1
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Neto BAD, Correa JR, Spencer J. Fluorescent Benzothiadiazole Derivatives as Fluorescence Imaging Dyes: A Decade of New Generation Probes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103262. [PMID: 34643974 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The current review describes advances in the use of fluorescent 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) derivatives after nearly one decade since the first description of bioimaging experiments using this class of fluorogenic dyes. The review describes the use of BTD-containing fluorophores applied as, inter alia, bioprobes for imaging cell nuclei, mitochondria, lipid droplets, sensors, markers for proteins and related events, biological processes and activities, lysosomes, plasma membranes, multicellular models, and animals. A number of physicochemical and photophysical properties commonly observed for BTD fluorogenic structures are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenno A D Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Jose R Correa
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70904-900, Brazil
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex School of Life Sciences, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
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2
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Li W, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Li C, He Z, Choy WCH, Low PJ, Sonar P, Kyaw AKK. Biodegradable Materials and Green Processing for Green Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001591. [PMID: 32584502 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is little question that the "electronic revolution" of the 20th century has impacted almost every aspect of human life. However, the emergence of solid-state electronics as a ubiquitous feature of an advanced modern society is posing new challenges such as the management of electronic waste (e-waste) that will remain through the 21st century. In addition to developing strategies to manage such e-waste, further challenges can be identified concerning the conservation and recycling of scarce elements, reducing the use of toxic materials and solvents in electronics processing, and lowering energy usage during fabrication methods. In response to these issues, the construction of electronic devices from renewable or biodegradable materials that decompose to harmless by-products is becoming a topic of great interest. Such "green" electronic devices need to be fabricated on industrial scale through low-energy and low-cost methods that involve low/non-toxic functional materials or solvents. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biodegradable materials and processing strategies for electronics with an emphasis on areas where green electronic devices show the greatest promise, including solar cells, organic field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, and other electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Yuniu Zhang
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chang'an Li
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhenfei He
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wallace C H Choy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Paul J Low
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Aung Ko Ko Kyaw
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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3
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Purvis LJ, Gu X, Ghosh S, Zhang Z, Cramer CJ, Douglas CJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Electron-Deficient Asymmetrically Substituted Diarylindenotetracenes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1828-1841. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lafe J. Purvis
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xingxian Gu
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zhuoran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Douglas
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Cheng Q, Han X, Tong Y, Huang C, Ding J, Hou H. Two 3D Cd(II) Metal–Organic Frameworks Linked by Benzothiadiazole Dicarboxylates: Fantastic S@Cd6 Cage, Benzothiadiazole Antidimmer, and Dual Emission. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:1696-1705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cheng
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yue Tong
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- Center
for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, P. R. China
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5
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Tang A, Zhan C, Yao J, Zhou E. Design of Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-Based Small Molecules for Organic-Solar-Cell Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1600013. [PMID: 27859743 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After the first report in 2008, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based small-molecule photovoltaic materials have been intensively explored. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) for the DPP-based small-molecule donors have been improved up to 8%. Furthermore, through judicious structure modification, DPP-based small molecules can also be converted into electron-acceptor materials, and, recently, some exciting progress has been achieved. The development of DPP-based photovoltaic small molecules is summarized here, and the photovoltaic performance is discussed in relation to structural modifications, such as the variations of donor-acceptor building blocks, alkyl substitutions, and the type of conjugated bridges, as well as end-capped groups. It is expected that the discussion will provide a guideline in the exploration of novel and promising DPP-containing photovoltaic small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlang Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Erjun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Yangtze River Delta Academy of Nanotechnology and Industry Development Research, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314000, P. R. China
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6
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Orbital order switching in molecular calculations using GGA functionals: Qualitative errors in materials modeling for electrochemical power sources and how to fix them. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Mota AAR, Corrêa JR, Carvalho PHPR, de Sousa NMP, de Oliveira HCB, Gatto CC, da Silva Filho DA, de Oliveira AL, Neto BAD. Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Bioimaging of a Fluorescent Nitrogen-Linked Bisbenzothiadiazole. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2958-65. [PMID: 26930300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis, structure, photophysical properties, and bioimaging application of a novel 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD)-based rationally designed fluorophore. The capability of undergoing efficient stabilizing processes from the excited state allowed the novel BTD derivative to be used as a stable probe for bioimaging applications. No notable photobleaching effect or degradation could be observed during the experimental time period. Before the synthesis, the molecular architecture of the novel BTD derivative was evaluated by means of DFT calculations to validate the chosen design. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed the nearly flat characteristics of the structure in a syn conformation. The fluorophore was successfully tested as a live-cell-imaging probe and efficiently stained MCF-7 breast cancer cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A R Mota
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB) , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP, P.O. Box 4478,Brasilia, DF 70904-970, Brazil
| | - José R Corrêa
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB) , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP, P.O. Box 4478,Brasilia, DF 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Pedro H P R Carvalho
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB) , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP, P.O. Box 4478,Brasilia, DF 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Núbia M P de Sousa
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB) , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP, P.O. Box 4478,Brasilia, DF 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Heibbe C B de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB) , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP, P.O. Box 4478,Brasilia, DF 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Claudia C Gatto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB) , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP, P.O. Box 4478,Brasilia, DF 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Demétrio A da Silva Filho
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia (IF-UnB) , Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, CEP, Brasilia, DF 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Aline L de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB) , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP, P.O. Box 4478,Brasilia, DF 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Brenno A D Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB) , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP, P.O. Box 4478,Brasilia, DF 70904-970, Brazil
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8
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Palai AK, Kumar A, Sim K, Kwon J, Shin TJ, Jang S, Cho S, Park SU, Pyo S. Facile synthesis of arylthiophenyl-functionalized diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives via direct C–H arylation: characterization and utilization in organic electronic devices. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02631h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of three arylthiophenyl-functionalized diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives with different end-capping groups via direct C–H arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoseung Sim
- Department of Chemistry
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry
- Sejong University
- Seoul 143-747
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Cho
- Center for Core Research Facility
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology
- Daegu 711-873
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Un Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmoon Pyo
- Department of Chemistry
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
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9
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Significant Improvement of Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Properties by Incorporating Thiophene in a Solution-Processable D-A-D Modular Chromophore. Molecules 2015; 20:21787-801. [PMID: 26690103 PMCID: PMC6332373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the incorporation of a thiophene functionality, a novel solution-processable small organic chromophore was designed, synthesized and characterized for application in bulk-heterojunction solar cells. The new chromophore, (2Z,2′Z)-2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)acrylonitrile) (coded as AS2), was based on a donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) module where a simple triphenylamine unit served as an electron donor, 1,4-phenylenediacetonitrile as an electron acceptor, and a thiophene ring as the π-bridge embedded between the donor and acceptor functionalities. AS2 was isolated as brick-red, needle-shaped crystals, and was fully characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR, IR, mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of AS2 were compared with those of a structural analogue, (2Z,2′Z)-2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-acrylonitrile) (AS1). Benefiting from the covalent thiophene bridges, compared to AS1 thin solid film, the AS2 film showed: (1) an enhancement of light-harvesting ability by 20%; (2) an increase in wavelength of the longest wavelength absorption maximum (497 nm vs. 470 nm) and (3) a narrower optical band-gap (1.93 eV vs. 2.17 eV). Studies on the photovoltaic properties revealed that the best AS2-[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM)-based device showed an impressive enhanced power conversion efficiency of 4.10%, an approx. 3-fold increase with respect to the efficiency of the best AS1-based device (1.23%). These results clearly indicated that embodiment of thiophene functionality extended the molecular conjugation, thus enhancing the light-harvesting ability and short-circuit current density, while further improving the bulk-heterojunction device performance. To our knowledge, AS2 is the first example in the literature where a thiophene unit has been used in conjunction with a 1,4-phenylenediacetonitrile accepting functionality to extend the π-conjugation in a given D–A–D motif for bulk-heterojunction solar cell applications.
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10
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Sanromán-Iglesias M, Zhang KAI, Chuvilin A, Lawrie CH, Grzelczak M, Liz-Marzán LM. Conjugated Polymers As Molecular Gates for Light-Controlled Release of Gold Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15692-15695. [PMID: 26177362 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The remote release of nano-objects from a container is a promising approach to transduce chemical events into an optical signal. The major challenge in the development of such a system involves the use of a suitable molecular gate that retains aggregated particles and releases them upon applying an external stimulus. We show proof-of-concept experiments for the release of gold nanoparticles into an aqueous solution upon photodegradation of conjugated polymer thin films. Gold nanoparticles thus transduce light-induced chemical events into an amplified optical signal with a release rate of 2.5 nM per hour, which can be readily detected by the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sanromán-Iglesias
- †CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- ‡Oncology Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Kai A I Zhang
- §Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrey Chuvilin
- ⊥CIC nanoGUNE Consolider, Avenida de Tolosa 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- #Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Charles H Lawrie
- ‡Oncology Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- #Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marek Grzelczak
- †CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- #Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- †CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- #Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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11
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McAfee SM, Topple JM, Sun JP, Hill IG, Welch GC. The structural evolution of an isoindigo-based non-fullerene acceptor for use in organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural evolution of an isoindigo molecule acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M. McAfee
- Department of Chemistry
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada B3H 4R2
| | | | - Jon-Paul Sun
- Department of Physics
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Ian G. Hill
- Department of Physics
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Gregory C. Welch
- Department of Chemistry
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada B3H 4R2
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12
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McAfee SM, Topple JM, Payne AJ, Sun JP, Hill IG, Welch GC. An Electron-Deficient Small Molecule Accessible from Sustainable Synthesis and Building Blocks for Use as a Fullerene Alternative in Organic Photovoltaics. Chemphyschem 2014; 16:1190-202. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Jung M, Yoon Y, Park JH, Cha W, Kim A, Kang J, Gautam S, Seo D, Cho JH, Kim H, Choi JY, Chae KH, Kwak K, Son HJ, Ko MJ, Kim H, Lee DK, Kim JY, Choi DH, Kim B. Nanoscopic management of molecular packing and orientation of small molecules by a combination of linear and branched alkyl side chains. ACS NANO 2014; 8:5988-6003. [PMID: 24861723 DOI: 10.1021/nn501133y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a series of acceptor-donor-acceptor-type small molecules (SIDPP-EE, SIDPP-EO, SIDPP-OE, and SIDPP-OO) consisting of a dithienosilole (SI) electron-donating moiety and two diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) electron-withdrawing moieties each bearing linear n-octyl (O) and/or branched 2-ethylhexyl (E) alkyl side chains. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that SIDPP-EE and SIDPP-EO films were highly crystalline with pronounced edge-on orientation, whereas SIDPP-OE and SIDPP-OO films were less crystalline with a radial distribution of molecular orientations. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy disclosed an edge-on orientation with a molecular backbone tilt angle of ∼22° for both SIDPP-EE and SIDPP-EO. Our analysis of the molecular packing and orientation indicated that the shorter 2-ethylhexyl groups on the SI core promote tight π-π stacking of the molecular backbone, whereas n-octyl groups on the SI core hinder close π-π stacking to some degree. Conversely, the longer linear n-octyl groups on the DPP arms facilitate close intermolecular packing via octyl-octyl interdigitation. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics molecular dynamics simulations determined the optimal three-dimensional positions of the flexible alkyl side chains of the SI and DPP units, which elucidates the structural cause of the molecular packing and orientation explicitly. The alkyl-chain-dependent molecular stacking significantly affected the electrical properties of the molecular films. The edge-on oriented molecules showed high hole mobilities in organic field-effect transistors, while the radially oriented molecules exhibited high photovoltaic properties in organic photovoltaic cells. These results demonstrate that appropriate positioning of alkyl side chains can modulate crystallinity and molecular orientation in SIDPP films, which ultimately have a profound impact on carrier transport and photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Jung
- Photo-electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kang W, Jung M, Cha W, Jang S, Yoon Y, Kim H, Son HJ, Lee DK, Kim B, Cho JH. High crystalline dithienosilole-cored small molecule semiconductor for ambipolar transistor and nonvolatile memory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6589-6597. [PMID: 24708562 DOI: 10.1021/am500080p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the electrical properties of a field-effect transistor (FET) and a nonvolatile memory device based on a solution-processable low bandgap small molecule, Si1TDPP-EE-C6. The small molecule consisted of electron-rich thiophene-dithienosilole-thiophene (Si1T) units and electron-deficient diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) units. The as-spun Si1TDPP-EE-C6 FET device exhibited ambipolar transport properties with a hole mobility of 7.3×10(-5) cm2/(Vs) and an electron mobility of 1.6×10(-5) cm2/(Vs). Thermal annealing at 110 °C led to a significant increase in carrier mobility, with hole and electron mobilities of 3.7×10(-3) and 5.1×10(-4) cm2/(Vs), respectively. This improvement is strongly correlated with the increased film crystallinity and reduced π-π intermolecular stacking distance upon thermal annealing, revealed by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. In addition, nonvolatile memory devices based on Si1TDPP-EE-C6 were successfully fabricated by incorporating Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) as charge trapping sites at the interface between the silicon oxide (SiO2) and cross-linked poly(4-vinylphenol) (cPVP) dielectrics. The device exhibited reliable nonvolatile memory characteristics, including a wide memory window of 98 V, a high on/off-current ratio of 1×10(3), and good electrical reliability. Overall, we demonstrate that donor-acceptor-type small molecules are a potentially important class of materials for ambipolar FETs and nonvolatile memory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonggi Kang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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