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Kvashnina K, Claret F, Clavier N, Levitskaia TG, Wainwright H, Yao T. Long-term, sustainable solutions to radioactive waste management. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5907. [PMID: 38467714 PMCID: PMC10928205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kvashnina
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Francis Claret
- BRGM, 3, Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060cedex 2, Orléans, France
| | - Nicolas Clavier
- ICSM, University of Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
| | - Tatiana G Levitskaia
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | | | - Tiankai Yao
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
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2
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Smith H, Townsend LT, Mohun R, Mosselmans JFW, Kvashnina K, Hyatt NC, Corkhill CL. Fabrication, defect chemistry and microstructure of Mn-doped UO 2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1656. [PMID: 38238405 PMCID: PMC10796358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mn-doped UO2 is under consideration for use as an accident tolerant nuclear fuel. We detail the synthesis of Mn-doped UO2 prepared via a wet co-precipitation method, which was refined to improve the yield of incorporated Mn. To verify the Mn-doped UO2 defect chemistry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Mn K-edge was performed, in addition to X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and high-energy resolved fluorescence detection X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy at the U M4-edge. It was established that Mn2+ directly substitutes for U4+ in the UO2 lattice, accompanied by oxygen vacancy (Ov) charge compensation. In contrast to other divalent-element doped UO2 materials, compelling evidence for U5+ in a charge compensating role was not found. This work furthers understanding of the structure and crystal chemistry of Mn-doped UO2, which could show potential advantages as a novel efficient advanced nuclear fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - L T Townsend
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - R Mohun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J F W Mosselmans
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - K Kvashnina
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Neil C Hyatt
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- School of Earth Science, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C L Corkhill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- School of Earth Science, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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3
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Yin JF, Amidani L, Chen J, Li M, Xue B, Lai Y, Kvashnina K, Nyman M, Yin P. Spatiotemporal Studies of Soluble Inorganic Nanostructures with X-rays and Neutrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310953. [PMID: 37749062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
This Review addresses the use of X-ray and neutron scattering as well as X-ray absorption to describe how inorganic nanostructured materials assemble, evolve, and function in solution. We first provide an overview of techniques and instrumentation (both large user facilities and benchtop). We review recent studies of soluble inorganic nanostructure assembly, covering the disciplines of materials synthesis, processes in nature, nuclear materials, and the widely applicable fundamental processes of hydrophobic interactions and ion pairing. Reviewed studies cover size regimes and length scales ranging from sub-Ångström (coordination chemistry and ion pairing) to several nanometers (molecular clusters, i.e. polyoxometalates, polyoxocations, and metal-organic polyhedra), to the mesoscale (supramolecular assembly processes). Reviewed studies predominantly exploit 1) SAXS/WAXS/SANS (small- and wide-angle X-ray or neutron scattering), 2) PDF (pair-distribution function analysis of X-ray total scattering), and 3) XANES and EXAFS (X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure, respectively). While the scattering techniques provide structural information, X-ray absorption yields the oxidation state in addition to the local coordination. Our goal for this Review is to provide information and inspiration for the inorganic/materials science communities that may benefit from elucidating the role of solution speciation in natural and synthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Fu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lucia Amidani
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jiadong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mu Li
- Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Binghui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Panchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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4
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Khabirova S, Aleshin G, Plakhova T, Zubenko A, Shchukina A, Fedorova O, Averin A, Belova E, Bazarkina E, Kvashnina K, Kalmykov S. CeO 2-Azacrown Conjugate as a Nanoplatform for Combined Radiopharmaceuticals. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4484. [PMID: 36558337 PMCID: PMC9783244 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study is one of the first attempts to assess CeO2 nanoparticles as a nanoplatform for radiopharmaceuticals with radionuclides. The process of functionalization using a bifunctional azacrown ligand is described, and the resulting conjugates are characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Their complexes with 207Bi show a high stability in medically relevant media, thus encouraging the further study of these conjugates in vivo as potential combined radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Khabirova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb Aleshin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Plakhova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Zubenko
- N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova, 28, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Shchukina
- N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova, 28, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova, 28, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Averin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Ave. 31b4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Belova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Bazarkina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF—The European Synchrotron, CS40220, CEDEX 9, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF—The European Synchrotron, CS40220, CEDEX 9, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stepan Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Smith H, Townsend LT, Mohun R, Cordara T, Stennett MC, Mosselmans JFW, Kvashnina K, Corkhill CL. Cr 2+ solid solution in UO 2 evidenced by advanced spectroscopy. Commun Chem 2022; 5:163. [PMID: 36697907 PMCID: PMC9814952 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced Cr-doped UO2 fuels are essential for driving safe and efficient generation of nuclear energy. Although widely deployed, little is known about their fundamental chemistry, which is a critical gap for development of new fuel materials and radioactive waste management strategies. Utilising an original approach, we directly evidence the chemistry of Cr(3+)2O3-doped U(4+)O2. Advanced high-flux, high-spectral purity X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), corroborated by diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and high energy resolved fluorescence detection-XAS, is used to establish that Cr2+ directly substitutes for U4+, accompanied by U5+ and oxygen vacancy charge compensation. Extension of the analysis to heat-treated simulant nuclear fuel reveals a mixed Cr2+/3+ oxidation state, with Cr in more than one physical form, explaining the substantial discrepancies that exist in the literature. Successful demonstration of this analytical advance, and the scientific underpinning it provides, opens opportunities for an expansion in the range of dopants utilised in advanced UO2 fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Smith
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262NucleUS Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luke T. Townsend
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262NucleUS Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ritesh Mohun
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262NucleUS Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Théo Cordara
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262NucleUS Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin C. Stennett
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262NucleUS Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Kristina Kvashnina
- grid.40602.300000 0001 2158 0612Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany ,grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF – The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire L. Corkhill
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262NucleUS Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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6
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Romanchuk A, Trigub A, Plakhova T, Kuzenkova A, Svetogorov R, Kvashnina K, Kalmykov S. Effective coordination numbers from EXAFS: general approaches for lanthanide and actinide dioxides. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:288-294. [PMID: 35254290 PMCID: PMC8900841 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752101300x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) is a comprehensive and usable method for characterizing the structures of various materials, including radioactive and nuclear materials. Unceasing discussions about the interpretation of EXAFS results for actinide nanoparticles (NPs) or colloids were still present during the last decade. In this study, new experimental data for PuO2 and CeO2 NPs with different average sizes were compared with published data on AnO2 NPs that highlight the best fit and interpretation of the structural data. In terms of the structure, PuO2, CeO2, ThO2, and UO2 NPs exhibit similar behaviors. Only ThO2 NPs have a more disordered and even partly amorphous structure, which results in EXAFS characteristics. The proposed new core-shell model for NPs with calculated effective coordination number perfectly fits the results of the variations in a metal-metal shell with a decrease in NP size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Romanchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Trigub
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Pl. Kurchatova 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Plakhova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiia Kuzenkova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Svetogorov
- National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Pl. Kurchatova 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF – The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stepan Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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7
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Bes R, Leinders G, Kvashnina K. Application of multi-edge HERFD-XAS to assess the uranium valence electronic structure in potassium uranate (KUO 3). J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:21-29. [PMID: 34985419 PMCID: PMC8733981 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521012431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The uranium valence electronic structure in the prototypical undistorted perovskite KUO3 is reported on the basis of a comprehensive experimental study using multi-edge HERFD-XAS and relativistic quantum chemistry calculations based on density functional theory. Very good agreement is obtained between theory and experiments, including the confirmation of previously reported Laporte forbidden f-f transitions and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements. Many spectral features are clearly identified in the probed U-f, U-p and U-d states and the contribution of the O-p states in those features could be assessed. The octahedral crystal field strength, 10Dq, was found to be 6.6 (1.5) eV and 6.9 (4) eV from experiment and calculations, respectively. Calculated electron binding energies down to U-4f states are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Bes
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gregory Leinders
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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8
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Kvashnina K, Amemiya Y, Bhattacharyya D, Lindau I, Allen AJ. An open-access future for Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - Editorial from the Main Editors and IUCr Journals Editor-in-Chief. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:1273-1274. [PMID: 34475275 PMCID: PMC8415333 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521007086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Discussing JSR’s forthcoming transition to open access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kvashnina
- Rossendorf Beamline (BM20), The European Synchrotron (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yoshiyuki Amemiya
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Dibyendu Bhattacharyya
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ingolf Lindau
- SLAC/Stanford University, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS69, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Andrew J. Allen
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Stop 8520, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8523, USA
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9
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Kuippers G, Morris K, Townsend LT, Bots P, Kvashnina K, Bryan ND, Lloyd JR. Biomineralization of Uranium-Phosphates Fueled by Microbial Degradation of Isosaccharinic Acid (ISA). Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:4597-4606. [PMID: 33755437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Geological disposal is the globally preferred long-term solution for higher activity radioactive wastes (HAW) including intermediate level waste (ILW). In a cementitious disposal system, cellulosic waste items present in ILW may undergo alkaline hydrolysis, producing significant quantities of isosaccharinic acid (ISA), a chelating agent for radionuclides. Although microbial degradation of ISA has been demonstrated, its impact upon the fate of radionuclides in a geological disposal facility (GDF) is a topic of ongoing research. This study investigates the fate of U(VI) in pH-neutral, anoxic, microbial enrichment cultures, approaching conditions similar to the far field of a GDF, containing ISA as the sole carbon source, and elevated phosphate concentrations, incubated both (i) under fermentation and (ii) Fe(III)-reducing conditions. In the ISA-fermentation experiment, U(VI) was precipitated as insoluble U(VI)-phosphates, whereas under Fe(III)-reducing conditions, the majority of the uranium was precipitated as reduced U(IV)-phosphates, presumably formed via enzymatic reduction mediated by metal-reducing bacteria, including Geobacter species. Overall, this suggests the establishment of a microbially mediated "bio-barrier" extending into the far field geosphere surrounding a GDF is possible and this biobarrier has the potential to evolve in response to GDF evolution and can have a controlling impact on the fate of radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Kuippers
- Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal & Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Katherine Morris
- Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal & Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Luke T Townsend
- Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal & Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Pieter Bots
- Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal & Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G11XQ, U.K
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicholas D Bryan
- National Nuclear Laboratory Limited, Chadwick House, Warrington Road, Birchwood Park, Warrington, WA3 6AE, U.K
| | - Jonathan R Lloyd
- Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal & Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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10
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Robba A, Barchasz C, Bučar K, Petric M, Žitnik M, Kvashnina K, Vaughan GBM, Bouchet R, Alloin F, Kavčič M. Fingerprinting Mean Composition of Lithium Polysulfide Standard Solutions by Applying High-Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5446-5450. [PMID: 32584577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In a lithium/sulfur (Li/S) battery, the reduction of sulfur during discharge involves a particular mechanism, where the active material successively dissolves into the electrolyte to form lithium polysulfide intermediate species (Li2Sx), with x being a function of the state of charge. In this work, sulfur K-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering measurements were performed for the characterization of different Li2Sx polysulfide standard solutions. High-energy resolution fluorescence detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy allowed clear separation the pre-edge absorption peak corresponding to terminal sulfur atoms from the main absorption peak due to internal atoms and allowed quantitative evaluation of the evolution of the peak area ratio as a function of the polysulfide chain length. Results of this experimental work demonstrate that the normalized area of the pre-edge is a reliable fingerprint of the Li2Sx mean chain length in agreement with recent theoretical predictions. As a perspective, this work confirms that operando HERFD XAS can be used to differentiate mean polysulfide composition, which is key issue in the characterization of Li/S cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robba
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DEHT, STB, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C Barchasz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DEHT, STB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - K Bučar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Petric
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Žitnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - K Kvashnina
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - G B M Vaughan
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - R Bouchet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F Alloin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS, FR3459, 80 039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - M Kavčič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Prieur D, Bonani W, Popa K, Walter O, Kriegsman KW, Engelhard MH, Guo X, Eloirdi R, Gouder T, Beck A, Vitova T, Scheinost AC, Kvashnina K, Martin P. Size Dependence of Lattice Parameter and Electronic Structure in CeO 2 Nanoparticles. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5760-5767. [PMID: 32233468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic properties of a compound (e.g., electronic structure, crystallographic structure, optical and magnetic properties) define notably its chemical and physical behavior. In the case of nanomaterials, these fundamental properties depend on the occurrence of quantum mechanical size effects and on the considerable increase of the surface to bulk ratio. Here, we explore the size dependence of both crystal and electronic properties of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with different sizes by state-of-the art spectroscopic techniques. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and high-energy resolution fluorescence-detection hard X-ray absorption near-edge structure (HERFD-XANES) spectroscopy demonstrate that the as-synthesized NPs crystallize in the fluorite structure and they are predominantly composed of CeIV ions. The strong dependence of the lattice parameter with the NPs size was attributed to the presence of adsorbed species at the NPs surface thanks to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis measurements. In addition, the size dependence of the t2g states in the Ce LIII XANES spectra was experimentally observed by HERFD-XANES and confirmed by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Prieur
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany.,The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Walter Bonani
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karin Popa
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olaf Walter
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kyle W Kriegsman
- Department of Chemistry and Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Rachel Eloirdi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Gouder
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aaron Beck
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tonya Vitova
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas C Scheinost
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany.,The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany.,The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Philippe Martin
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, SFMA, LCC, F30207 Bagnols sur Cèze cedex, France
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12
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Alam F, Wegner KD, Pouget S, Amidani L, Kvashnina K, Aldakov D, Reiss P. Eu 2+: A suitable substituent for Pb 2+ in CsPbX 3 perovskite nanocrystals? J Chem Phys 2019; 151:231101. [PMID: 31864265 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eu2+ is used to replace toxic Pb2+ in metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs). The synthesis implies injection of cesium oleate into a solution of europium (ii) bromide at an experimentally determined optimum temperature of 130 °C and a reaction time of 60 s. Structural analysis indicates the formation of spherical CsEuBr3 nanoparticles with a mean size of 43 ± 7 nm. Using EuI2 instead of EuBr2 leads to the formation of 18-nm CsI nanoparticles, while EuCl2 does not show any reaction with cesium oleate forming 80-nm EuCl2 nanoparticles. The obtained CsEuBr3 NCs exhibit bright blue emission at 413 nm (FWHM 30 nm) with a room temperature photoluminescence quantum yield of 39%. The emission originates from the Laporte-allowed 4f7-4f65d1 transition of Eu2+ and shows a PL decay time of 263 ns. The long-term stability of the optical properties is observed, making inorganic lead-free CsEuBr3 NCs promising deep blue emitters for optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Alam
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, STEP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - K David Wegner
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, STEP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stephanie Pouget
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, DEPHY, MEM, SGX, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucia Amidani
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, STEP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Reiss
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, STEP, 38000 Grenoble, France
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13
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Gao D, Sinev I, Scholten F, Arán‐Ais RM, Divins NJ, Kvashnina K, Timoshenko J, Roldan Cuenya B. Selective CO
2
Electroreduction to Ethylene and Multicarbon Alcohols via Electrolyte‐Driven Nanostructuring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dunfeng Gao
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Ilya Sinev
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
- Department of PhysicsRuhr-University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Fabian Scholten
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
- Department of PhysicsRuhr-University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Rosa M. Arán‐Ais
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Nuria J. Divins
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
- Department of PhysicsRuhr-University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF—The European SynchrotronCS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)Institute of Resource Ecology PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
| | - Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
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14
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Gao D, Sinev I, Scholten F, Arán-Ais RM, Divins NJ, Kvashnina K, Timoshenko J, Roldan Cuenya B. Selective CO 2 Electroreduction to Ethylene and Multicarbon Alcohols via Electrolyte-Driven Nanostructuring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17047-17053. [PMID: 31476272 PMCID: PMC6899694 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Production of multicarbon products (C2+) from CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) is highly desirable for storing renewable energy and reducing carbon emission. The electrochemical synthesis of CO2RR catalysts that are highly selective for C2+ products via electrolyte‐driven nanostructuring is presented. Nanostructured Cu catalysts synthesized in the presence of specific anions selectively convert CO2 into ethylene and multicarbon alcohols in aqueous 0.1 m KHCO3 solution, with the iodine‐modified catalyst displaying the highest Faradaic efficiency of 80 % and a partial geometric current density of ca. 31.2 mA cm−2 for C2+ products at −0.9 V vs. RHE. Operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and quasi in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements revealed that the high C2+ selectivity of these nanostructured Cu catalysts can be attributed to the highly roughened surface morphology induced by the synthesis, presence of subsurface oxygen and Cu+ species, and the adsorbed halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunfeng Gao
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilya Sinev
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabian Scholten
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosa M Arán-Ais
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nuria J Divins
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, PO Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Aghakhani S, Grandjean D, Baekelant W, Coutiño-Gonzalez E, Fron E, Kvashnina K, Roeffaers MBJ, Hofkens J, Sels BF, Lievens P. Atomic scale reversible opto-structural switching of few atom luminescent silver clusters confined in LTA zeolites. Nanoscale 2018; 10:11467-11476. [PMID: 29888348 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent silver clusters (AgCLs) stabilized inside partially Ag exchanged Na LTA zeolites show a remarkable reversible on-off switching of their green-yellowish luminescence that is easily tuned by a hydration and dehydration cycle, making them very promising materials for sensing applications. We have used a unique combination of photoluminescence (PL), UV-visible-NIR Diffuse Reflectance (DRS), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopies to unravel the atomic-scale structural changes responsible for the reversible optical behavior of the confined AgCLs in LTA zeolites. Water coordinated, diamagnetic, tetrahedral AgCLs [Ag4(H2O)4]2+ with Ag atoms positioned along the axis of the sodalite six-membered rings are at the origin of the broad and intense green-yellowish luminescence in the hydrated sample. Upon dehydration, luminescent [Ag4(H2O)4]2+ clusters are transformed into non-luminescent (dark), diamagnetic, octahedral AgCLs [Ag6(OF)14]2+ with Ag atoms interacting strongly with zeolite framework oxygen (OF) of the sodalite four-membered rings. This highly responsive on-off switching reveals that besides quantum confinement and molecular-size, coordinated water and framework oxygen ligands strongly affect the organization of AgCLs valence electrons and play a crucial role in the opto-structural properties of AgCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Aghakhani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Abstract
A fundamental question concerning the chemical state of uranium in the binary oxides UO2, U4O9, U3O7, U3O8, and UO3 is addressed. By utilizing high energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (HERFD-XANES) at the uranium M4 edge, a novel technique in the tender X-ray region, we obtain the distribution of formal oxidation states in the mixed-valence oxides U4O9, U3O7, and U3O8. Moreover, we clearly identify a pivot from U(IV)-U(V) to U(V)-U(VI) charge compensation, corresponding with transition from a fluorite-type structure (U3O7) to a layered structure (U3O8). Such physicochemical properties are of interest to a broad audience of researchers and engineers active in domains ranging from fundamental physics to nuclear industry and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Leinders
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK·CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science , Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - René Bes
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Janne Pakarinen
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK·CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science , Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220 , 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology , P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Verwerft
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK·CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science , Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
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17
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Kovalenko KA, Ruban NV, Adonin SA, Korneev DV, Erenburg SB, Trubina SV, Kvashnina K, Sokolov MN, Fedin VP. Bi(iii) immobilization inside MIL-101: enhanced photocatalytic performance. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bi(iii) particles were immobilized into the cages of mesoporous chromium oxoterephthalate MIL-101. The material obtained possesses enhanced photocatalytic activity in comparison with bulk BiOCl synthesized under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A. Kovalenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
- 630090 Novosibirsk
| | - Natalia V. Ruban
- Novosibirsk State University
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A. Adonin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
- 630090 Novosibirsk
| | - Denis V. Korneev
- State Research Centre for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”
- 630559 Koltsovo
- Russian Federation
| | - Simon B. Erenburg
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
| | - Svetlana V. Trubina
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Grenoble Cedex
- France
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- Institute of Resource Ecology
| | - Maxim N. Sokolov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- Kazan Federal University
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry
| | - Vladimir P. Fedin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
- 630090 Novosibirsk
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18
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Belskaya O, Stepanova L, Gulyaeva T, Erenburg S, Trubina S, Kvashnina K, Nizovskii A, Kalinkin A, Zaikovskii V, Bukhtiyarov V, Likholobov V. Zinc influence on the formation and properties of Pt/Mg(Zn)AlO catalysts synthesized from layered hydroxides. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Moeyaert P, Dumas T, Guillaumont D, Kvashnina K, Sorel C, Miguirditchian M, Moisy P, Dufrêche JF. Modeling and Speciation Study of Uranium(VI) and Technetium(VII) Coextraction with DEHiBA. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6511-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Moeyaert
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radio Chemistry & Processes Department, DRCP, BP 17171, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Thomas Dumas
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radio Chemistry & Processes Department, DRCP, BP 17171, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Dominique Guillaumont
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radio Chemistry & Processes Department, DRCP, BP 17171, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
- iHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Sorel
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radio Chemistry & Processes Department, DRCP, BP 17171, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Manuel Miguirditchian
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radio Chemistry & Processes Department, DRCP, BP 17171, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Philippe Moisy
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Radio Chemistry & Processes Department, DRCP, BP 17171, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Jean-François Dufrêche
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, Université de Montpellier 2, UMR 5257 CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENSCM BP 17171 30207 Bagnols
sur Cèze Cedex, France
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20
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Degler D, Pereira de Carvalho HW, Kvashnina K, Grunwaldt JD, Weimar U, Barsan N. Structure and chemistry of surface-doped Pt:SnO2 gas sensing materials. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26302f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and sensitization mechanism of surface-doped Pt:SnO2 was studied by state of the art operando spectroscopic methods, namely XAS and DRIFTS. The obtained results are discussed in the context of related Pt:SnO2 materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Degler
- University of Tübingen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Hudson W. Pereira de Carvalho
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- ESRF
- 38043 Grenoble
- France
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- Institute of Resource Ecology
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Udo Weimar
- University of Tübingen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Nicolae Barsan
- University of Tübingen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
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21
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Vitova T, Green JC, Denning RG, Löble M, Kvashnina K, Kas JJ, Jorissen K, Rehr JJ, Malcherek T, Denecke MA. Polarization dependent high energy resolution X-ray absorption study of dicesium uranyl tetrachloride. Inorg Chem 2014; 54:174-82. [PMID: 25485552 DOI: 10.1021/ic5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dicesium uranyl tetrachloride (Cs2UO2Cl4) has been a model compound for experimental and theoretical studies of electronic structure of U(VI) in the form of UO2(2+) (uranyl ion) for decades. We have obtained angle-resolved electronic structure information for oriented Cs2UO2Cl4 crystal, specifically relative energies of 5f and 6d valence orbitals probed with extraordinary energy resolution by polarization dependent high energy resolution X-ray absorption near edge structure (PD-HR-XANES) and compare these with predictions from quantum chemical Amsterdam density functional theory (ADF) and ab initio real space multiple-scattering Green's function based FEFF codes. The obtained results have fundamental value but also demonstrate an experimental approach, which offers great potential to benchmark and drive improvement in theoretical calculations of electronic structures of actinide elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya Vitova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Casals E, Barrena R, García A, González E, Delgado L, Busquets-Fité M, Font X, Arbiol J, Glatzel P, Kvashnina K, Sánchez A, Puntes V. Programmed iron oxide nanoparticles disintegration in anaerobic digesters boosts biogas production. Small 2014; 10:2801-8, 2741. [PMID: 24692328 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel concept of dosing iron ions using Fe3O4 engineered nanoparticles is used to improve biogas production in anaerobic digestion processes. Since small nanoparticles are unstable, they can be designed to provide ions in a controlled manner, and the highest ever reported improvement of biogas production is obtained. The nanoparticles evolution during operation is followed by an array of spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eudald Casals
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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Coutino-Gonzalez E, Grandjean D, Roeffaers M, Kvashnina K, Fron E, Dieu B, De Cremer G, Lievens P, Sels B, Hofkens J. X-ray irradiation-induced formation of luminescent silver clusters in nanoporous matrices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1350-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47969b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of highly luminescent silver clusters in zeolites using X-ray lithography is reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roeffaers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
- 6 Rue Jules Horowitz
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Eduard Fron
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Dieu
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Cremer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- DSM Ahead
| | - Peter Lievens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Link P, Glatzel P, Kvashnina K, Trots DM, Smith RI, Ruschewitz U. Structure induced Yb valence changes in the solid solution Yb(x)Ca(1-x)C2. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:7020-30. [PMID: 23721507 DOI: 10.1021/ic400531j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solid solution Yb(x)Ca(1-x)C2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was synthesized by reaction of the elements at 1323 K. The crystal structures within this solid solution, as elucidated from synchrotron powder diffraction data, depend on x and exhibit some interesting features that point to a structure dependent valence state of Yb. Compounds with x ≥ 0.75 crystallize in the tetragonal CaC2 type structure (I4/mmm, Z = 2) and obey Vegard's law; for x ≤ 0.75 the monoclinic ThC2 type structure (C2/c, Z = 4) is found, which coexists with the monoclinic CaC2-III type structure (C2/m, Z = 4) for x ≤ 0.25. The monoclinic modifications show a strong deviation from Vegard's law. Their unit cell volumes are remarkably larger than expected for a typical Vegard system. HERFD-XANES spectroscopic investigations reveal that different Yb valence states are responsible for the observed volume anomalies. While all tetragonal compounds contain mixed-valent Yb with ∼75% Yb(3+) (similar to pure YbC2), all monoclinic modifications contain exclusively Yb(2+). Therefore, Yb(x)Ca(1-x)C2 is a very rare example of a Yb containing compound showing a strong structure dependence of the Yb valence state. Moreover, temperature dependent synchrotron powder diffraction, neutron TOF powder diffraction, and HERFD-XANES spectroscopy experiments reveal significant Yb valence changes in some compounds of the Yb(x)Ca(1-x)C2 series that are induced by temperature dependent phase transitions. Transitions from the tetragonal CaC2 type structure to the monoclinic ThC2 or the cubic CaC2-IV type structure (Fm3m, Z = 4) are accompanied by drastic changes of the mean Yb valence from ∼2.70 to 2.0 in compounds with x = 0.75 and x = 0.91. Finally, the determination of lattice strain arising inside the modifications with ordered dumbbells (ThC2 and CaC2 type structures) by DSC measurements corroborated our results concerning the close relationship between crystal structure and Yb valence in the solid solution Yb(x)Ca(1-x)C2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Link
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 6, D-50939 Cologne, Germany
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Vitova T, Denecke MA, Göttlicher J, Jorissen K, Kas JJ, Kvashnina K, Prüßmann T, Rehr JJ, Rothe J. Actinide and lanthanide speciation with high-energy resolution X-ray techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/430/1/012117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Makosch M, Kartusch C, Sá J, Duarte RB, van Bokhoven JA, Kvashnina K, Glatzel P, Fernandes DLA, Nachtegaal M, Kleymenov E, Szlachetko J, Neuhold B, Hungerbühler K. HERFD XAS/ATR-FTIR batch reactor cell. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 14:2164-70. [PMID: 21909561 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21933b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An autoclave reactor was modified to perform simultaneously high energy resolution fluorescence detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD XAS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy measurements without altering the reactor design. This operando cell allows one to follow changes in the electronic and geometric structure of the catalyst with HERFD XAS and relate them to the simultaneously detected activity and reaction species with ATR-FTIR formed during the reaction in the liquid phase. The capability of the cell is demonstrated by two studies. The first shows the reduction of Au/CeO(2) precursors in different solvents. The second shows that mainly Au(0) is present in the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene over Au/CeO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Makosch
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Link
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 6, D-50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 6 rue Horowitz, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 6 rue Horowitz, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Ronald I. Smith
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 6, D-50939 Cologne, Germany
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28
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Hübner M, Koziej D, Bauer M, Barsan N, Kvashnina K, Rossell MD, Weimar U, Grunwaldt J. The Structure and Behavior of Platinum in SnO
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‐Based Sensors under Working Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2841-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hübner
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tübingen University, 72076 Tübingen (Germany)
| | - Dorota Koziej
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich (Switzerland)
- Present address: Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76128 Karlsruhe (Germany)
| | - Nicolae Barsan
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tübingen University, 72076 Tübingen (Germany)
| | | | - Marta D. Rossell
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich (Switzerland)
| | - Udo Weimar
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tübingen University, 72076 Tübingen (Germany)
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76128 Karlsruhe (Germany)
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Hübner M, Koziej D, Bauer M, Barsan N, Kvashnina K, Rossell MD, Weimar U, Grunwaldt J. Struktur und Verhalten von Platin in SnO
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‐basierten Gassensoren unter realistischen Arbeitsbedingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hübner
- Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen (Deutschland)
| | - Dorota Koziej
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang‐Pauli‐Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich (Schweiz)
- Aktuelle Adresse: Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 29 Oxford Str., Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76128 Karlsruhe (Deutschland)
| | - Nicolae Barsan
- Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen (Deutschland)
| | | | - Marta D. Rossell
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang‐Pauli‐Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich (Schweiz)
| | - Udo Weimar
- Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen (Deutschland)
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76128 Karlsruhe (Deutschland)
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30
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Damen M, Aarbiou J, van Dongen SF, Buijs-Offerman RM, Spijkers PP, van den Heuvel M, Kvashnina K, Nolte RJ, Scholte BJ, Feiters MC. Delivery of DNA and siRNA by novel gemini-like amphiphilic peptides. J Control Release 2010; 145:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Hilhorst J, Abramova VV, Sinitskii A, Sapoletova NA, Napolskii KS, Eliseev AA, Byelov DV, Grigoryeva NA, Vasilieva AV, Bouwman WG, Kvashnina K, Snigirev A, Grigoriev SV, Petukhov AV. Double stacking faults in convectively assembled crystals of colloidal spheres. Langmuir 2009; 25:10408-10412. [PMID: 19705906 DOI: 10.1021/la900983v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using microradian X-ray diffraction, we investigated the crystal structure of convectively assembled colloidal photonic crystals over macroscopic (0.5 mm) distances. Through adaptation of Wilson's theory for X-ray diffraction, we show that certain types of line defects that are often observed in scanning electron microscopy images of the surface of these crystals are actually planar defects at 70.5 degrees angles with the substrate. The defects consist of two parallel hexagonal close-packed planes in otherwise face-centered cubic crystals. Our measurements indicate that these stacking faults cause at least 10% of stacking disorder, which has to be reduced to fabricate high-quality colloidal photonic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hilhorst
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van den Pol E, Thies-Weesie DME, Petukhov AV, Vroege GJ, Kvashnina K. Influence of polydispersity on the phase behavior of colloidal goethite. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:164715. [PMID: 19045306 DOI: 10.1063/1.2999405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of fractionation on the phase behavior of colloidal goethite dispersions with different polydispersities (17%, 35%, and 55% in length) has been studied by small angle x-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. All systems show at least nematic and smectic phases. The occurrence of the latter phase at such a high polydispersity is remarkable. It is shown that in the highly polydisperse systems strong fractionation occurs, which is able to reduce the local length polydispersity up to a factor of 2. A columnar phase was only found in the 35% and 55% polydisperse systems. It seems that the columnar phase accommodates the particles that do not fit into the smectic layers and, thus, reduces the length polydispersity within the smectic phase even further. The fact that a columnar phase was not found in the system of lowest polydispersity indicates that the smectic phase is the most stable phase at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van den Pol
- Van't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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de Wit J, van Ekenstein GA, Polushkin E, Kvashnina K, Bras W, Ikkala O, ten Brinke G. Self-Assembled Poly(4-vinylpyridine)−Surfactant Systems Using Alkyl and Alkoxy Phenylazophenols. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800106t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joost de Wit
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Dubble CRG/ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), c/o ESRF, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France; and Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT Espoo, Finland
| | - Gert Alberda van Ekenstein
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Dubble CRG/ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), c/o ESRF, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France; and Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT Espoo, Finland
| | - Evgeny Polushkin
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Dubble CRG/ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), c/o ESRF, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France; and Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT Espoo, Finland
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Dubble CRG/ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), c/o ESRF, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France; and Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT Espoo, Finland
| | - Wim Bras
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Dubble CRG/ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), c/o ESRF, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France; and Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Dubble CRG/ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), c/o ESRF, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France; and Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT Espoo, Finland
| | - Gerrit ten Brinke
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Dubble CRG/ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), c/o ESRF, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France; and Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT Espoo, Finland
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