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Nakken CL, Meier S, Mjøs SA, Bijlsma L, Rowland SJ, Donald CE. Discovery of polycyclic aromatic acid metabolites in fish exposed to the petroleum compounds 1-methylphenanthrene and 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170496. [PMID: 38296090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Most of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in petroleum are alkylated (alkyl PAHs), still the metabolism of these alkyl PAHs to the expected acid products (polycyclic aromatic acids; PAAs) has yet to be demonstrated in oil-exposed fish. Should these compounds be discovered in fish as they have in ragworm, rodents, and humans, they could present an indicative biomarker for assessing oil pollution. In this study, the ability to biotransform alkyl PAHs to PAAs was examined on Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Exposure to phenanthrene, 1-methyphenanthrene or 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene was performed via intraperitoneal injection. An Ion Mobility Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (IMS-Q-TOF MS) was used in exploratory analysis of extracted bile samples. Acquisition of four-dimensional information by coupling liquid chromatography with the IMS-Q-TOF MS and in-silico prediction for feature prioritization in the data processing workflow allowed several tentative identifications with high degree of confidence. This work presents the first detection of PAAs in fish and suggests the importance of investigating alkyl PAHs in ecotoxicological studies of oil-polluted fish environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Nakken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Svein A Mjøs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Carey E Donald
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
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2
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Hümmler A, Bayer VJ, Achten C. Unravelling mixed sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban soils by visual characterization of anthropogenic substrates and coal particles, 71 PAH and alkylated PAH patterns. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123029. [PMID: 38030105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources in heterogeneous urban soils containing pyrogenic and/or petrogenic anthropogenic substrates is a common task for risk assessment. Here, for the first time, the results of source identification using analysis of 71 PAH, alkylated PAH patterns and PAH Alkylation Index were related to visually identified and quantified anthropogenic substrates in 50 soil samples. Only the combination of chemical methods with visual characterization enabled the deeper understanding of varying alkylated PAH patterns used for source apportionment and their superimposition if multiple sources occur. Pyrogenic substrates show homogenic slope-shape PAH patterns despite large visual variety. Petrogenic substrates (bituminous coals), show prevailingly bell-shape patterns but pyrogenic patterns also occur, probably due to residues from industrial processes and/or sorption of other pyrogenic PAH. Superimposition of both PAH patterns within a sample results in intermediate patterns, which are determined by the abundance of substrates and their individual PAH contents. A discrepancy between the share of petrogenic substrates and petrogenic PAH was observed due to low-medium PAH contents from coals/tailings. This may lead to misinterpretations if only chemical source identification methods are applied. With increasing proportion of petrogenic PAH in the mixture, the intermediate V-shape pattern (later bell-shape) appears in lower molecular weight PAH and moves progressively to higher molecular weight PAH. ∑71 PAH contents vary from 1.77 to 326.5 mg/kg (median 26.5 mg/kg). Non-EPA PAH measured include highly toxic ∑4 dibenzopyrene isomers (0.045-6.23 mg/kg, median 0.79 mg/kg) and 7H-benzo[c]fluorene (0.008-1.57 mg/kg, median 0.12 mg/kg). Most common anthropogenic substrates are bottom ashes, slags, bituminous coals/tailings and coke/coke ash. The PAH Alkylation Index identifies reliably samples dominated by either petrogenic (<0.4) or pyrogenic (>0.9) PAH, independently of the PAH content. Mixed or primarily pyrogenic PAH sources (0.4-0.9) need further investigations, like the presented combination of methods, which enables a reliable source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hümmler
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 24, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Viviane J Bayer
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 24, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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3
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Poulsen R, Gravert TKO, Tartara A, Bensen HK, Gunnarsen KC, Dicová K, Nielsen NJ, Christensen JH. A case study of PAH contamination using blue mussels as a bioindicator in a small Greenlandic fishing harbor. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112688. [PMID: 34271510 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of local anthropogenic activity on the marine environment around the remote harbor of Qeqertarsuaq, West Greenland. Blue mussels (Mytilus sp.) were used as a bioindicator, and their physiological condition was found to decrease with increasing proximity to the harbor. Subsequently, the distribution of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 9 groups of alkylated PAHs were measured in mussel and sediment samples. The highest values were found in a rocky collection area 15 m from a wooden pier frequented by small boats. A PAH source investigation, indicated a mixed source from light fuel oils and creosote used as boat coating. Finally, correlations between the mussels morphological condition and the PAH pollution were found to be significant for 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs. In conclusion, the results indicate that pollution sources in harbors have significant effects on the local environment and should be considered in arctic conservation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Poulsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Arianna Tartara
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henriette Kornmaaler Bensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Klara Cecilia Gunnarsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kristína Dicová
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nikoline Juul Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan Henning Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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4
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Beriro DJ, Cave M, Kim A, Craggs J, Wragg J, Thomas R, Taylor C, Nathanail CP, Vane C. Soil-sebum partition coefficients for high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122633. [PMID: 32512434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH) soil-sebum partition coefficients (KSS) were measured for twelve soils collected from former UK gasworks. Concentrations of ∑16 USEPA PAH in the soils ranged from 51 to 1440 mg/kg. Time series extractions (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h) at skin temperature (32 °C) of HMW-PAH from sebum to soil for two samples were conducted to determine the maximum release time-step. The maximum HMW-PAH release time-step was determined as 4 h, which was subsequently used as the extraction time for the remaining samples. The 4 h extraction for all samples showed HMW-PAH KSS ranging from 0.06 to 1.4 (median = 0.59; mean = 0.59; standard deviation = 0.27; median absolute deviation = 0.29). Evaluation of KSS data for the 4 h extractions showed that soil type and selected HMW-PAH properties (literature based molecular weight and octanol-carbon partition coefficients) affect the amount of HMW-PAH released from soil into sebum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Mark Cave
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Alex Kim
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Jonathan Craggs
- University of Nottingham, School of Geography, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | | | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd. National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
| | - C Paul Nathanail
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK; Land Quality Management, Sir Colin Campbell Building, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Christopher Vane
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
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Schemeth D, Nielsen NJ, Andersson JT, Christensen JH. A tiered analytical approach for target, non-target and suspect screening analysis of polar transformation products of polycyclic aromatic compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:175-184. [PMID: 31255758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) possess toxicity towards humans, and their presence in the environment is unwanted. Polar transformation products (TPs) are more mobile, and can be considered emerging contaminants, as they represent a more bioavailable carrier of the same toxic properties. Acidic TPs has been proposed as an important class of polar TPs. This study presents a tiered analytical approach to investigate acidic and polar PAC TPs in environmental conditions. The tiered approach exploits target analysis for quantification of acids; suspect screening for tentative identification based on retention time and spectral matching using databases; and finally non-target analysis based on chromatography and data independent broadband MS to highlight potentially unknown analyte peaks. The approach includes a mixed-mode anion exchange solid phase extraction (MAX-SPE) to fractionate neutral and acidic compounds, and is applied to three cases: I) Photo-oxidation of six PACs generated suspected hydroxylated-, carbonylated- and carboxylated PACs but also proposed the presence of mono- and dicarboxylic acids, which have not been reported elsewhere. For a subset of four acids, conversion rates were determined. II) Recovery of spiked acids from diesel spilled harbor water was 80% by LC-MS, and diesel spill weathering was evaluated from the neutral fraction by GC-MS. III) By non-target analysis sulfonated PACs, presumable derived from photo-oxidation, were detected in run-off basins of an arctic landfarm, alongside hypothesized naturally occuring fatty acids. The tiered approach is a sensitive and versatile tool to extract information on PACs and their polar TPs from polluted environmental sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Schemeth
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Nikoline J Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan T Andersson
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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6
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Khan MAI, Biswas B, Smith E, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Toxicity assessment of fresh and weathered petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil- a review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:755-767. [PMID: 30179840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is widespread throughout the globe due to the massive production of TPH anthropogenically and its occurrence in the soil. TPH is toxic to beneficial soil organisms and humans and thus has become a serious concern among the public. Traditionally TPH toxicity in the soil is estimated based on chemical fractions and a range of bioassays including plants, invertebrates and microorganisms. There is a large inconsistency among ecotoxicology data using these assays due to the nature of TPH and their weathering. Therefore, in this article, we critically reviewed the weathered conditions of TPH, the potential fate in soil and the bioindicators for the assessment of the ecotoxicity. Based on the current research and the state-of-the-art problem, we also highlighted key recommendations for future research scope for the real-world solution of the ecotoxicological studies of hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atikul Islam Khan
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ACT Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Bhabananda Biswas
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ACT Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Euan Smith
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ACT Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ACT Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ACT Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ACT Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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7
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Larsson M, Lam MM, van Hees P, Giesy JP, Engwall M. Occurrence and leachability of polycyclic aromatic compounds in contaminated soils: Chemical and bioanalytical characterization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1476-1484. [PMID: 29890612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An important concern regarding sites contaminated with polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is the risk of groundwater contamination by release of the compounds from soils. The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence and leachability of 77 PACs including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-PACs) among total aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in soils from historical contaminated sites. A novel approach combining chemical and bioanalytical methods in combination with characterization of leachability by use of a column leaching test was used. Similar profiles of relative concentrations of PACs were observed in all soils, with parent PAHs accounting for 71 to 90% of total concentrations in soils. Contribution of oxy-PAHs, alkyl-PAHs and N-PACs ranged from 2 to 9%, 3 to 9% and 1 to 14%, respectively. Although the contributions of groups of PACs were small, some compounds were found in similar or greater concentrations than parent PAHs. Leachable fractions of 77 PACs from soils were small and ranged from 0.002 to 0.54%. Polar PACs were shown to be more leachable than parent PAHs. The contribution of analyzed PACS to overall AhR-mediated activities in soils and leachates suggests presence of other AhR agonists in soils, and a potential risk. Only a small fraction of AhR agonists was available in soils, indicating an overestimation of the risk if only total initial concentrations in soils would be considered in risk assessment. The results of the study strongly support that focus on 16US EPA PAHs may result in inadequate assessment of risk and hazard of PACs in complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Monika M Lam
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Patrick van Hees
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Eurofins Environment Testing Sweden AB, SE-531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicological Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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8
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Greish S, Rinnan Å, Marcussen H, Holm PE, Christensen JH. Interaction mechanisms between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic soil washing agents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:299-311. [PMID: 29034424 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding interaction mechanisms between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soil-washing agents can help in choosing efficient agents which are able to desorb and solubilize PAHs. This study investigated interaction mechanisms between pyrene and four washing agents including: two dissolved organic matters (DOM) F-DOM and CRC-DOM, and two commercial bio-based surfactants BBE-1000 and Supersolv using fluorescence spectroscopy combined with multivariate curve resolution alternating regression (MCR-AR). The efficiencies of these washing agents in removing PAHs from the soil were tested in a soil washing experiment. Pyrene showed π-π interactions with F-DOM and no interaction with CRC-DOM. This could be attributed to the more aromatic structures in F-DOM compared to CRC-DOM. The two DOMs were inefficient in soil washing which might be attributed to the relatively weak effect of π-π interactions in releasing PAHs from the soil. Interaction mechanisms between pyrene and the bio-based surfactants were elucidated with MCR-AR, which resolved three spectroscopically active species from pyrene emission spectra as a function of pyrene and bio-based surfactants concentrations. These species resembled pyrene emission in a polar and nonpolar microenvironment, respectively and of an excimer. Concentration profiles retrieved by the model for the three species showed that, below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), Supersolv created more nonpolar interactions with pyrene compared to BBE-1000. In soil washing, Supersolv showed the highest efficiency in extracting PAHs from the soil. This highlighted the importance of nonpolar interactions in desorbing PAHs from soils, which could then be solubilized in micelles. This study demonstrated the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy combined with the MCR-AR model for selecting efficient soil-washing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Greish
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Helle Marcussen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter E Holm
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Sun Z, Zhu Y, Zhuo S, Liu W, Zeng EY, Wang X, Xing B, Tao S. Occurrence of nitro- and oxy-PAHs in agricultural soils in eastern China and excess lifetime cancer risks from human exposure through soil ingestion. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:261-270. [PMID: 28898809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The quality of agricultural soil is vital to human health, however soil contamination is a severe problem in China. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been found to be among the major soil contaminants in China. PAH derivatives could be more toxic but their measurements in soils are extremely limited. This study reports levels, spatial distributions and compositions of 11 nitrated (nPAHs) and 4 oxygenated PAHs (oPAHs) in agricultural soils covering 26 provinces in eastern China to fill the data gap. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) from the exposure to them in addition to 21 parent PAHs (pPAHs) via soil ingestion has been estimated. The mean concentration of ∑nPAHs and ∑oPAHs in agricultural soils is 50±45μg/kg and 9±8μg/kg respectively. Both ∑nPAHs and ∑oPAHs follow a similar spatial distribution pattern with elevated concentrations found in Liaoning, Shanxi, Henan and Guizhou. However if taking account of pPAHs, the high ELCR by soil ingestion is estimated for Shanxi, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Jiangsu and Hubei. The maximum ELCR is estimated at ca.10-5 by both deterministic and probabilistic studies with moderate toxic equivalent factors (TEFs). If maximum TEFs available are applied, there is a 0.2% probability that the ELCR will exceed 10-4 in the areas covered. There is a great chance to underestimate the ELCR via soil ingestion for some regions if only the 16 priority PAHs in agricultural soils are considered. The early life exposure and burden are considered extremely important to ELCR. Emission sources are qualitatively predicted and for areas with higher ELCR such as Shanxi and Liaoning, new loadings of PAHs and derivatives are identified. This is the first large scale study on nPAHs and oPAHs contamination levels in agricultural soils in China. The risk assessment based on this underpins the policy making and is valuable for both scientists and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shaojie Zhuo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xilong Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Scheibye K, Christensen JH, Johnsen AR. Biodegradation of crude oil in Arctic subsurface water from the Disko Bay (Greenland) is limited. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:73-80. [PMID: 28162802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological degradation is the main process for oil degradation in a subsurface oil plume. There is, however, little information on the biodegradation potential of Arctic, marine subsurface environments. We therefore investigated oil biodegradation in microcosms at 2 °C containing Arctic subsurface seawater from the Disko Bay (Greenland) and crude oil at three concentrations of 2.5-10 mg/L. Within 71 days, the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration decreased only by 18 ± 18% for an initial concentration of 5 mg/L. The saturated alkanes nC13-nC30 and the isoprenoids iC18-iC21 were biodegraded at all concentrations indicating a substantial potential for biodegradation of these compound classes. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) disappeared from the oil phase, but dissolution was the main process of removal. Analysis of diagnostic ratios indicated almost no PAC biodegradation except for the C1-naphthalenes. To conclude, the marine subsurface microorganisms from the Disko Bay had the potential for biodegradation of n-alkanes and isoprenoids while the metabolically complex and toxic PACs and their alkylated homologs remained almost unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Scheibye
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Anders R Johnsen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 København K, Denmark
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11
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Pérez-Fernández B, Viñas L, Bargiela J. Historical Profiles of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Sediment Cores from Northwest Spain. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:439-453. [PMID: 27638715 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The northwest coast of Spain is characterized by an irregular coastline rich in marine life and with the highest mussel production in Europe. Taking this into account, the characterization of the pollution levels and the sources involved appear necessary. Not only were parent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysed but also their alkylated homologues. In total, 35 compounds were analyzed in 5 sediment cores. Sediments were collected using a box core dredge and extracted by (Pressurized Liquid Extraction) whilst the quantification of PAHs was performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentration detected varied from 49.6 to 2489 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.) of which parent PAHs ranged from 44.5 to 2254 ng g-1 d.w. and alkylated PAHs varied from 5.04 to 317 ng g-1 d.w. Temporal and spatial evolution were outlined and pollution sources were identified along with a possible correlation between this pollution and local history and industry. Most of the PAHs from the superficial samples have a biomass and coal combustion profile, and some specific, localized events are reflected in the total PAH concentration evolution. Moreover, the study of the deepest layers of the sampled cores provides a baseline to develop background concentration values that will help in future sediment quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pérez-Fernández
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai - Canido, 36390, Vigo, Spain
- Campus do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai - Canido, 36390, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jesica Bargiela
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai - Canido, 36390, Vigo, Spain
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