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Majumder S, Basavaraj MG, Satapathy DK. Soft colloidal monolayers with reflection symmetry through confined drying. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024:d4na00542b. [PMID: 39139712 PMCID: PMC11317906 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal monolayers serve as fundamental building blocks in fabricating diverse functional materials, pivotal for surface modifications, chemical reactivity, and controlled assembly of nanoparticles. In this article, we report the formation of colloidal monolayers generated by drying an aqueous droplet containing soft colloids confined between two hydrophilic parallel plates. The analysis of the kinetics of evaporation in this confined mode showed that: (i) for a significant portion of the drying time, the drops adopt a catenoid configuration; (ii) in the penultimate stage of drying, the catenoid structure undergoes division into two daughter droplets; (iii) the three-phase contact line remains pinned at a specific location while it continuously slips at all other locations. The interplay between interface-assisted particle deposition onto the solid substrate and the time evolution of particle concentration within the droplet during evaporation results in unique microstructural features in the deposited patterns. Notably, these deposit patterns exhibit reflection symmetry. The microstructural features of the dried deposits are further quantified by calculating the particle number density, inter-particle separation, areal disorder parameter, and bond orientational order parameter. The variation of these parameters for deposits formed under different conditions, such as by altering the spacing between parallel plates and the concentration of microgel particles in the droplet, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Majumder
- Soft Material Laboratory, Department of Physics, IIT Madras Chennai-600036 India
- Centre for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras Chennai-600036 India
| | - Madivala G Basavaraj
- PECS Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras Chennai-600036 India
- Centre for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras Chennai-600036 India
| | - Dillip K Satapathy
- Soft Material Laboratory, Department of Physics, IIT Madras Chennai-600036 India
- Centre for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras Chennai-600036 India
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2
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Adul-Rasool AA, Athair DM, Zaidan HK, Rheima AM, Al-Sharify ZT, Mohammed SH, Kianfar E. 0,1,2,3D nanostructures, types of bulk nanostructured materials, and drug nanocrystals: An overview. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2024; 40:100834. [PMID: 39013325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2024.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Functional materials are required to meet the needs of society, such as environmental protection, energy storage and conversion, integrated product production, biological and medical processing. bulk nanostructured materials are a research concept that combines nanotechnology with other research fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and life science to develop logically functional materials from nanodevices. In this review article, nanostructures are synthetized by different methods based on the types and nature of the nanomaterials. In a broad sense "top-down" and "bottom-up" are the two foremost methods to synthesize nanomaterials. In top-down method bulk materials have been reduced to nanomaterials, and in case of bottom-up method, the nanomaterials are synthesized from elementary level. The different methods which are being used to synthesize nanomaterials are chemical vapor deposition method, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, solvothermal method, pulsed laser ablation, templating method, combustion method, microwave synthesis, gas phase method, and conventional Sol-Gel method. We also briefly discuss the various physical and chemical methods for producing nanomaterials. We then discuss the applications of functional materials in many areas such as energy storage, supercapacitors, sensors, wastewater treatment, and other biological applications such as drug delivery and drug nanocrystals. Finally, future challenges in materials nanoarchitecture and concepts for further development of functional nanomaterials are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duaa Mohammed Athair
- Mustansiriyah University, Office of the Scientific Assistant, Technology Incubator Division, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Ahmed Mahdi Rheima
- Mustansiriyah University, College of Science, Chemistry Department, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zainab T Al-Sharify
- Al Hikma University College, Baghdad, Iraq; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ehsan Kianfar
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran.
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3
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Sandu I, Antohe I, Fleaca CT, Dumitrache F, Urzica I, Dumitru M. Shaping in the Third Direction: Colloidal Photonic Crystals with Quadratic Surfaces Self-Assembled by Hanging-Drop Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1931. [PMID: 39000786 PMCID: PMC11243822 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
High-quality, 3D-shaped, SiO2 colloidal photonic crystals (ellipsoids, hyperboloids, and others) were fabricated by self-assembly. They possess a quadratic surface and are wide-angle-independent, direction-dependent, diffractive reflection crystals. Their size varies between 1 and 5 mm and can be achieved as mechanical-resistant, free-standing, thick (hundreds of ordered layers) objects. High-quality, 3D-shaped, polystyrene inverse-opal photonic superstructures (highly similar to diatom frustules) were synthesized by using an inside infiltration method as wide-angle-independent, reflective diffraction objects. They possess multiple reflection bands given by their special architecture (a torus on the top of an ellipsoid) and by their different sized holes (384 nm and 264 nm). Our hanging-drop self-assembly approach uses setups which deform the shape of an ordinary spherical drop; thus, the colloidal self-assembly takes place on a non-axisymmetric liquid/air interface. The deformed drop surface is a kind of topological interface which changes its shape in time, remaining as a quality template for the self-assembly process. Three-dimensional-shaped colloidal photonic crystals might be used as devices for future spectrophotometers, aspheric or freeform diffracting mirrors, or metasurfaces for experiments regarding space-time curvature analogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Sandu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
| | - Iulia Antohe
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
- Romanian Academy of Scientists (AOSR), 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudiu Teodor Fleaca
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
| | - Florian Dumitrache
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
| | - Iuliana Urzica
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
| | - Marius Dumitru
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
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Wang H, Cheng Y, Zhu J, Zhang L. Photon Management Enabled by Opal and Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals: from Photocatalysis to Photoluminescence Regulation. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400002. [PMID: 38527947 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Light is a promising renewable energy source and can be converted into heat, electricity, and chemical energy. However, the efficiency of light-energy conversion is largely hindered by limited light-absorption coefficients and the low quantum yield of current-generation materials. Photonic crystals (PCs) can adjust the propagation and distribution of photons because of their unique periodic structures, which offers a compelling platform for photon management. The periodicity of materials with an alternating refractive index can be used to manipulate the dispersion of photons to generate the photonic bandgap (PBG), in which light is reflected. The slow photon effect, i. e., photon propagation at a reduced group velocity near the edges of the PBG, is widely regarded as another valuable optical property for manipulating light. Furthermore, multiple light scattering can increase the optical path, which is a vital optical property for PCs. Recently, the light reflected by PBG, the slow photon effect, and multiple light scattering have been exploited to improve light utilization efficiency in photoelectrochemistry, materials chemistry, and biomedicine to enhance light-energy conversion efficiency. In this review, the fabrication of opal or inverse opal PCs and the theory for improving the light utilization efficiency of photocatalysis, solar cells, and photoluminescence regulation are discussed. We envision photon management of opal or inverse opal PCs may provide a promising avenue for light-assisted applications to improve light-energy-conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion &, Storage of Ministry of Education (HUST), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiyan Cheng
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion &, Storage of Ministry of Education (HUST), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion &, Storage of Ministry of Education (HUST), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lianbin Zhang
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion &, Storage of Ministry of Education (HUST), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
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Ge J, Cheng X, Rong LH, Capadona JR, Caldona EB, Advincula RC. 3D Temperature-Controlled Interchangeable Pattern for Size-Selective Nanoparticle Capture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38422547 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Patterned surfaces with distinct regularity and structured arrangements have attracted great interest due to their extensive promising applications. Although colloidal patterning has conventionally been used to create such surfaces, herein, we introduce a novel 3D patterned poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) surface, synthesized by using a combination of colloidal templating and surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-PET-RAFT) polymerization. In order to investigate the temperature-driven 3D morphological variations at a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of ∼32 °C, multifaceted characterization techniques were employed. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the morphological transformations at 20 and 40 °C, while water contact angle measurements, upon heating, revealed distinct trends, offering insights into the correlation between surface wettability and topography adaptations. Moreover, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and electrochemical measurements were employed to detect the topographical adjustments of the unique hollow capsule structure within the LCST. Tests using different sizes of PSNPs shed light on the size-selective capture-release potential of the patterned PNIPAM, accentuating its biomimetic open-close behavior. Notably, our approach negates the necessity for expensive proteins, harnessing temperature adjustments to facilitate the noninvasive and efficient reversible capture and release of nanostructures. This advancement hopes to pave the way for future innovative cellular analysis platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ge
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Li-Han Rong
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Eugene B Caldona
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Rigoberto C Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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6
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Bordin JR. A DPD model of soft spheres with waterlike anomalies and poly(a)morphism. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7613-7624. [PMID: 37772324 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Core-softened approaches have been employed to understand the behavior of a large variety of systems in soft condensed matter, from biological molecules to colloidal crystals, glassy phases, and water-like anomalies. At the same time, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is a powerful tool suitable for studying larger length and time scales. In this sense, we propose a simple model of soft molecules that exhibits a wide range of interesting phenomena: polyamorphism, with three amorphous phases, polymorphysm, including a recently found gyroid phase and a cubic diamond structure, reentrant liquid phase, and density, diffusion, and structural water-like anomalies. Each molecule is constituted by two collapsing beads, representing a harder central core and a softer corona. This induces a competition between distinct conformations that leads to their unique behavior. This provides a basis for the development of more accurate water-like DPD models that can then be parameterized for specific systems and even used to model and understand the self-assembly of colloidal crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rafael Bordin
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física e Matemática, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Ouyang W, Zou S, Zhong J, Xu S. Template-induced crystallization of charged colloids: a molecular dynamics study. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6329-6340. [PMID: 37564036 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00872j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
By using a large enough number of particles and implementing a parallel algorithm on the CUDA platform, we have performed brute-force molecular dynamics simulations to study the template-induced heterogeneous crystallization in charged colloids. Six kinds of templates, whose patterns include the planes of fcc(100), fcc(110), fcc(111), bcc(100), bcc(110) and bcc(111), have been implanted into the middle of the simulation box. Except the fcc(111) template, whose structure benefits not only fcc but also hcp crystals resulting in a similar behavior to homogeneous crystallization, bcc-type templates favor the formation of bcc crystals and bcc-like precursors while fcc-type templates favor the formation of fcc crystals and fcc-like precursors. Therefore, for fcc(100) and fcc(110) templates, heterogeneous crystallization will definitely result in a fcc crystallite. However, the results of heterogeneous crystallization that are induced by bcc-type templates are subtly different at different state points. At the state points where the interaction strength of charged colloids is weak and the fcc phase is thermodynamically stable, the bcc crystals formed with the promotion of bcc-type templates are not stable so as to tend to transform into fcc or hcp crystals. When the interaction strength of charged colloids is high, the predominant bcc crystals formed with the promotion of bcc-type templates can always persist within the time scale of simulation although not bcc but fcc crystals are thermodynamically stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenze Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Shuangyang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jun Zhong
- College of Materials Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Shenghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Dong S, Zheng Q, Tang M, Zhu S, Nie J, Du B. Ionic Microgel Colloidal Crystals: Responsive Chromism in Dual Physical and Chemical Colors for High-End Information Security and Encryption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37418692 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Chromic materials play a decisive and escalating role in information security. However, it is challenging to develop chromic materials for encryption technologies that can hardly be imitated. Inspired by versatile metachrosis in nature, a series of coumarin-based 7-(6-bromohexyloxy)-coumarin microgel colloidal crystals (BrHC MGCC) with multiresponsive chromism are able to be assembled by ionic microgels in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution followed by two cycles of freezing-thawing. The ionic microgels can be finely tailored by in situ quaternization with tunable size under varied temperatures and hydration energies of counterions as well as quenched luminescence under UV irradiation, which endows BrHC MGCC with intriguing chromism in the dual-channel coloration of physical structural color and chemical fluorescent color. Three types of BrHC MGCC exhibit various change ranges in structural coloration and similar quenching in fluorescence emission, which can be utilized for the development of the static-dynamic combined anticounterfeiting system with dual coloration. The information conveyed by the BrHC MGCC array presents dynamic variation versus temperature, while the static information can be only integrally read in both sunlight and a 365 nm UV lamp. The fabrication of a microgel colloidal crystal with dual coloration opens a facile and ecofriendly window for multilevel information security, camouflage, and a cumbersome authentication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunni Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Meiqi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shaoxiong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingjing Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Binyang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Sulka GD. Electrochemistry of Thin Films and Nanostructured Materials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104040. [PMID: 37241782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the development and use of thin films and nanostructured materials to enhance physical and chemical properties of materials has been common practice in the field of materials science and engineering. The progress which has recently been made in tailoring the unique properties of thin films and nanostructured materials, such as a high surface area to volume ratio, surface charge, structure, anisotropic nature, and tunable functionalities, allow expanding the range of their possible applications from mechanical, structural, and protective coatings to electronics, energy storage systems, sensing, optoelectronics, catalysis, and biomedicine. Recent advances have also focused on the importance of electrochemistry in the fabrication and characterization of functional thin films and nanostructured materials, as well as various systems and devices based on these materials. Both cathodic and anodic processes are being extensively developed in order to elaborate new procedures and possibilities for the synthesis and characterization of thin films and nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Dariusz Sulka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387 Krakow, Poland
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Cheddah S, Xia Z, Wang Y, Yan C. Effect of Hydrophobic Moieties on the Assembly of Silica Particles into Colloidal Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5655-5669. [PMID: 37021773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To boost the implementation of colloidal crystals (CCs) in separation science, the effects of the most common chromatographic reversed phases, that is, butyl and octadecyl, on the assembly of silica particles into CCs and on the optical properties of CCs are investigated. Interestingly, particle surface modification can cause phase separation during sedimentation because the assembly is highly sensitive to minute changes in surface characteristics. Solvent-induced surface charge generation through acid-base interactions of acidic residual silanol groups with the solvent is enough to promote colloidal crystallization of modified silica particles. In addition, solvation forces at small interparticle distances are also involved in colloidal assembly. The characterization of CCs formed during sedimentation or via evaporative assembly revealed that C4 particles can form CCs more easily than C18 particles because of their low hydrophobicity; the latter can only form CCs in tetrahydrofuran when C18 chains with a high bonding density have extra hydroxyl side groups. These groups can only be hydrolyzed from trifunctional octadecyl silane but not from a monofunctional one. Moreover, after evaporative assembly, CCs formed from particles with different surface moieties exhibit different lattice spacings because their surface hydrophobicity and chemical heterogeneity can modulate interparticle interactions during the two main stages of assembly: the wet stage of crystal growth and the late stage of nano dewetting (evaporation of interparticle solvent bridges). Finally, short, alkyl-modified CCs were effectively assembled inside silica capillaries with a 100 μm inner diameter, laying the foundation for future chromatographic separation using capillary columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia Cheddah
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zihang Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Roemling LJ, Bleyer G, Goerlitzer ESA, Onishchukov G, Vogel N. Quantitative Optical and Structural Comparison of 3D and (2+1)D Colloidal Photonic Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5211-5221. [PMID: 36989210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal crystals are excellent model systems to study self-assembly and structural coloration because their periodicities coincide with the wavelength range of visible light. Different assembly methods inherently introduce characteristic defects and irregularities, even with nearly monodisperse colloidal particles. Here, we investigate how these imperfections influence the structural coloration by comparing two techniques to obtain colloidal crystals. 3D colloidal crystals produced by convective assembly are well-ordered and periodically arranged but show microscopic cracks. (2+1)D colloidal crystals fabricated by stacking individual monolayers show a decreased hexagonal order and limited crystal registration between single monolayers in the z-direction. We investigate the optical properties of both systems by comparing identical numbers of layers using correlative microspectroscopy. These measurements show that the less ordered (2+1)D colloidal crystals exhibit higher reflected light intensities. Macroscopic reflection integrating all angles shows that the reflected light intensity levels out with an increasing number of layers, whereas incoherent scattering increases. Although both types of colloidal crystal show similar angle-dependent color shifts in specular reflection, the less-ordered structure of the (2+1)D colloidal crystal scatters light within a larger angular range under diffusive illumination. Our results suggest that structural coloration is surprisingly robust toward local defects and irregularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Roemling
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Bleyer
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric S A Goerlitzer
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgy Onishchukov
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Saud KT, Solomon MJ. Microdynamics of active particles in defect-rich colloidal crystals. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:950-960. [PMID: 36989821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Because they are self-propulsive, active colloidal particles can interact with their environment in ways that differ from passive, Brownian particles. Here, we explore how interactions in different microstructural regions may contribute to colloidal crystal annealing. EXPERIMENTS We investigate active particles propagating in a quasi-2D colloidal crystal monolayer produced by alternating current electric fields (active-to-passive particle ratio ∼ 1:720). The active particle is a platinum Janus sphere propelled by asymmetric decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Crystals are characterized for changes in void properties. The mean-squared-displacement of Janus particles are measured to determine how active microdynamics depend on the local microstructure, which is comprised of void regions, void-adjacent regions (defined as within three particle diameters of a void), and interstitial regions. FINDINGS At active particle energy EA = 2.55 kBT, the average void size increases as much as three times and the average void anisotropy increases about 40% relative to the passive case. The average microdynamical enhancement, <δ(t)>, of Janus particles in the crystal relative to an equivalent passive Janus particle is reduced compared to that of a free, active particle (<δ(t) > is 1.88 ± 0.04 and 2.66 ± 0.08, respectively). The concentration of active particles is enriched in void and void-adjacent regions. Active particles exhibit the greatest change in dynamics relative to the passive control in void-adjacent regions (<δ(t)> = 2.58 ± 0.06). The results support the conjecture that active particle microdynamical enhancement in crystal lattices is affected by local defect structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keara T Saud
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael J Solomon
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Varghese J, Mohammadi R, Pochylski M, Babacic V, Gapinski J, Vogel N, Butt HJ, Fytas G, Graczykowski B. Size-dependent nanoscale soldering of polystyrene colloidal crystals by supercritical fluids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 633:314-322. [PMID: 36459936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Polymer particles self-assembled into colloidal crystals have exciting applications in photonics, phononics, templates for nanolithography, and coatings. Cold soldering utilizing polymer plasticization by supercritical fluids enables a novel, low-cost, low-effort, chemical-free means for uniform mechanical strengthening of fragile polymer colloidal crystals at moderate temperatures. Here, we aim to elucidate the role of particle size and gas-specific response for the most efficient soldering, exploring the full potential of this method. EXPERIMENTS We investigate the elastic properties of polystyrene colloidal crystals made of nanoparticles with different diameters (143 to 830 nm) upon treatment with supercritical Ar and He at room temperature. By employing Brillouin light scattering, we quantify the effect of nanoparticle size on the strengthening of interparticle contacts, evaluating the permanent change in the effective elastic modulus upon cold soldering. FINDINGS The relative change in the effective elastic modulus reveals nonmonotonic dependence on the particle size with the most efficient soldering for mid-sized nanoparticles (about 610 nm diameter). We attribute this behavior to the crucial role of intrinsic fabrication impurities, which reduces the nanoparticles' free surface exposed to plasticization by supercritical fluids. Supercritical Ar, a good solvent for polystyrene, enabled effective soldering of nanoparticles, whereas high-pressure He treatment is entirely reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeena Varghese
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Pochylski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Visnja Babacic
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Gapinski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Hans-Juergen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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14
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Fookes F, Polo Parada L, Fidalgo M. A Robust Method for the Elaboration of SiO 2-Based Colloidal Crystals as a Template for Inverse Opal Structures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1433. [PMID: 36772472 PMCID: PMC9920682 DOI: 10.3390/s23031433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals (PCs) are nanomaterials with photonic properties made up of periodically modulated dielectric materials that reflect light between a wavelength range located in the photonic band gap. Colloidal PCs (C-PC) have been proposed for several applications such as optical platforms for the formation of physical, chemical, and biological sensors based on a chromatic response to an external stimulus. In this work, a robust protocol for the elaboration of photonic crystals based on SiO2 particle (SP) deposition using the vertical lifting method was studied. A wide range of lifting speeds and particle suspension concentrations were investigated by evaluating the C-PC reflectance spectrum. Thinner and higher reflectance peaks were obtained with a decrease in the lifting speed and an increase in the SP concentrations up to certain values. Seven batches of twelve C-PCs employing a SP 3% suspension and a lifting speed of 0.28 µm/s were prepared to test the reproducibility of this method. Every C-PC fabricated in this assay has a wavelength peak in a range of 10 nm and a peak width lower than 90 nm. Inverse-opal polymeric films with a highly porous and interconnected morphology were obtained using the developed C-PC as a template. Overall, these results showed that reproducible colloidal crystals could be elaborated on a large scale with a simple apparatus in a short period, providing a step forward in the scale-up of the fabrication of photonic colloidal crystal and IO structures as those employed for the elaboration of photonic polymeric sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Fookes
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral–Conicet, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Luis Polo Parada
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - María Fidalgo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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15
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Xiong Q, Lee OS, Mirkin CA, Schatz G. Ethanol-Induced Condensation and Decondensation in DNA-Linked Nanoparticles: A Nucleosome-like Model for the Condensed State. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:706-716. [PMID: 36573457 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the conventional use of ethanol to induce DNA precipitation, ethanol condensation has been applied as a routine method to dynamically tune "bond" lengths (i.e., the surface-to-surface distances between adjacent nanoparticles that are linked by DNA) and thermal stabilities of colloidal crystals involving DNA-linked nanoparticles. However, the underlying mechanism of how the DNA bond that links gold nanoparticles changes in this class of colloidal crystals in response to ethanol remains unclear. Here, we conducted a series of all-atom molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to explore the free energy landscape for DNA condensation and decondensation. Our simulations confirm that DNA condensation is energetically much more favorable under 80% ethanol conditions than in pure water, as a result of ethanol's role in enhancing electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged species. Moreover, the condensed DNA adopts B-form in pure water and A-form in 80% ethanol, which indicates that the higher-order transition does not affect DNA's conformational preferences. We further propose a nucleosome-like supercoiled model for the DNA condensed state, and we show that the DNA end-to-end distance derived from this model matches the experimentally measured DNA bond length of about 3 nm in the fully condensed state for DNA where the measured length is 16 nm in water. Overall, this study provides an atomistic understanding of the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced condensation and water-induced decondensation, while our proposed nucleosome-like model allows the design of new strategies for interpreting experimental studies of DNA condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinsi Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208-3113, United States
| | - One-Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208-3113, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208-3113, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States.,International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - George Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208-3113, United States
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16
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Li N, Chen Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Yang S, Hu J, Wei J. Ultraviolet-magnetic response multicolored janus colloidal photonic crystal beads for information coding. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Singh PK, Pacholski ML, Gu J, Go YK, Singhal G, Leal C, Braun PV, Patankar KA, Drumright R, Rogers SA, Schroeder CM. Designing Multicomponent Polymer Colloids for Self-Stratifying Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11160-11170. [PMID: 36053575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous polymer colloids known as latexes are widely used in coating applications. Multicomponent latexes comprised of two incompatible polymeric species organized into a core-shell particle morphology are a promising system for self-stratifying coatings that spontaneously partition into multiple layers, thereby yielding complex structured coatings requiring only a single application step. Developing new materials for self-stratifying coatings requires a clear understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties governing phase separation and polymeric species transport. In this work, we study phase separation and self-stratification in polymer films based on multicomponent acrylic (shell) and acrylic-silicone (core) latex particles. Our results show that the molecular weight of the shell polymer and heat aging conditions of the film critically determine the underlying transport phenomena, which ultimately controls phase separation in the film. Unentangled shell polymers result in efficient phase separation within hours with heat aging at reasonable temperatures, whereas entangled shell polymers effectively inhibit phase separation even under extensive heat aging conditions over a period of months due to kinetic limitations. Transmission electron microscopy is used to track morphological changes as a function of thermal aging. Interestingly, our results show that the rheological properties of the latex films are highly sensitive to morphology, and linear shear rheology is used to understand morphological changes. Overall, these results highlight the importance of bulk rheology as a simple and effective tool for understanding changes in morphology in multicomponent latex films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junsi Gu
- The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-2914, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ray Drumright
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
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18
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Ramos PM, Herranz M, Martínez-Fernández D, Foteinopoulou K, Laso M, Karayiannis NC. Crystallization of Flexible Chains of Tangent Hard Spheres under Full Confinement. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5931-5947. [PMID: 35904560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We present results from extensive Monte Carlo simulations on the crystallization of athermal polymers under full confinement. Polymers are represented as freely jointed chains of tangent hard spheres of uniform size. Confinement is applied through the presence of flat, parallel, and impenetrable walls in all dimensions. We analyze crystallization as the summation of two contributions: one that occurs in the bulk volume of the system (bulk crystallization), and one on the wall surfaces (surface crystallization). Depending on volume fraction initially amorphous (disordered) hard-sphere chain packings transit to the stable crystal phase. The established ordered morphologies consist primarily of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystals in the bulk volume and of triangular (TRI) crystals on the surface. As in the case of athermal packings in the bulk (without confinement), a structural competition is observed between the 5-fold local symmetry and the formation of close-packed crystallites. Effectively, the full confinement inside a cube favors the growth of the HCP crystal, as the FCC one is quite incompatible with the imposed spatial constraints. Consequently, we observe the formation of noncompact ordered motifs which grow from the surface to the inner volume of the simulation cell. We further compare the 2D and 3D crystals formed by monomeric hard spheres under the same simulation conditions. Significant differences are observed at low densities that tend to diminish as concentration increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Miguel Ramos
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Herranz
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Martínez-Fernández
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Katerina Foteinopoulou
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Laso
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nikos Ch Karayiannis
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Heterostructure colloidal crystal for light activated Hydrogen sensing at low temperature. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Magnetic Field-Assisted Fast Assembly of Microgel Colloidal Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6057-6065. [PMID: 35502583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the colloidal crystals (CCs) of hard spheres, large-scale, high-quality CCs of soft microgel spheres are easier to be assembled because they are more tolerant to defects. However, to assemble microgel CCs, a microgel dispersion should first be concentrated and then allowed to crystallize, which is tedious and time-consuming. Herein, we demonstrated that a magnetic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel with an Fe3O4 core and a PNIPAM shell can be assembled into CCs quickly by simply applying an external magnetic field to the diluted microgel dispersions. The resulting CCs are highly ordered as revealed by their iridescent color, laser diffraction pattern, and confocal characterization. They display a sharp Bragg peak on their reflection spectra, which shifts to lower wavelength when heated because of the thermosensitivity of the PNIPAM shell. The magnetic assembly is not only simple and fast but also allows control of the CC structure in both horizontal and vertical directions. Using spatially varying magnetic fields, patterned microgel CCs were facilely assembled. More importantly, magnetic microgel spheres with different sizes can be assembled in a layer-by-layer manner by adding them sequentially, and the thickness of each layer can be simply controlled by the amount of spheres added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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21
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Two-dimensional colloidal crystal of soft microgel spheres: Development, preparation and applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 212:112358. [PMID: 35101822 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) colloidal crystals are ordered monolayer arrays of colloidal sphere particles assembled on the substrates or at phase interfaces. Owing to their unique periodic structure and fascinating properties, 2D colloidal crystals have aroused considerable interest because of their potential applications. Among them, 2D colloidal crystals self-assembled from soft microgel spheres stand out particularly. The 2D colloidal crystals of soft microgel spheres combine the advantages of monolayer colloidal crystals and sensitive microgels, which have a good application prospect in biomedical area. In this article, we provide a systematic overview of 2D colloidal crystals of soft microgel spheres related to their development, preparation and applications. First, various preparation methods of 2D colloidal crystal of microgels are introduced, including dip-coating, drop-coating, spin-coating, interface assembly, surface reaction-assisted assembly, and so forth. Second, representative biomedical applications consisting of optical sensor, drug delivery, antibacterial coating, cell culture, and colloidal template are also exemplified to show the high performance of 2D colloidal crystals of soft microgel spheres. In addition, we also present prospects of future developments of 2D microgel colloidal crystals.
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22
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The surface property of PTFE and PVDF liquid marbles. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Guzowski J, Buda RJ, Costantini M, Ćwiklińska M, Garstecki P, Stone HA. From dynamic self-organization to avalanching instabilities in soft-granular threads. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1801-1818. [PMID: 35166293 PMCID: PMC8889560 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of threads of monodisperse droplets, including droplet chains and multi-chains, in which the droplets are interconnected by capillary bridges of another immiscible liquid phase. This system represents wet soft-granular matter - a class of granular materials in which the grains are soft and wetted by thin fluid films-with other examples including wet granular hydrogels or foams. In contrast to wet granular matter with rigid grains (e.g., wet sand), studied previously, the deformability of the grains raises the number of available metastable states and facilitates rearrangements which allow for reorganization and self-assembly of the system under external drive, e.g., applied via viscous forces. We use a co-flow configuration to generate a variety of unique low-dimensional regular granular patterns, intermediate between 1D and 2D, ranging from linear chains and chains with periodically occurring folds to multi-chains and segmented structures including chains of finite length. In particular, we observe that the partially folded chains self-organize via limit cycle of displacements and rearrangements occurring at a frequency self-adapted to the rate of build-up of compressive strain in the chain induced by the viscous forces. Upon weakening of the capillary arrest of the droplets, we observe spontaneous fluidization of the quasi-solid structures and avalanches of rearrangements. We identify two types of fluidization-induced instabilities and rationalize them in terms of a competition between advection and propagation. While we use aqueous droplets as the grains we demonstrate that the reported mechanisms of adaptive self-assembly apply to other types of soft granular systems including foams and microgels. We discuss possible application of the reported quasi-1D compartmentalized structures in tissue engineering, bioprinting and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guzowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - R J Buda
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - M Costantini
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - M Ćwiklińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - P Garstecki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - H A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08544 NJ, USA
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24
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Shaping in the Third Direction; Synthesis of Patterned Colloidal Crystals by Polyester Fabric-Guided Self-Assembly. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234081. [PMID: 34883585 PMCID: PMC8658756 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyester fabric with rectangular openings was used as a sacrificial template for the guiding of a sub-micron sphere (polystyrene (PS) and silica) aqueous colloid self-assembly process during evaporation as a patterned colloidal crystal (PCC). This simple process is also a robust one, being less sensitive to external parameters (ambient pressure, temperature, humidity, vibrations). The most interesting feature of the concave-shape-pattern unit cell (350 μm × 400 μm × 3 μm) of this crystal is the presence of triangular prisms at its border, each prism having a one-dimensional sphere array at its top edge. The high-quality ordered single layer found inside of each unit cell presents the super-prism effect and left-handed behavior. Wider yet elongated deposits with ordered walls and disordered top surfaces were formed under the fabric knots. Rectangular patterning was obtained even for 20 μm PS spheres. Polyester fabrics with other opening geometries and sizes (~300–1000 μm) or with higher fiber elasticity also allowed the formation of similar PCCs, some having curved prismatic walls. A higher colloid concentration (10–20%) induces the formation of thicker walls with fiber-negative replica morphology. Additionally, thick-wall PCCs (~100 μm) with semi-cylindrical morphology were obtained using SiO2 sub-microspheres and a wavy fabric. The colloidal pattern was used as a lithographic mask for natural lithography and as a template for the synthesis of triangular-prism-shaped inverted opals.
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Liu J, Huang J, Niu W, Tan C, Zhang H. Unconventional-Phase Crystalline Materials Constructed from Multiscale Building Blocks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5830-5888. [PMID: 33797882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystal phase, an intrinsic characteristic of crystalline materials, is one of the key parameters to determine their physicochemical properties. Recently, great progress has been made in the synthesis of nanomaterials with unconventional phases that are different from their thermodynamically stable bulk counterparts via various synthetic methods. A nanocrystalline material can also be viewed as an assembly of atoms with long-range order. When larger entities, such as nanoclusters, nanoparticles, and microparticles, are used as building blocks, supercrystalline materials with rich phases are obtained, some of which even have no analogues in the atomic and molecular crystals. The unconventional phases of nanocrystalline and supercrystalline materials endow them with distinctive properties as compared to their conventional counterparts. This Review highlights the state-of-the-art progress of nanocrystalline and supercrystalline materials with unconventional phases constructed from multiscale building blocks, including atoms, nanoclusters, spherical and anisotropic nanoparticles, and microparticles. Emerging strategies for engineering their crystal phases are introduced, with highlights on the governing parameters that are essential for the formation of unconventional phases. Phase-dependent properties and applications of nanocrystalline and supercrystalline materials are summarized. Finally, major challenges and opportunities in future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jingtao Huang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wenxin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Chaoliang Tan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Cai Z, Li Z, Ravaine S, He M, Song Y, Yin Y, Zheng H, Teng J, Zhang A. From colloidal particles to photonic crystals: advances in self-assembly and their emerging applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5898-5951. [PMID: 34027954 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, photonic crystals (PhCs) have attracted intense interests thanks to their broad potential applications in optics and photonics. Generally, these structures can be fabricated via either "top-down" lithographic or "bottom-up" self-assembly approaches. The self-assembly approaches have attracted particular attention due to their low cost, simple fabrication processes, relative convenience of scaling up, and the ease of creating complex structures with nanometer precision. The self-assembled colloidal crystals (CCs), which are good candidates for PhCs, have offered unprecedented opportunities for photonics, optics, optoelectronics, sensing, energy harvesting, environmental remediation, pigments, and many other applications. The creation of high-quality CCs and their mass fabrication over large areas are the critical limiting factors for real-world applications. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art techniques in the self-assembly of colloidal particles for the fabrication of large-area high-quality CCs and CCs with unique symmetries. The first part of this review summarizes the types of defects commonly encountered in the fabrication process and their effects on the optical properties of the resultant CCs. Next, the mechanisms of the formation of cracks/defects are discussed, and a range of versatile fabrication methods to create large-area crack/defect-free two-dimensional and three-dimensional CCs are described. Meanwhile, we also shed light on both the advantages and limitations of these advanced approaches developed to fabricate high-quality CCs. The self-assembly routes and achievements in the fabrication of CCs with the ability to open a complete photonic bandgap, such as cubic diamond and pyrochlore structure CCs, are discussed as well. Then emerging applications of large-area high-quality CCs and unique photonic structures enabled by the advanced self-assembly methods are illustrated. At the end of this review, we outlook the future approaches in the fabrication of perfect CCs and highlight their novel real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Cai
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576, Singapore and Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Serge Ravaine
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mingxin He
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Yanlin Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hanbin Zheng
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Ao Zhang
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Sprayable perfluoropolyether / poly(ethylene glycol) segmented polyurethane coatings with micron-scale phase separated 3D structure. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Kagan CR, Bassett LC, Murray CB, Thompson SM. Colloidal Quantum Dots as Platforms for Quantum Information Science. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3186-3233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Babacic V, Varghese J, Coy E, Kang E, Pochylski M, Gapinski J, Fytas G, Graczykowski B. Mechanical reinforcement of polymer colloidal crystals by supercritical fluids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 579:786-793. [PMID: 32673855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal crystals realized by self-assembled polymer nanoparticles have prominent attraction as a platform for various applications from assembling photonic and phononic crystals, acoustic metamaterials to coating applications. However, the fragility of these systems limits their application horizon. In this work the uniform mechanical reinforcement and tunability of 3D polystyrene colloidal crystals by means of cold soldering are reported. This structural strengthening is achieved by high pressure gas (N2 or Ar) plasticization at temperatures well below the glass transition. Brillouin light scattering is employed to monitor in-situ the mechanical vibrations of the crystal and thereby determine preferential pressure, temperature and time ranges for soldering, i.e. formation of physical bonding among the nanoparticles while maintaining the shape and translational order. This low-cost method is potentially useful for fabrication and tuning of durable devices including applications in photonics, phononics, acoustic metamaterials, optomechanics, surface coatings and nanolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visnja Babacic
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jeena Varghese
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Eunsoo Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Pochylski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Gapinski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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31
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Dalmis R, Birlik I, Ak Azem NF, Celik E. Structurally colored silica photonic crystal coatings modified by Ce or Eu rare-earth dopants. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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T H Tran G, Koike M, Uchikoshi T, Fudouzi H. Rapid Growth of Colloidal Crystal Films from the Concentrated Aqueous Ethanol Suspension. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10683-10689. [PMID: 32816489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing a rapid fabrication of colloidal crystal film is one of the technical issues to apply to wide and various fields. We have been investigating a drying process of colloidal aqueous ethanol (EtOH) suspension formed by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Here, the detailed formation mechanism of the colloidal crystal films with the closest packing structure was investigated by optical microscope and spectroscopy. The growth mechanism from the colloidal suspension to the colloidal crystal film was found to consist of four stages. In the first stage, concentrated colloidal suspension changed to order structure, i.e., nonclosely packed colloidal crystal by Alder phase transition. After this crystallization, we observed Bragg's diffraction peak and structural color. In the second stage, the diffraction peak shifts toward the shorter-wavelength direction (blue shift) due to the reduction of the interparticle distance of the nonclosely packed colloidal crystal. Finally, this peak shift continued until the closely packed colloidal crystal film was formed. In the third stage, the diffraction peak kept almost a similar wavelength due to the liquid film of aqueous EtOH covering on the colloidal crystal film. In the fourth stage, the colloidal crystal film changed from wet to dry condition. The structural color changes from green to blue by the evaporation of the solvent from the interspace of the colloidal crystal film. This color change is explained by the change in the refractive index of the interparticle medium from solvent to air. One of the key findings in our process is a rapid crystal growth using concentrated colloid aqueous EtOH suspension. Drying the concentrated suspension formed a closely packed colloidal crystal film within 55 s. This process has the potential for high-speed deposition of the colloidal crystalline thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T H Tran
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
| | - Masaki Koike
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Uchikoshi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fudouzi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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33
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Deng K, Luo Z, Tan L, Quan Z. Self-assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles into functional superstructures. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6002-6038. [PMID: 32692337 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00541j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) into superstructures offers a flexible and promising pathway to manipulate the nanometer-sized particles and thus make full use of their unique properties. This bottom-up strategy builds a bridge between the NP regime and a new class of transformative materials across multiple length scales for technological applications. In this field, anisotropic NPs with size- and shape-dependent physical properties as self-assembly building blocks have long fascinated scientists. Self-assembly of anisotropic NPs not only opens up exciting opportunities to engineer a variety of intriguing and complex superlattice architectures, but also provides access to discover emergent collective properties that stem from their ordered arrangement. Thus, this has stimulated enormous research interests in both fundamental science and technological applications. This present review comprehensively summarizes the latest advances in this area, and highlights their rich packing behaviors from the viewpoint of NP shape. We provide the basics of the experimental techniques to produce NP superstructures and structural characterization tools, and detail the delicate assembled structures. Then the current understanding of the assembly dynamics is discussed with the assistance of in situ studies, followed by emergent collective properties from these NP assemblies. Finally, we end this article with the remaining challenges and outlook, hoping to encourage further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Zhishan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Zewei Quan
- Department of Chemistry, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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34
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Self-templating assembly of soft microparticles into complex tessellations. Nature 2020; 582:219-224. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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35
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Schmudde M, Grunewald C, Risse T, Graf C. Controlling the Interparticular Distances of Extended Non-Close-Packed Colloidal Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4827-4834. [PMID: 32281382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A versatile method for the preparation extended, well-ordered, non-close-packed monolayers of silica nanoparticles (137 ± 4 nm diameter) with adjustable interparticle distances is presented, which is based on a simple self-assembly procedure using aqueous dispersion with different ionic strengths. It is shown that these structures can be successfully transferred to air without suffering from aggregation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to characterize the structures after transfer into the atmosphere. These investigations were combined with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) experiments to follow the self-assembly process in solution. The nearest-neighbor distance distribution reveals a monotonous decrease of the average nearest-neighbor distance from 290 to 200 nm with increasing ionic strength from 0.05 to 1 mM, which indicates an increased shielding of the electrostatic interaction with increasing ionic strength. The observed saturation coverages for all studied ionic strengths are well explained with an effective hard-sphere model in which the saturation coverage is limited by Coulomb repulsion. However, at ionic strengths above 1 mM, significant amounts of aggregates are found in the dried samples, suggesting that the observed aggregates at high ionic strengths are formed during the drying process caused by capillary forces between the particles. Tuning the barrier for lateral diffusion, e.g., by changing the surface morphology or functionalization of the particles will offer a route to further extend the range of particle distances. The present approach can be easily expanded to a broad range of colloidal materials on surfaces, while it only requires low-cost laboratory equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Schmudde
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Grunewald
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Risse
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Graf
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Shang Y, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Zhao Y. Heart-on-chips screening based on photonic crystals. Biodes Manuf 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-020-00073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Bian F, Sun L, Cai L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Colloidal Crystals from Microfluidics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903931. [PMID: 31515951 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal crystals are of great interest to researchers because of their excellent optical properties and broad applications in barcodes, sensors, displays, drug delivery, and other fields. Therefore, the preparation of high quality colloidal crystals in large quantities with high speed is worth investigating. After decades of development, microfluidics have been developed that provide new choices for many fields, especially for the generation of functional materials in microscale. Through the design of microfluidic chips, colloidal crystals can be prepared controllably with the advantages of fast speed and low cost. In this Review, research progress on colloidal crystals from microfluidics is discussed. After summarizing the classifications, the generation of colloidal crystals from microfluidics is discussed, including basic colloidal particles preparation, and their assembly inside or outside of microfluidic devices. Then, applications of the achieved colloidal crystals from microfluidics are illustrated. Finally, the future development and prospects of microfluidic-based colloidal crystals are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feika Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lijun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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38
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Hafner J, Schrattenholzer J, Teuschel M, Schneider M, Platz D, Schmid U. Modelling the distribution of BaTiO3 nanoparticles in a P(VDF70-TrFE30) polymer matrix for permittivity calculation. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Luo K, Lee DH, Adra HJ, Kim YR. Synthesis of monodisperse starch microparticles through molecular rearrangement of short-chain glucans from natural waxy maize starch. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 218:261-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Lay B, Sabri YM, Kandjani AE, Bhargava SK. Using colloidal lithography to control the formation of gas sorption sites through galvanic replacement reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 547:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Yu S, Cao X, Niu W, Wu S, Ma W, Zhang S. Large-Area and Water Rewriteable Photonic Crystal Films Obtained by the Thermal Assisted Air-Liquid Interface Self Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22777-22785. [PMID: 31194499 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compared with traditional paper, water rewritable photonic crystal (PC) paper is an environmentally friendly and low resource-consuming material for information storage. Although, recently reported PC papers have high-quality structure color showing promising prospect, the paper size, that is within several centimeters, still limits turning it from potential to reality. Here, we present a new water rewritable PC film as large as the A4 size (210 × 300 mm2) with a high-quality structure color. The material is prepared by thermal assisted self-assembly on the air-liquid interface. To fix such a large-area self-assembled PC film, we partially deform and coalesce the self-assembled nanoparticles, which have low glass transition temperature. This process causes the film to be transparent and structural colorless but still keeps the inner 3D-ordered structure. Then, utilizing the hydrophilic nature of the assembled block, the film can be switched to a structural color state by touching water. Diverse brilliant structural colors appear with different assembled particle (poly(butyl methacrylate- co-methylmethacrylate- co-butyl acrylate- co-diacetone acrylamide) named as PBMBD) sizes. The transparency-structural color transition can be performed multiple times reversibly in all or specific regions of the film. It provides a new solution for future applications of rewriteable PC paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd. , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Xu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd. , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Wenbin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd. , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd. , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd. , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd. , Dalian 116024 , China
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42
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Liang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Well-Defined Materials for High-Performance Chromatographic Separation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:451-473. [PMID: 30939031 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation has been widely applied in various fields, such as chemical engineering, precision medicine, energy, and biology. Because chromatographic separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile phase and stationary phase and affected by band dispersion and mass transfer resistance from these two phases, the materials used as the stationary phase play a decisive role in separation performance. In this review, we discuss the design of separation materials to achieve the separation with high efficiency and high resolution and highlight the well-defined materials with uniform pore structure and unique properties. The achievements, recent developments, challenges, and future trends of such materials are discussed. Furthermore, the surface functionalization of separation ma-terials for further improvement of separation performance is reviewed. Finally, future research directions and the challenges of chromatographic separation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
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43
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Mickiewicz D, Basinska T, Gosecka M, Gadzinowski M, Slomkowski S. Colloidal liquid crystal type assemblies of spheroidal polystyrene core/polyglycidol‐rich shell particles (P[S/PGL]) formed at the liquid‐silicon‐air interface by a directed dewetting process. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Mickiewicz
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular StudiesPolish Academy of Sciences H. Sienkiewicza 112, 90‐363 Lodz Poland
| | - Teresa Basinska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular StudiesPolish Academy of Sciences H. Sienkiewicza 112, 90‐363 Lodz Poland
| | - Monika Gosecka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular StudiesPolish Academy of Sciences H. Sienkiewicza 112, 90‐363 Lodz Poland
| | - Mariusz Gadzinowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular StudiesPolish Academy of Sciences H. Sienkiewicza 112, 90‐363 Lodz Poland
| | - Stanislaw Slomkowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular StudiesPolish Academy of Sciences H. Sienkiewicza 112, 90‐363 Lodz Poland
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44
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Suh Y, Pham Q, Shao B, Won Y. The Control of Colloidal Grain Boundaries through Evaporative Vertical Self-Assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804523. [PMID: 30730084 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly continuously gains attention as an excellent method to create novel nanoscale structures with a wide range of applications in photonics, optoelectronics, biomedical engineering, and heat transfer applications. However, self-assembly is governed by a diversity of complex interparticle forces that cause fabricating defectless large scale (>1 cm) colloidal crystals, or opals, to be a daunting challenge. Despite numerous efforts to find an optimal method that offers the perfect colloidal crystal by minimizing defects, it has been difficult to provide physical interpretations that govern the development of defects such as grain boundaries. This study reports the control over grain domains and intentional defect characteristics that develop during evaporative vertical deposition. The degree of particle crystallinity and evaporation conditions is shown to govern the grain domain characteristics, such as shapes and sizes. In particular, the grains fabricated with 300 and 600 nm sphere diameters can be tuned into single-column structures exceeding ≈1 mm by elevating heating temperature up to 93 °C. The understanding of self-assembly physics presented in this work will enable the fabrication of novel self-assembled structures with high periodicity and offer fundamental groundworks for developing large-scale crack-free structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoon Suh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, 5200 Engineering Hall Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2700, USA
| | - Quang Pham
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, 5200 Engineering Hall Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2700, USA
| | - Bowen Shao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, 5200 Engineering Hall Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2700, USA
| | - Yoonjin Won
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, 5200 Engineering Hall Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2700, USA
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45
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Li P, Dou X, Schönherr H. Micropatterning and nanopatterning with polymeric materials for advanced biointerface‐controlled systems. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
| | - Xiaoqiu Dou
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
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46
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Park JS, Lee B, Park JH, Choi YJ, Song JE, Kim MG, La JA, Pyun SB, Cho EC. Flow Behaviors of Polymer Colloids and Curing Resins Affect Pore Diameters and Heights of Periodic Porous Polymer Films to Direct Their Surface and Optical Characteristics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2719-2727. [PMID: 30667231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of both pore diameters and heights of two-dimensional periodic porous polymer films is important to extensively control their characteristics. However, except for using different sized colloid templates in replication methods, an effective method that tunes these factors has rarely been reported. We found that both parameters are controllable by adjusting the flow behaviors of polystyrene colloids and curing resin precursors during the preparation of phenolic resin and poly(dimethylsiloxane) periodic porous films by embedding their precursors into colloidal crystal monolayers. We adjust the flow behaviors by either varying film preparation temperatures (≥glass transition temperature of polystyrene) or using the precursors mixed with different amounts of solvents that renders the colloids viscous. Consequently, the pore diameters and film heights change by 36-56 and 56-84%, respectively. Such modulation results in the change in height to diameter ratios and the areal fractions of resins at air-film interfaces, thereby significantly changing the water contact angles on these surfaces and their photonic characteristics. This straightforward method does not require additional steps, differently sized colloids, or different amounts of precursors for these parameter controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seong Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Beu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Yeon Jae Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Min Gyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Ju A La
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Seung Beom Pyun
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Eun Chul Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
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47
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Wu X, Lan D, Zhang R, Pang F, Ge J. Fabrication of Opaline ZnO Photonic Crystal Film and Its Slow-Photon Effect on Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:194-202. [PMID: 30520643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monodisperse ZnO particles with adjustable size have been produced on a large scale by two-step seeding-growth polyol reactions. Through spin coating of supersaturated ZnO/diethylene glycol solution and evaporation of solvent, opaline ZnO photonic crystal (PC) film with good crystallinity and uniform photonic structures can be prepared from these ZnO particles. Compared with a disorderly stacked ZnO film, the ZnO PC film shows a higher activity in photocatalytic reduction of CO2 due to the generated slow photons at the edge of the photonic band gap and their promotion to the light absorption. When the electronic band gap of ZnO matches the red edge of the photonic band gap of ZnO PC, the enhancement factor of photocatalytic activity represented by CO evolution can be maximized to 2.64-fold in the current experiment. Compared to the traditional inverse opal photocatalysts, the opaline ZnO photocatalysts are prepared by simplified and scalable procedures, and they still possess the same enhancement in activity compared to ZnO without the photonic structure, which might be broadly used in solar energy utilization, environment protection, and many other green chemical processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Dengpeng Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Ruifang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Fei Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Jianping Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
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48
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Xie J, Duan M, Bai P, Lei K, Yang C, Liu B, Zhang L, Tang J, Wang Y, Wang H. Gas-Sensing Mechanism of Silica with Photonic Bandgap Shift. Anal Chem 2019; 91:1133-1139. [PMID: 30509066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two physical models, the replacing model and the filling model, have been proposed to explain the mechanism of the effective-refractive-index change of photonic crystals (PCs). Theoretically, the photonic bandgap (PBG) would shift when PCs are exposed to different environments, which leads to a change of the effective refractive index of PCs. However, the mechanism of effective-refractive-index change is distinct when PCs are placed in different gases or vapors. Here, silica PCs were successfully fabricated by a self-assembly method. The PBG of silica PCs exhibit similar redshifts in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and in small-molecule gases. We propose a replacing model to elaborate silica PCs exposed to VOCs and a filling model to explain silica PCs exposed to small-molecule gases. Additionally, the redshift of PBG was transformed into the volume fraction of adsorbed gas in order to achieve selective sensing of silica PCs. The approach could be exploited for applications in sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China.,Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Ming Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China
| | - Penghui Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China
| | - Kai Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China
| | - Biao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China
| | - Junlei Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China
| | - Hu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University (SWPU) , Chengdu 610500 , China
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49
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Yu B, Luo Y, Zhang X, Usman M, Ahmed A, Shen Y, Cong H. Preparation of pocket shaped microfiltration membranes with binary porous structures. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8660-8665. [PMID: 30328880 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01637b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly permeable pocket-shaped microfiltration membranes with binary porous structures, which are composed of brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO), were prepared on needles by breath figure (BF) and colloidal crystal template (CCT) methods. In colloidal crystal templates, the membrane pore size in the bottom layer was adjusted by SiO2 microsphere diameter in the colloidal crystal template, while that in the top layer was adjusted by changing the BPPO concentration. The permeability of the binary porous membrane prepared by BF and CCT methods was higher than that of membranes only prepared by the BF method. Due to high permeability and antifouling properties, the pocket shaped binary porous membrane was connected to a syringe and used as a filter film in microfiltration and sample preparation fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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50
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Waterhouse GIN, Chen WT, Chan A, Sun-Waterhouse D. Achieving Color and Function with Structure: Optical and Catalytic Support Properties of ZrO 2 Inverse Opal Thin Films. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9658-9674. [PMID: 31459096 PMCID: PMC6645476 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from natural photonic crystal architectures, we report herein the successful fabrication of zirconia inverse opal (ZrO2 IO) thin-film photonic crystals possessing striking iridescence at visible wavelengths. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal crystal thin films (synthetic opals) were first deposited on glass microscope slides, after which the interstitial voids in the films were filled with a Zr(IV) sol. Controlled calcination of the resulting composite films yielded iridescent ZrO2 IO thin films with pseudo photonic band gaps (PBGs) along the surface normal at visible wavelengths. The PBG position was dependent on the macropore diameter (D) in the inverse opals (and thus proportional to the diameter of the PMMA colloids in the sacrificial templates), the incident angle of light with respect to the surface normal (θ), and also the refractive index of the medium filling the macropores, all of which were accurately described by a modified Bragg's law expression. Au/ZrO2 IO catalysts prepared using the ZrO2 IO films demonstrated outstanding performance for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of NaBH4, which can be attributed to the interconnected macroporosity in the films, which afforded a high Au nanoparticle dispersion and also facile diffusion of 4-nitrophenol to the catalytically active Au sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey I. N. Waterhouse
- School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The
MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The
Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- E-mail: . Tel: 64-9-9237212. Fax: 64-9-373 7422
| | - Wan-Ting Chen
- School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The
MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The
Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Chan
- School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The
MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The
Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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