halide core binding energies there is an overall trend for overestimating experimental values, though good agreement between theory and experiment is found for Cl- in water droplets and on ice. For HCl on the other hand there are significant discrepancies between experimental and calculated core binding energies when we consider structural models that maintain the H-Cl bond more or less intact. An analysis of models that allow for pre-dissociated and dissociated structures suggests that experimentally observed chemical shifts in binding energies between Cl- and HCl would require that H+ (in the form of H3O+) and Cl- are separated by roughly 4-6 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Opoku
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Céline Toubin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
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8
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De Santis M, Vallet V, Gomes ASP. Environment Effects on X-Ray Absorption Spectra With Quantum Embedded Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Approaches. Front Chem 2022; 10:823246. [PMID: 35295974 PMCID: PMC8919347 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.823246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we implement the real-time time-dependent block-orthogonalized Manby-Miller embedding (rt-BOMME) approach alongside our previously developed real-time frozen density embedding time-dependent density functional theory (rt-TDDFT-in-DFT FDE) code, and investigate these methods’ performance in reproducing X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) obtained with standard rt-TDDFT simulations, for model systems comprised of solvated fluoride and chloride ions ([X@(H2O)8−, X = F, Cl). We observe that for ground-state quantities such as core orbital energies, the BOMME approach shows significantly better agreement with supermolecular results than FDE for the strongly interacting fluoride system, while for chloride the two embedding approaches show more similar results. For the excited states, we see that while FDE (constrained not to have the environment densities relaxed in the ground state) is in good agreement with the reference calculations for the region around the K and L1 edges, and is capable of reproducing the splitting of the 1s1 (n + 1)p1 final states (n + 1 being the lowest virtual p orbital of the halides), it by and large fails to properly reproduce the 1s1 (n + 2)p1 states and misses the electronic states arising from excitation to orbitals with important contributions from the solvent. The BOMME results, on the other hand, provide a faithful qualitative representation of the spectra in all energy regions considered, though its intrinsic approximation of employing a lower-accuracy exchange-correlation functional for the environment induces non-negligible shifts in peak positions for the excitations from the halide to the environment. Our results thus confirm that QM/QM embedding approaches are viable alternatives to standard real-time simulations of X-ray absorption spectra of species in complex or confined environments.
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9
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Pototschnig JV, Papadopoulos A, Lyakh DI, Repisky M, Halbert L, Severo Pereira Gomes A, Jensen HJA, Visscher L. Implementation of Relativistic Coupled Cluster Theory for Massively Parallel GPU-Accelerated Computing Architectures. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:5509-5529. [PMID: 34370471 PMCID: PMC8444343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report reimplementation of the core algorithms of relativistic coupled cluster theory aimed at modern heterogeneous high-performance computational infrastructures. The code is designed for parallel execution on many compute nodes with optional GPU coprocessing, accomplished via the new ExaTENSOR back end. The resulting ExaCorr module is primarily intended for calculations of molecules with one or more heavy elements, as relativistic effects on the electronic structure are included from the outset. In the current work, we thereby focus on exact two-component methods and demonstrate the accuracy and performance of the software. The module can be used as a stand-alone program requiring a set of molecular orbital coefficients as the starting point, but it is also interfaced to the DIRAC program that can be used to generate these. We therefore also briefly discuss an improvement of the parallel computing aspects of the relativistic self-consistent field algorithm of the DIRAC program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann V Pototschnig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasios Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry I Lyakh
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michal Repisky
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Loïc Halbert
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molecules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - André Severo Pereira Gomes
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molecules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hans Jørgen Aa Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Fink K, Höfener S. Combining wavefunction frozen-density embedding with one-dimensional periodicity. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104114. [PMID: 33722017 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the combination of wavefunction frozen-density embedding (FDE) with a periodic repetition in one dimension (1D) for molecular systems in the KOALA program. In this periodic orbital-uncoupled FDE ansatz, no wavefunction overlap is taken into account, and only the electron density of the active subsystem is computed explicitly. This density is relaxed in the presence of the environment potential, which is obtained by translating the updated active subsystem density, yielding a fully self-consistent solution at convergence. Treating only one subsystem explicitly, the method allows for the calculation of local properties in condensed molecular systems, while no orbital band structure is obtained preventing the application, e.g., to systems with metallic bonding. In order to illustrate possible applications of the new implementation, selected case studies are presented, ranging from ground-state dipole moments using configuration interaction methods via excitation energies using time-dependent density-functional theory to ionization potentials obtained from equation-of-motion correlation methods. Different levels of approximations are assessed, revealing that an active subsystem consisting of two or three molecules leads to results that are converged with respect to the environment contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3630, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian Höfener
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
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11
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Hoyer CE, Li X. Relativistic two-component projection-based quantum embedding for open-shell systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:094113. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0012433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chad E. Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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12
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Oher H, Réal F, Vercouter T, Vallet V. Investigation of the Luminescence of [UO 2X 4] 2- (X = Cl, Br) Complexes in the Organic Phase Using Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Simulations. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5896-5906. [PMID: 32286804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The luminescence properties of the [UO2Cl4]2- complex in an organic phase, especially the influence of large organic countercations, have been studied by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and ab initio modeling. The experimental spectrum was assigned by vibronic Franck-Condon calculations on quantum chemical methods on the basis of a combination of relativistic density functional approaches. The shape of the luminescence spectrum of the uranyl tetrachloride complex is determined by symmetrical vibrations and geometrical change upon emission. The possible change in the luminescence properties depending on the first and second uranyl coordination spheres was predicted theoretically for the [UO2Br4]2- and [R4N]2[UO2Cl4] ([R4N] = [Bu4N], [A336]) systems. The computations reveal that, for U(VI), the second coordination sphere has little influence on the spectrum shape, making speciation of uranyl complexes with identical first-coordination-sphere ligands tedious to discriminate. The computed structural changes agreed well with experimental trends; theoretical spectra and peak attributions are in good accordance with TRLFS and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) data, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Oher
- DEN-Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florent Réal
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Vercouter
- DEN-Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Vallet
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
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13
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Bensberg M, Neugebauer J. Density functional theory based embedding approaches for transition-metal complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26093-26103. [PMID: 33201953 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05188h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal species are commonly discussed by considering the metal atom embedded in a ligand environment. This apparently makes them interesting targets for modern embedding strategies based on Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT), which aim at modelling accurate predictions for large systems by combining different quantum chemical methods. In this perspective, we will focus on subsystem density functional theory and projection-based embedding. We review the developments in the field for transition metal species, demonstrate benefits, drawbacks and analyse error sources of the different strategies using the example of chromium hexacarbonyle, before giving a perspective where the field is currently heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Bensberg
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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14
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Kervazo S, Réal F, Virot F, Severo Pereira Gomes A, Vallet V. Accurate Predictions of Volatile Plutonium Thermodynamic Properties. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14507-14521. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kervazo
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Florent Réal
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Virot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) PSN-RES, Cadarache, Saint Paul Lez Durance 13115, France
| | | | - Valérie Vallet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
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15
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Hoyer CE, Williams-Young DB, Huang C, Li X. Embedding non-collinear two-component electronic structure in a collinear quantum environment. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174114. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5092628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chad E. Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Chen Huang
- Department of Scientific Computing, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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16
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Shee A, Saue T, Visscher L, Severo Pereira Gomes A. Equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory based on the 4-component Dirac–Coulomb(–Gaunt) Hamiltonian. Energies for single electron detachment, attachment, and electronically excited states. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:174113. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5053846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Shee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523—PhLAM—Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Trond Saue
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS—Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Severo Pereira Gomes
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523—PhLAM—Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
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17
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Tecmer P, González-Espinoza CE. Electron correlation effects of the ThO and ThS molecules in the spinor basis. A relativistic coupled cluster study of ground and excited states properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23424-23432. [PMID: 30182118 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00048d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive relativistic coupled cluster study of the electronic structures of the ThO and ThS molecules in the spinor basis. Specifically, we use the single-reference coupled cluster and the multi-reference Fock Space Coupled Cluster (FSCC) methods to model their ground and electronically-excited states. Two variants of the FSCC method have been investigated: (a) one where the electronic spectrum is obtained from sector (1,1) of the Fock space, and (b) another where the excited states come from the doubly attached electronic states to the doubly charged systems (ThO2+ and ThS2+), that is, from sector (0,2) of the Fock space. Our study provides a reliable set of spectroscopic parameters such as bond lengths, excitation energies, and vibrational frequencies, as well as a detailed analysis of the electron correlation effects in the ThO and ThS molecules. Finally, we examine the first ionization potential and electron affinity of the above mentioned molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Tecmer
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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18
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Reta D, Ortu F, Randall S, Mills DP, Chilton NF, Winpenny RE, Natrajan L, Edwards B, Kaltsoyannis N. The performance of density functional theory for the description of ground and excited state properties of inorganic and organometallic uranium compounds. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Hedegård ED, Bast R, Kongsted J, Olsen JMH, Jensen HJA. Relativistic Polarizable Embedding. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2870-2880. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Radovan Bast
- High
Performance Computing Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Jørgen Aagaard Jensen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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20
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Olejniczak M, Bast R, Pereira Gomes AS. On the calculation of second-order magnetic properties using subsystem approaches in a relativistic framework. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:8400-8415. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08561j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of second-order magnetic properties in a frozen density embedding scheme in a four component relativistic framework is outlined and applied to model H2X–H2O systems (X = Se, Te, Po).
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Olejniczak
- Université de Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8523 – PhLAM – Physique des Lasers
- Atomes et Molécules
- F-59000 Lille
| | - Radovan Bast
- High Performance Computing Group
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway
- N-9037 Tromsø
- Norway
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21
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Ratcliff LE, Mohr S, Huhs G, Deutsch T, Masella M, Genovese L. Challenges in large scale quantum mechanical calculations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Ratcliff
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility Argonne National Laboratory Lemon IL USA
| | - Stephan Mohr
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC‐CNS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Georg Huhs
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC‐CNS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Thierry Deutsch
- University Grenoble Alpes INAC‐MEM Grenoble France
- CEA, INAC‐MEM Grenoble France
| | - Michel Masella
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale et Radiologie, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, CEA Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette Cedex France
| | - Luigi Genovese
- University Grenoble Alpes INAC‐MEM Grenoble France
- CEA, INAC‐MEM Grenoble France
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22
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Wellington JP, Kerridge A, Kaltsoyannis N. Should environmental effects be included when performing QTAIM calculations on actinide systems? A comparison of QTAIM metrics for Cs2UO2Cl4, U(Se2PPh2)4 and Np(Se2PPh2)4 in gas phase, COSMO and PEECM. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Tecmer P, Hong SW, Boguslawski K. Dissecting the cation–cation interaction between two uranyl units. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:18305-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03542f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical study of the CCIs between two bare uranyl units and their spectroscopic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Tecmer
- Institute of Physics
- Faculty of Physics
- Astronomy and Informatics
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun
- 87-100 Torun
| | - Sung W. Hong
- Melbourne Dental School
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Katharina Boguslawski
- Institute of Physics
- Faculty of Physics
- Astronomy and Informatics
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun
- 87-100 Torun
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24
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Boguslawski K, Ayers PW. Linearized Coupled Cluster Correction on the Antisymmetric Product of 1-Reference Orbital Geminals. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:5252-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Boguslawski
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paul W. Ayers
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
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25
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Wesolowski TA, Shedge S, Zhou X. Frozen-Density Embedding Strategy for Multilevel Simulations of Electronic Structure. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5891-928. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500502v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz A. Wesolowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sapana Shedge
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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26
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Kovács A, Konings RJM, Gibson JK, Infante I, Gagliardi L. Quantum Chemical Calculations and Experimental Investigations of Molecular Actinide Oxides. Chem Rev 2015; 115:1725-59. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500426s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kovács
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudy J. M. Konings
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ivan Infante
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (EHU/UPV) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 20080 Donostia,
Euskadi, Spain
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department
of Chemistry, Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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27
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Morrison G, Smith MD, Tran TT, Halasyamani PS, zur Loye HC. Synthesis and structure of the new pentanary uranium(vi) silicate, K4CaUSi4O14, a member of a structural family related to fresnoite. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00504c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Tecmer P, Boguslawski K, Ayers PW. Singlet ground state actinide chemistry with geminals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14427-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05293e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the first application of the variationally orbital optimized antisymmetric product of 1-reference orbital geminals (vOO-AP1roG) method to singlet-state actinide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Tecmer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Canada
| | | | - Paul W. Ayers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Canada
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29
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Luber S. Local electric dipole moments for periodic systems via density functional theory embedding. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:234110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4903828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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30
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Vitova T, Green JC, Denning RG, Löble M, Kvashnina K, Kas JJ, Jorissen K, Rehr JJ, Malcherek T, Denecke MA. Polarization dependent high energy resolution X-ray absorption study of dicesium uranyl tetrachloride. Inorg Chem 2014; 54:174-82. [PMID: 25485552 DOI: 10.1021/ic5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dicesium uranyl tetrachloride (Cs2UO2Cl4) has been a model compound for experimental and theoretical studies of electronic structure of U(VI) in the form of UO2(2+) (uranyl ion) for decades. We have obtained angle-resolved electronic structure information for oriented Cs2UO2Cl4 crystal, specifically relative energies of 5f and 6d valence orbitals probed with extraordinary energy resolution by polarization dependent high energy resolution X-ray absorption near edge structure (PD-HR-XANES) and compare these with predictions from quantum chemical Amsterdam density functional theory (ADF) and ab initio real space multiple-scattering Green's function based FEFF codes. The obtained results have fundamental value but also demonstrate an experimental approach, which offers great potential to benchmark and drive improvement in theoretical calculations of electronic structures of actinide elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya Vitova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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31
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Di Remigio R, Bast R, Frediani L, Saue T. Four-Component Relativistic Calculations in Solution with the Polarizable Continuum Model of Solvation: Theory, Implementation, and Application to the Group 16 Dihydrides H2X (X = O, S, Se, Te, Po). J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:5061-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507279y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Remigio
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø
, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Radovan Bast
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center
, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- PDC Center for High Performance Computing, Royal Institute of Technology
, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Frediani
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø
, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond Saue
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), CNRS/Université de Toulouse III (Paul Sabatier)
, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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32
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Tecmer P, Severo Pereira Gomes A, Knecht S, Visscher L. Communication: Relativistic Fock-space coupled cluster study of small building blocks of larger uranium complexes. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:041107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4891801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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33
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Bučinský L, Kucková L, Malček M, Kožíšek J, Biskupič S, Jayatilaka D, Büchel GE, Arion VB. Picture change error in quasirelativistic electron/spin density, Laplacian and bond critical points. Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Gendron F, Páez-Hernández D, Notter FP, Pritchard B, Bolvin H, Autschbach J. Magnetic Properties and Electronic Structure of Neptunyl(VI) Complexes: Wavefunctions, Orbitals, and Crystal-Field Models. Chemistry 2014; 20:7994-8011. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201305039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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35
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Yu HZ, Li C, Chen BH, Yang CT, Wang D, Fu Y, Hu S, Dang Z. Promising density functional theory methods for predicting the structures of uranyl complexes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08264h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By examining the overall accuracy of different theoretical methods in predicting the U–X bond distances (of a series uranyl complexes), we found that both the global-hybrid meta-GGA functional of BB1K and the range-seperated LC-BLYP functional are fairly good (even better than the popular B3LYP method).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhu Yu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bai-Hua Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- CAEP
- Mianyang, China
| | - Chu-Ting Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- CAEP
- Mianyang, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- CAEP
- Mianyang, China
| | - Zhimin Dang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083, China
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36
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Pereira Gomes AS, Réal F, Galland N, Angeli C, Cimiraglia R, Vallet V. Electronic structure investigation of the evanescent AtO+ion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:9238-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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