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Walters F, Burwell G, Mitchell JJ, Ali MM, Daghigh Ahmadi E, Mostert AB, Jenkins CA, Rozhko S, Kazakova O, Guy OJ. A Rapid Graphene Sensor Platform for the Detection of Viral Proteins in Low Volume Samples. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Walters
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Gregory Burwell
- Department of Physics, School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Jacob John Mitchell
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
- SPTS Technologies Ltd, R&D and Product department Ringland Way Newport NP18 2TA UK
| | - Muhammad Munem Ali
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Ehsaneh Daghigh Ahmadi
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - A. Bernardus Mostert
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | | | - Sergiy Rozhko
- National Physical Laboratory Quantum Metrology Institute Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory Quantum Metrology Institute Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Owen J. Guy
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
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2
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Atomic force microscopy - Scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) for nanoscale topographical and electrochemical characterization: Principles, applications and perspectives. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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3
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Wu T, Alharbi A, Kiani R, Shahrjerdi D. Quantitative Principles for Precise Engineering of Sensitivity in Graphene Electrochemical Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805752. [PMID: 30548684 PMCID: PMC6823930 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A major difficulty in implementing carbon-based electrode arrays with high device-packing density is to ensure homogeneous and high sensitivities across the array. Overcoming this obstacle requires quantitative microscopic models that can accurately predict electrode sensitivity from its material structure. Such models are currently lacking. Here, it is shown that the sensitivity of graphene electrodes to dopamine and serotonin neurochemicals in fast-scan cyclic voltammetry measurements is strongly linked to point defects, whereas it is unaffected by line defects. Using the physics of point defects in graphene, a microscopic model is introduced that explains how point defects determine sensitivity. The predictions of this model match the empirical observation that sensitivity linearly increases with the density of point defects. This model is used to guide the nanoengineering of graphene structures for optimum sensitivity. This approach achieves reproducible fabrication of miniaturized sensors with extraordinarily higher sensitivity than conventional materials. These results lay the foundation for new integrated electrochemical sensor arrays based on nanoengineered graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Abdullah Alharbi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Roozbeh Kiani
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Davood Shahrjerdi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
- Center for Quantum Phenomena, Physics Department, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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4
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Patel AN, Kranz C. (Multi)functional Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:329-350. [PMID: 29490193 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating functionality to atomic force microscopy (AFM) to obtain physical and chemical information has always been a strong focus in AFM research. Modifying AFM probes with specific molecules permits accessibility of chemical information via specific reactions and interactions. Fundamental understanding of molecular processes at the solid/liquid interface with high spatial resolution is essential to many emerging research areas. Nanoscale electrochemical imaging has emerged as a complementary technique to advanced AFM techniques, providing information on electrochemical interfacial processes. While this review presents a brief introduction to advanced AFM imaging modes, such as multiparametric AFM and topography recognition imaging, the main focus herein is on electrochemical imaging via hybrid AFM-scanning electrochemical microscopy. Recent applications and the challenges associated with such nanoelectrochemical imaging strategies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha N Patel
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany;
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany;
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5
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Navalón S, Herance JR, Álvaro M, García H. Covalently Modified Graphenes in Catalysis, Electrocatalysis and Photoresponsive Materials. Chemistry 2017; 23:15244-15275. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Navalón
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIC-UPV); Universitad Politécnica de Valencia; C/ Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - José Raúl Herance
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Center for Nanomedicine; Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN; Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129 08035 Barcelona Spain
| | - Mercedes Álvaro
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIC-UPV); Universitad Politécnica de Valencia; C/ Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIC-UPV); Universitad Politécnica de Valencia; C/ Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
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6
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Robinson BJ, Bailey SWD, O'Driscoll LJ, Visontai D, Welsh DJ, Mostert AB, Mazzocco R, Rabot C, Jarvis SP, Kolosov OV, Bryce MR, Lambert C. Formation of Two-Dimensional Micelles on Graphene: Multi-Scale Theoretical and Experimental Study. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3404-3412. [PMID: 28282115 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials possess outstanding electronic and mechanical properties, chemical stability, and high surface area. However, to realize graphene's potential for a range of applications in materials science and nanotechnology there is a need to understand and control the interaction of graphene with tailored high-performance surfactants designed to facilitate the preparation, manipulation, and functionalization of new graphene systems. Here we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the surface structure and dynamics on graphene of pyrene-oligoethylene glycol (OEG) -based surfactants, which have previously been shown to disperse carbon nanotubes in water. Molecular self-assembly of the surfactants on graphitic surfaces is experimentally monitored and optimized using a graphene coated quartz crystal microbalance in ambient and vacuum environments. Real-space nanoscale resolution nanomechanical and topographical mapping of submonolayer surfactant coverage, using ultrasonic and atomic force microscopies both in ambient and ultrahigh vacuum, reveals complex, multilength-scale self-assembled structures. Molecular dynamics simulations show that at the nanoscale these structures, on atomically flat graphitic surfaces, are dependent upon the surfactant OEG chain length and are predicted to display a previously unseen class of 2D self-arranged "starfish" micelles (2DSMs). While three-dimensional micelles are well-known for their widespread uses ranging from microreactors to drug-delivery vehicles, these 2DSMs possess the highly desirable and tunable characteristics of high surface affinity coupled with unimpeded mobility, opening up strategies for processing and functionalizing 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Robinson
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YW, U.K
| | - Steven W D Bailey
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | | | - David Visontai
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös University , Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel J Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | | | - Riccardo Mazzocco
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | | | - Samuel P Jarvis
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YW, U.K
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Oleg V Kolosov
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Colin Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
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7
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Huynh V, Phelps MS, Golden TD, Verbeck GF. Direct analyte-probed nanoextraction (DAPNe) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) for examination of the ink chemistry on documents. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Unwin PR, Güell AG, Zhang G. Nanoscale Electrochemistry of sp(2) Carbon Materials: From Graphite and Graphene to Carbon Nanotubes. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2041-8. [PMID: 27501067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials have a long history of use as electrodes in electrochemistry, from (bio)electroanalysis to applications in energy technologies, such as batteries and fuel cells. With the advent of new forms of nanocarbon, particularly, carbon nanotubes and graphene, carbon electrode materials have taken on even greater significance for electrochemical studies, both in their own right and as components and supports in an array of functional composites. With the increasing prominence of carbon nanomaterials in electrochemistry comes a need to critically evaluate the experimental framework from which a microscopic understanding of electrochemical processes is best developed. This Account advocates the use of emerging electrochemical imaging techniques and confined electrochemical cell formats that have considerable potential to reveal major new perspectives on the intrinsic electrochemical activity of carbon materials, with unprecedented detail and spatial resolution. These techniques allow particular features on a surface to be targeted and models of structure-activity to be developed and tested on a wide range of length scales and time scales. When high resolution electrochemical imaging data are combined with information from other microscopy and spectroscopy techniques applied to the same area of an electrode surface, in a correlative-electrochemical microscopy approach, highly resolved and unambiguous pictures of electrode activity are revealed that provide new views of the electrochemical properties of carbon materials. With a focus on major sp(2) carbon materials, graphite, graphene, and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), this Account summarizes recent advances that have changed understanding of interfacial electrochemistry at carbon electrodes including: (i) Unequivocal evidence for the high activity of the basal surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), which is at least as active as noble metal electrodes (e.g., platinum) for outer-sphere redox processes. (ii) Demonstration of the high activity of basal plane HOPG toward other reactions, with no requirement for catalysis by step edges or defects, as exemplified by studies of proton-coupled electron transfer, redox transformations of adsorbed molecules, surface functionalization via diazonium electrochemistry, and metal electrodeposition. (iii) Rationalization of the complex interplay of different factors that determine electrochemistry at graphene, including the source (mechanical exfoliation from graphite vs chemical vapor deposition), number of graphene layers, edges, electronic structure, redox couple, and electrode history effects. (iv) New methodologies that allow nanoscale electrochemistry of 1D materials (SWNTs) to be related to their electronic characteristics (metallic vs semiconductor SWNTs), size, and quality, with high resolution imaging revealing the high activity of SWNT sidewalls and the importance of defects for some electrocatalytic reactions (e.g., the oxygen reduction reaction). The experimental approaches highlighted for carbon electrodes are generally applicable to other electrode materials and set a new framework and course for the study of electrochemical and interfacial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Aleix G. Güell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- School
of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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9
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Huynh V, Sasiene ZJ, Mach PM, Golden TD, Verbeck GF. Laser ablation coupled with DAPNe-NSI-MS applied to redacted documents. Sci Justice 2016; 56:329-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Yang M, Batchelor-McAuley C, Moreira Gonçalves L, Lima CFRAC, Vyskočil V, Tschulik K, Compton RG. Ferrocene Aryl Derivatives for the Redox Tagging of Graphene Nanoplatelets. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Güell AG, Cuharuc AS, Kim YR, Zhang G, Tan SY, Ebejer N, Unwin PR. Redox-dependent spatially resolved electrochemistry at graphene and graphite step edges. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3558-71. [PMID: 25758160 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical (EC) behavior of mechanically exfoliated graphene and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is studied at high spatial resolution in aqueous solutions using Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) as a redox probe whose standard potential sits close to the intrinsic Fermi level of graphene and graphite. When scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) data are coupled with that from complementary techniques (AFM, micro-Raman) applied to the same sample area, different time-dependent EC activity between the basal planes and step edges is revealed. In contrast, other redox couples (ferrocene derivatives) whose potential is further removed from the intrinsic Fermi level of graphene and graphite show uniform and high activity (close to diffusion-control). Macroscopic voltammetric measurements in different environments reveal that the time-dependent behavior after HOPG cleavage, peculiar to Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+), is not associated particularly with any surface contaminants but is reasonably attributed to the spontaneous delamination of the HOPG with time to create partially coupled graphene layers, further supported by conductive AFM measurements. This process has a major impact on the density of states of graphene and graphite edges, particularly at the intrinsic Fermi level to which Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) is most sensitive. Through the use of an improved voltammetric mode of SECCM, we produce movies of potential-resolved and spatially resolved HOPG activity, revealing how enhanced activity at step edges is a subtle effect for Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+). These latter studies allow us to propose a microscopic model to interpret the EC response of graphene (basal plane and edges) and aged HOPG considering the nontrivial electronic band structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix G Güell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anatolii S Cuharuc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yang-Rae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sze-yin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ebejer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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12
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Kong N, Gooding JJ, Liu J. Protein sensors based on reversible π–π stacking on basal plane HOPG electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Güell AG, Meadows KE, Dudin PV, Ebejer N, Byers JC, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. Selection, characterisation and mapping of complex electrochemical processes at individual single-walled carbon nanotubes: the case of serotonin oxidation. Faraday Discuss 2014; 172:439-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical (EC) oxidation of the neurotransmitter, serotonin, at individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is investigated at high resolution using a novel platform that combines flow-aligned SWNTs with atomic force microscopy, Raman microscopy, electronic conductance measurements, individual SWNT electrochemistry and high-resolution scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). SECCM has been used to visualise the EC activity along side-wall sections of metallic SWNTs to assess the extent to which side-walls promote the electrochemistry of this complex multi-step process. Uniform and high EC activity is observed that is consistent with significant reaction at the side-wall, rather than electrochemistry being driven by defects alone. By scanning forward and reverse (trace and retrace) over the same region of a SWNT, it is also possible to assess any blocking of EC activity by serotonin oxidation reaction products. At a physiologically relevant concentration (5 μM), there is no detectable blocking of SWNTs, which can be attributed, at least in part, to the high diffusion rate to an individual, isolated SWNT in the SECCM format. At higher serotonin concentration (2 mM), oligomer formation from oxidation products is much more significant and major blocking of the EC process is observed from line profiles recorded as the SECCM meniscus moves over an SWNT. The SECCM line profile morphology is shown to be highly diagnostic of whether blocking occurs during EC processes. The studies herein add to a growing body of evidence that various EC processes at SWNTs, from simple outer sphere redox reactions to complex multi-step processes, occur readily at pristine SWNTs. The platform described is of general applicability to various types of nanostructures and nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix G. Güell
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E. Meadows
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry, United Kingdom
- Molecular Organisation and Assembly in Cells Doctoral Training Centre
- University of Warwick
| | - Petr V. Dudin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ebejer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C. Byers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry, United Kingdom
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14
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Plamper FA. Changing Polymer Solvation by Electrochemical Means: Basics and Applications. POROUS CARBONS – HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS – POLYMER SOLVATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2014_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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