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Zhao H, Deng HD, Cohen AE, Lim J, Li Y, Fraggedakis D, Jiang B, Storey BD, Chueh WC, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ. Learning heterogeneous reaction kinetics from X-ray videos pixel by pixel. Nature 2023; 621:289-294. [PMID: 37704764 PMCID: PMC10499602 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Reaction rates at spatially heterogeneous, unstable interfaces are notoriously difficult to quantify, yet are essential in engineering many chemical systems, such as batteries1 and electrocatalysts2. Experimental characterizations of such materials by operando microscopy produce rich image datasets3-6, but data-driven methods to learn physics from these images are still lacking because of the complex coupling of reaction kinetics, surface chemistry and phase separation7. Here we show that heterogeneous reaction kinetics can be learned from in situ scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) images of carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate (LFP) nanoparticles. Combining a large dataset of STXM images with a thermodynamically consistent electrochemical phase-field model, partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained optimization and uncertainty quantification, we extract the free-energy landscape and reaction kinetics and verify their consistency with theoretical models. We also simultaneously learn the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction rate, which closely matches the carbon-coating thickness profiles obtained through Auger electron microscopy (AEM). Across 180,000 image pixels, the mean discrepancy with the learned model is remarkably small (<7%) and comparable with experimental noise. Our results open the possibility of learning nonequilibrium material properties beyond the reach of traditional experimental methods and offer a new non-destructive technique for characterizing and optimizing heterogeneous reactive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haitao Dean Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander E Cohen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jongwoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dimitrios Fraggedakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benben Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Kench S, Squires I, Dahari A, Cooper SJ. MicroLib: A library of 3D microstructures generated from 2D micrographs using SliceGAN. Sci Data 2022; 9:645. [PMID: 36272972 PMCID: PMC9588049 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract3D microstructural datasets are commonly used to define the geometrical domains used in finite element modelling. This has proven a useful tool for understanding how complex material systems behave under applied stresses, temperatures and chemical conditions. However, 3D imaging of materials is challenging for a number of reasons, including limited field of view, low resolution and difficult sample preparation. Recently, a machine learning method, SliceGAN, was developed to statistically generate 3D microstructural datasets of arbitrary size using a single 2D input slice as training data. In this paper, we present the results from applying SliceGAN to 87 different microstructures, ranging from biological materials to high-strength steels. To demonstrate the accuracy of the synthetic volumes created by SliceGAN, we compare three microstructural properties between the 2D training data and 3D generations, which show good agreement. This new microstructure library both provides valuable 3D microstructures that can be used in models, and also demonstrates the broad applicability of the SliceGAN algorithm.
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3
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Kadari AS, Ech-Chergui AN, Mukherjee SK, Velasco L, Singh RK, Mohamedi MW, Akyildiz E, Zoukel A, Driss-Khodja K, Amrani B, Reda Chellali M. Atomic mapping of Li:ZnO thin films and its spectroscopic analysis. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Takeya S, Muraoka M, Muromachi S, Hyodo K, Yoneyama A. X-ray CT observation and characterization of water transformation in heavy objects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3446-3454. [PMID: 31984989 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05983k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nondestructive observations and characterization of low-density materials composed of low-Z elements, such as water or its related substances, are essential for materials and life sciences. However, visualizing these compounds and their phase changes is still challenging. In this study, an approach to X-ray imaging of water-related substances in heavy objects without the use of contrast agents is proposed. The implementation of the approach is based upon X-ray phase shift, in which the optimal photon energy is simulated for high-contrast X-ray imaging. Proof of concept is provided by observations of resins, water, and clathrate hydrates such as CO2 hydrate and tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate in an aluminum container by diffraction-enhanced X-ray imaging with synchrotron X-rays of 35 keV. These results suggest that the proposed approach is a unique method for visualizing the transformation of these clathrate hydrates and is also applicable to in situ observations of other objects composed of multiphase materials with small density differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takeya
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Muraoka
- Research Institute of Energy Frontier (RIEF), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Sanehiro Muromachi
- Research Institute of Energy Frontier (RIEF), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hyodo
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Akio Yoneyama
- SAGA Light Source, 8-7 Yayoigaoka Tosu, Saga 841-0005, Japan
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5
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Takeya S, Muromachi S, Hachikubo A, Ohmura R, Hyodo K, Yoneyama A. X-Ray attenuation and image contrast in the X-ray computed tomography of clathrate hydrates depending on guest species. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27658-27665. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05466f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, X-ray imaging of inclusion compounds encapsulating various guest species was investigated based on the calculation of X-ray attenuation coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takeya
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ)
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba 305-8565
- Japan
| | - Sanehiro Muromachi
- Energy Process Research Institute (EPRI)
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba 305-8569
- Japan
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6
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Hlushkou D, Tallarek U. Analysis of microstructure–effective diffusivity relationships for the interparticle pore space in physically reconstructed packed beds. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1581-1582:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Vamvakeros A, Jacques SDM, Di Michiel M, Matras D, Middelkoop V, Ismagilov IZ, Matus EV, Kuznetsov VV, Drnec J, Senecal P, Beale AM. 5D operando tomographic diffraction imaging of a catalyst bed. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4751. [PMID: 30420610 PMCID: PMC6232103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the results from the first 5D tomographic diffraction imaging experiment of a complex Ni–Pd/CeO2–ZrO2/Al2O3 catalyst used for methane reforming. This five-dimensional (three spatial, one scattering and one dimension to denote time/imposed state) approach enabled us to track the chemical evolution of many particles across the catalyst bed and relate these changes to the gas environment that the particles experience. Rietveld analysis of some 2 × 106 diffraction patterns allowed us to extract heterogeneities in the catalyst from the Å to the nm and to the μm scale (3D maps corresponding to unit cell lattice parameters, crystallite sizes and phase distribution maps respectively) under different chemical environments. We are able to capture the evolution of the Ni-containing species and gain a more complete insight into the multiple roles of the CeO2-ZrO2 promoters and the reasons behind the partial deactivation of the catalyst during partial oxidation of methane. Multi-scale chemical imaging holds the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the relationships between structure and functionality in complex catalytic materials. Here the authors report the results from the first 5D tomographic diffraction imaging experiment of a complex Ni – Pd/ CeO2 – ZrO2/ Al2O3 catalyst used for methane reforming.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vamvakeros
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK. .,Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK. .,Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St. Helens Street, Abingdon, OX14 5EG, UK. .,ESRF, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - S D M Jacques
- Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St. Helens Street, Abingdon, OX14 5EG, UK.
| | - M Di Michiel
- ESRF, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - D Matras
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.,School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - V Middelkoop
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO NV, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - I Z Ismagilov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - E V Matus
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - V V Kuznetsov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - J Drnec
- ESRF, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - P Senecal
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.,Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - A M Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK. .,Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK. .,Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St. Helens Street, Abingdon, OX14 5EG, UK.
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8
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Mistry AN, Smith K, Mukherjee PP. Secondary-Phase Stochastics in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6317-6326. [PMID: 29328624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion battery electrodes exhibit complex interplay among multiple electrochemically coupled transport processes, which rely on the underlying functionality and relative arrangement of different constituent phases. The electrochemically inactive solid phases (e.g., conductive additive and binder, referred to as the secondary phase), while beneficial for improved electronic conductivity and mechanical integrity, may partially block the electrochemically active sites and introduce additional transport resistances in the pore (electrolyte) phase. In this work, the role of mesoscale interactions and inherent stochasticity in porous electrodes is elucidated in the context of short-range (interface) and long-range (transport) characteristics. The electrode microstructure significantly affects kinetically and transport-limiting scenarios and thereby the cell performance. The secondary-phase morphology is also found to strongly influence the microstructure-transport-kinetics interactions. Apropos, strategies have been proposed for performance improvement via electrode microstructural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashutosh N Mistry
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kandler Smith
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Partha P Mukherjee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Tang M, Sarou-Kanian V, Melin P, Leriche JB, Ménétrier M, Tarascon JM, Deschamps M, Salager E. Following lithiation fronts in paramagnetic electrodes with in situ magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13284. [PMID: 27808094 PMCID: PMC5097146 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Li-ion batteries are invaluable for portable electronics and vehicle electrification. A better knowledge of compositional variations within the electrodes during battery operation is, however, still needed to keep improving their performance. Although essential in the medical field, magnetic resonance imaging of solid paramagnetic battery materials is challenging due to the short lifetime of their signals. Here we develop the scanning image-selected in situ spectroscopy approach, using the strongest commercially available magnetic field gradient. We demonstrate the 7Li magnetic resonance spectroscopic image of a 5 mm-diameter operating battery with a resolution of 100 μm. The time-resolved image-spectra enable the visualization in situ of the displacement of lithiation fronts inside thick paramagnetic electrodes during battery operation. Such observations are critical to identify the key limiting parameters for high-capacity and fast-cycling batteries. This non-invasive technique also offers opportunities to study devices containing paramagnetic materials while operating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Tang
- CNRS, CEMHTI UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, 1D avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Sarou-Kanian
- CNRS, CEMHTI UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, 1D avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Melin
- CNRS, CEMHTI UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, 1D avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Leriche
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des Solides (UMR 7314), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Michel Ménétrier
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- ICMCB, CNRS UPR9048, Université de Bordeaux, ENSCBP, 87 avenue du Dr A. Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Tarascon
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Collège de France, CNRS FRE3357, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
- Alistore European Research Institute, CNRS FR3104, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Michaël Deschamps
- CNRS, CEMHTI UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, 1D avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Elodie Salager
- CNRS, CEMHTI UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, 1D avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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10
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Enke D, Gläser R, Tallarek U. Sol-Gel and Porous Glass-Based Silica Monoliths with Hierarchical Pore Structure for Solid-Liquid Catalysis. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Silletta EV, Velasco MI, Gomez CG, Strumia MC, Stapf S, Mattea C, Monti GA, Acosta RH. Enhanced Surface Interaction of Water Confined in Hierarchical Porous Polymers Induced by Hydrogen Bonding. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7427-7434. [PMID: 27341270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical porous polymer systems are increasingly applied to catalysis, bioengineering, or separation technology because of the versatility provided by the connection of mesopores with percolating macroporous structures. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a suitable technique for the study of such systems as it can detect signals stemming from the confined liquid and translate this information into pore size, molecular mobility, and liquid-surface interactions. We focus on the properties of water confined in macroporous polymers of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate [poly(EGDMA-co-HEMA)] with different amounts of cross-linkers, in which a substantial variation of hydroxyl groups is achieved. As soft polymer scaffolds may swell upon saturation with determined liquids, the use of NMR is particularly important as it measures the system in its operational state. This study combines different NMR techniques to obtain information on surface interactions of water with hydrophilic polymer chains. A transition from a surface-induced relaxation in which relaxivity depends on the pore size to a regime where the organic pore surface strongly restricts water diffusion is observed. Surface affinities are defined through the molecular residence times near the network surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia V Silletta
- FaMAF-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and IFEG-CONICET , 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Manuel I Velasco
- FaMAF-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and IFEG-CONICET , 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cesar G Gomez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Edificio de Ciencias II-Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miriam C Strumia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Edificio de Ciencias II-Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Siegfried Stapf
- Fachgebiet Technische Physik II/Polymer Physik, Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Ilmenau , P.O. Box 100 565, 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Carlos Mattea
- Fachgebiet Technische Physik II/Polymer Physik, Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Ilmenau , P.O. Box 100 565, 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Gustavo A Monti
- FaMAF-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and IFEG-CONICET , 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo H Acosta
- FaMAF-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and IFEG-CONICET , 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
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12
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Reising AE, Godinho JM, Hormann K, Jorgenson JW, Tallarek U. Larger voids in mechanically stable, loose packings of 1.3μm frictional, cohesive particles: Their reconstruction, statistical analysis, and impact on separation efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1436:118-32. [PMID: 26858113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lateral transcolumn heterogeneities and the presence of larger voids in a packing (comparable to the particle size) can limit the preparation of efficient chromatographic columns. Optimizing and understanding the packing process provides keys to better packing structures and column performance. Here, we investigate the slurry-packing process for a set of capillary columns packed with C18-modified, 1.3μm bridged-ethyl hybrid porous silica particles. The slurry concentration used for packing 75μm i.d. fused-silica capillaries was increased gradually from 5 to 50mg/mL. An intermediate concentration (20mg/mL) resulted in the best separation efficiency. Three capillaries from the set representing low, intermediate, and high slurry concentrations were further used for three-dimensional bed reconstruction by confocal laser scanning microscopy and morphological analysis of the bed structure. Previous studies suggest increased slurry concentrations will result in higher column efficiency due to the suppression of transcolumn bed heterogeneities, but only up to a critical concentration. Too concentrated slurries favour the formation of larger packing voids (reaching the size of the average particle diameter). Especially large voids, which can accommodate particles from>90% of the particle size distribution, are responsible for a decrease in column efficiency at high slurry concentrations. Our work illuminates the increasing difficulty of achieving high bed densities with small, frictional, cohesive particles. As particle size decreases interparticle forces become increasingly important and hinder the ease of particle sliding during column packing. While an optimal slurry concentration is identified with respect to bed morphology and separation efficiency under conditions in this work, our results suggest adjustments of this concentration are required with regard to particle size, surface roughness, column dimensions, slurry liquid, and external effects utilized during the packing process (pressure protocol, ultrasound, electric fields).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arved E Reising
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States
| | - Kristof Hormann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States.
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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13
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Hormann K, Baranau V, Hlushkou D, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. Topological analysis of non-granular, disordered porous media: determination of pore connectivity, pore coordination, and geometric tortuosity in physically reconstructed silica monoliths. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02814k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Different approaches are applied and compared, which are universally applicable to quantify pore coordination, pore and pore-throat connectivity, and geometric tortuosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Hormann
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Vasili Baranau
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Dzmitry Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
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14
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Müllner T, Unger KK, Tallarek U. Characterization of microscopic disorder in reconstructed porous materials and assessment of mass transport-relevant structural descriptors. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Müllner T, Zankel A, Lv Y, Svec F, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. Assessing structural correlations and heterogeneity length scales in functional porous polymers from physical reconstructions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6009-6013. [PMID: 26314251 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A general, model-free, quantitative approach to the key morphological properties of a porous polymer monolith is presented. After 3D reconstruction, image-based analysis delivers detailed spatial and spatially correlated information on the structural heterogeneities in the void space and the polymer skeleton. Identified heterogeneities, which limit the monolith's performance in targeted applications, are traced back to the preparation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Müllner
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Armin Zankel
- Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Yongqin Lv
- International Research Center for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Frantisek Svec
- International Research Center for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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16
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Stoeckel D, Kübel C, Loeh MO, Smarsly BM, Tallarek U. Morphological Analysis of Physically Reconstructed Silica Monoliths with Submicrometer Macropores: Effect of Decreasing Domain Size on Structural Homogeneity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7391-7400. [PMID: 25654337 DOI: 10.1021/la5046018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silica monoliths are increasingly used as fixed-bed supports in separation and catalysis because their bimodal pore space architecture combines excellent mass transport properties with a large surface area. To optimize their performance, a quantitative relationship between morphology and transport characteristics has to be established, and synthesis conditions that lead to a desired morphology optimized for a targeted application must be identified. However, the effects of specific synthesis parameters on the structural properties of silica monoliths are still poorly understood. An important question is how far the macropore and domain size can be reduced without compromising the structural homogeneity. We address this question with quantitative morphological data derived for a set of eight macroporous-mesoporous silica monoliths with an average macropore size (d(macro)) of between 3.7 and 0.1 μm, prepared following an established route involving the sol-gel transition and phase separation. The macropore space of the silica monolith samples is reconstructed using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy followed by a quantitative assessment of geometrical and topological properties based on chord length distributions (CLDs) and branch-node analysis of the pore network, respectively. We observe a significant increase in structural heterogeneity, indicated by a decrease in the parameter k derived from fitting a k-gamma function to the CLDs, when d(macro) reaches the submicrometer range. The compromised structural homogeneity of silica monoliths with submicrometer macropores could possibly originate from early structural freezing during the competitive processes of sol-gel transition and phase separation. It is therefore questionable if the common approach of reducing the morphological features of silica monoliths into the submicrometer regime by changing the point of sol-gel transition can be successful. Alternative strategies and a better understanding of the involved competitive processes should be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Stoeckel
- †Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- ‡Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- §Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marc O Loeh
- ‡Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Bernd M Smarsly
- ‡Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- †Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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18
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Hofmann G, Rochet A, Ogel E, Casapu M, Ritter S, Ogurreck M, Grunwaldt JD. Aging of a Pt/Al2O3 exhaust gas catalyst monitored by quasi in situ X-ray micro computed tomography. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalyst aging effects are analyzed using X-ray absorption micro-computed tomography in combination with conventional characterization methods on various length scales ranging from nm to μm to gain insight into deactivation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hofmann
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Amélie Rochet
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Elen Ogel
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Stephan Ritter
- Institute of Structural Physics
- Technical University Dresden (TUD)
- D-01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Malte Ogurreck
- Institute of Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG)
- D-21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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19
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Klamor S, Zick K, Oerther T, Schappacher FM, Winter M, Brunklaus G. 7Li in situ 1D NMR imaging of a lithium ion battery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4458-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of charge carriers in lithium ion batteries during current flow is of fundamental interest for a detailed understanding of transport properties and the development of strategies for future improvements of the electrolyte–electrode interface behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Klamor
- University of Münster
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- University of Münster
| | - K. Zick
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Silberstreifen
- 76827 Rheinstetten
- Germany
| | - T. Oerther
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Silberstreifen
- 76827 Rheinstetten
- Germany
| | - F. M. Schappacher
- University of Münster
- MEET Battery Research Center
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - M. Winter
- University of Münster
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- University of Münster
| | - G. Brunklaus
- University of Münster
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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20
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Three-dimensional microstructural imaging of sulfur poisoning-induced degradation in a Ni-YSZ anode of solid oxide fuel cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5246. [PMID: 24912978 PMCID: PMC4050380 DOI: 10.1038/srep05246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Following exposure to ppm-level hydrogen sulfide at elevated temperatures, a section of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Ni-YSZ anode was examined using a combination of synchrotron-based x-ray nanotomography and x-ray fluorescence techniques. While fluorescence measurements provided elemental identification and coarse spatial mapping, x-ray nanotomography was used to map the detailed 3-D spatial distribution of Ni, YSZ, and a nickel-sulfur poisoning phase. The nickel-sulfur layer was found to form a scale covering most of the exposed nickel surface, blocking most fuel reformation and hydrogen oxidation reaction sites. Although the exposure conditions precluded the ability to develop a detailed kinetic description of the nickel-sulfur phase formation, the results provide strong evidence of the detrimental effects of 100 ppm hydrogen sulfide on typical Ni-YSZ anode materials.
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Yeoh WK, Cui XY, Gault B, De Silva KSB, Xu X, Liu HW, Yen HW, Wong D, Bao P, Larson DJ, Martin I, Li WX, Zheng RK, Wang XL, Dou SX, Ringer SP. On the roles of graphene oxide doping for enhanced supercurrent in MgB2 based superconductors. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6166-6172. [PMID: 24793305 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their graphene-like properties after oxygen reduction, incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) sheets into correlated-electron materials offers a new pathway for tailoring their properties. Fabricating GO nanocomposites with polycrystalline MgB2 superconductors leads to an order of magnitude enhancement of the supercurrent at 5 K/8 T and 20 K/4 T. Herein, we introduce a novel experimental approach to overcome the formidable challenge of performing quantitative microscopy and microanalysis of such composites, so as to unveil how GO doping influences the structure and hence the material properties. Atom probe microscopy and electron microscopy were used to directly image the GO within the MgB2, and we combined these data with computational simulations to derive the property-enhancing mechanisms. Our results reveal synergetic effects of GO, namely, via localized atomic (carbon and oxygen) doping as well as texturing of the crystals, which provide both inter- and intra-granular flux pinning. This study opens up new insights into how low-dimensional nanostructures can be integrated into composites to modify the overall properties, using a methodology amenable to a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Yeoh
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Devaraj A, Colby R, Vurpillot F, Thevuthasan S. Understanding Atom Probe Tomography of Oxide-Supported Metal Nanoparticles by Correlation with Atomic-Resolution Electron Microscopy and Field Evaporation Simulation. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1361-1367. [PMID: 26269980 DOI: 10.1021/jz500259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxide-supported metal nanoparticles are widely used in heterogeneous catalysis. The increasingly detailed design of such catalysts necessitates three-dimensional characterization with high spatial resolution and elemental selectivity. Laser-assisted atom probe tomography (APT) is uniquely suited to the task but faces challenges with the evaporation of metal/insulator systems. Correlation of APT with aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), for Au nanoparticles embedded in MgO, reveals preferential evaporation of the MgO and an inaccurate assessment of nanoparticle composition. Finite element field evaporation modeling is used to illustrate the evolution of the evaporation front. Nanoparticle composition is most accurately predicted when the MgO is treated as having a locally variable evaporation field, indicating the importance of considering laser-oxide interactions and the evaporation of various molecular oxide ions. These results demonstrate the viability of APT for analysis of oxide-supported metal nanoparticles, highlighting the need for developing a theoretical framework for the evaporation of heterogeneous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Devaraj
- †Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Robert Colby
- †Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - François Vurpillot
- ‡Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, UMR 6634 CNRS, Université et INSA de Rouen, 76801 St Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Suntharampillai Thevuthasan
- †Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Ouyang P, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li Z. Phase evolution of magnetron sputtered nanostructured ATO on grid during lithiation–delithiation processes as model electrodes for Li-ion battery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5056-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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