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Tong Z, Shen C, Li Q, Yin H, Mao H. Combining sensors and actuators with electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD): advanced digital microfluidic systems for biomedical applications. Analyst 2023; 148:1399-1421. [PMID: 36752059 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01707e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The concept of digital microfluidics (DMF) enables highly flexible and precise droplet manipulation at a picoliter scale, making DMF a promising approach to realize integrated, miniaturized "lab-on-a-chip" (LOC) systems for research and clinical purposes. Owing to its simplicity and effectiveness, electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) is one of the most commonly studied and applied effects to implement DMF. However, complex biomedical assays usually require more sophisticated sample handling and detection capabilities than basic EWOD manipulation. Alternatively, combined systems integrating EWOD actuators and other fluidic handling techniques are essential for bringing DMF into practical use. In this paper, we briefly review the main approaches for the integration/combination of EWOD with other microfluidic manipulation methods or additional external fields for specified biomedical applications. The form of integration ranges from independently operating sub-systems to fully coupled hybrid actuators. The corresponding biomedical applications of these works are also summarized to illustrate the significance of these innovative combination attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoduo Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China. .,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuanjie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China. .,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiushi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Hao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China. .,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongju Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
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2
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Luna R, Heineck DP, Bucher E, Heiser L, Ibsen SD. Theoretical and experimental analysis of negative dielectrophoresis‐induced particle trajectories. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1366-1377. [PMID: 35377504 PMCID: PMC9325439 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many biomedical analysis applications require trapping and manipulating single cells and cell clusters within microfluidic devices. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label‐free technique that can achieve flexible cell trapping, without physical barriers, using electric field gradients created in the device by an electrode microarray. Little is known about how fluid flow forces created by the electrodes, such as thermally driven convection and electroosmosis, affect DEP‐based cell capture under high conductance media conditions that simulate physiologically relevant fluids such as blood or plasma. Here, we compare theoretical trajectories of particles under the influence of negative DEP (nDEP) with observed trajectories of real particles in a high conductance buffer. We used 10‐µm diameter polystyrene beads as model cells and tracked their trajectories in the DEP microfluidic chip. The theoretical nDEP trajectories were in close agreement with the observed particle behavior. This agreement indicates that the movement of the particles was highly dominated by the DEP force and that contributions from thermal‐ and electroosmotic‐driven flows were negligible under these experimental conditions. The analysis protocol developed here offers a strategy that can be applied to future studies with different applied voltages, frequencies, conductivities, and polarization properties of the targeted particles and surrounding medium. These findings motivate further DEP device development to manipulate particle trajectories for trapping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Luna
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Daniel P. Heineck
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Elmar Bucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Laura Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Stuart D. Ibsen
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
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3
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Rahman MRU, Kwak TJ, Woehl JC, Chang WJ. Effect of geometry on dielectrophoretic trap stiffness in microparticle trapping. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:33. [PMID: 34185161 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis, an electrokinetic technique, can be used for contactless manipulation of micro- and nano-size particles suspended in a fluid. We present a 3-D microfluidic DEP device with an orthogonal electrode configuration that uses negative dielectrophoresis to trap spherical polystyrene micro-particles. Traps with three different basic geometric shapes, i.e. triangular, square, and circular, and a fixed trap area of around 900 μm2 were investigated to determine the effect of trap shape on dynamics and strength of particle trapping. Effects of trap geometry were quantitatively investigated by means of trap stiffness, with applied electric potentials from 6 VP-P to 10 VP-P at 1 MHz. Analyzing the trap stiffness with a trapped 4.42 μm spherical particle showed that the triangular trap is the strongest, while the square shape trap is the weakest. The trap stiffness grew more than eight times in triangular traps and six times in both square and circular traps when the potential of the applied electric field was increased from 6 VP-P to 10 VP-P at 1 MHz. With the maximum applied potential, i.e. 10 VP-P at 1 MHz, the stiffness of the triangular trap was 60% and 26% stronger than the square and circular trap, respectively. A finite element model of the microfluidic DEP device was developed to numerically compute the DEP force for these trap shapes. The findings from the numerical computation demonstrate good agreement with the experimental analysis. The analysis of three different trap shapes provides important insights to predict trapping location, strength of the trapping zone, and optimized geometry for high throughput particle trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae Joon Kwak
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jörg C Woehl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Woo-Jin Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA. .,School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA.
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4
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Rahman MRU, Kwak TJ, Woehl JC, Chang WJ. Quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional trap stiffness of a dielectrophoretic corral trap. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:644-655. [PMID: 33340119 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis is a robust approach for the manipulation and separation of (bio)particles using microfluidic platforms. We developed a dielectrophoretic corral trap in a microfluidic device that utilizes negative dielectrophoresis to capture single spherical polystyrene particles. Circular-shaped micron-size traps were employed inside the device and the three-dimensional trap stiffness (restoring trapping force from equilibrium trapping location) was analyzed using 4.42 μm particles and 1 MHz of an alternating electric field from 6 VP-P to 10 VP-P . The trap stiffness increased exponentially in the x- and y-direction, and linearly in the z-direction. Image analysis of the trapped particle movements revealed that the trap stiffness is increased 608.4, 539.3, and 79.7% by increasing the voltage from 6 VP-P to 10 VP-P in the x-, y-, and z-direction, respectively. The trap stiffness calculated from a finite element simulation of the device confirmed the experimental results. This analysis provides important insights to predict the trapping location, strength of the trapping, and optimum geometry for single particle trapping and its applications such as single-molecule analysis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae Joon Kwak
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jörg C Woehl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Woo-Jin Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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5
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Zhai J, Li H, Wong AHH, Dong C, Yi S, Jia Y, Mak PI, Deng CX, Martins RP. A digital microfluidic system with 3D microstructures for single-cell culture. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:6. [PMID: 34567621 PMCID: PMC8433300 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the precise controllability of droplet samples in digital microfluidic (DMF) systems, their capability in isolating single cells for long-time culture is still limited: typically, only a few cells can be captured on an electrode. Although fabricating small-sized hydrophilic micropatches on an electrode aids single-cell capture, the actuation voltage for droplet transportation has to be significantly raised, resulting in a shorter lifetime for the DMF chip and a larger risk of damaging the cells. In this work, a DMF system with 3D microstructures engineered on-chip is proposed to form semi-closed micro-wells for efficient single-cell isolation and long-time culture. Our optimum results showed that approximately 20% of the micro-wells over a 30 × 30 array were occupied by isolated single cells. In addition, low-evaporation-temperature oil and surfactant aided the system in achieving a low droplet actuation voltage of 36V, which was 4 times lower than the typical 150 V, minimizing the potential damage to the cells in the droplets and to the DMF chip. To exemplify the technological advances, drug sensitivity tests were run in our DMF system to investigate the cell response of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and breast normal cells (MCF-10A) to a widely used chemotherapeutic drug, Cisplatin (Cis). The results on-chip were consistent with those screened in conventional 96-well plates. This novel, simple and robust single-cell trapping method has great potential in biological research at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhai
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Haoran Li
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ada Hang-Heng Wong
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Cheng Dong
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Shuhong Yi
- Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Pui-In Mak
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Rui P. Martins
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- on leave from Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Punjiya M, Nejad HR, Mathews J, Levin M, Sonkusale S. A flow through device for simultaneous dielectrophoretic cell trapping and AC electroporation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11988. [PMID: 31427614 PMCID: PMC6700080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of cells and their transfection in a controlled manner is an integral step in cell biotechnology. Electric field approaches such as dielectrophoresis (DEP) offers a more viable method for targeted immobilization of cells without any labels. For transfection of cells to incorporate exogenous materials, electrical methods such as electroporation, are preferred over chemical and viral delivery methods since they minimally affect cell viability and can target many types. However prior approaches to both methods required multiple excitation sources, an AC source for DEP-based trapping and another DC source for electroporation. In this paper, we present a first of its kind flow through lab-on-chip platform using a single AC excitation source for combined trapping using negative dielectrophoresis (nDEP) and AC electroporation. Use of AC fields for electroporation eliminates the unwanted side effects of electrolysis or joule heating at electrodes compared to DC electroporation. Adjusting the flow rate and the electrical parameters of the incident AC field precisely controls the operation (trap, trap with electroporation and release). The platform has been validated through trapping and simultaneous transfection of HEK-293 embryonic kidney cells with a plasmid vector containing a fluorescent protein tag. Numerical scaling analysis is provided that indicates promise for individual cell trapping and electroporation using low voltage AC fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Punjiya
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Hojatollah Rezaei Nejad
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Juanita Mathews
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Sameer Sonkusale
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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7
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Dalili A, Samiei E, Hoorfar M. A review of sorting, separation and isolation of cells and microbeads for biomedical applications: microfluidic approaches. Analyst 2019; 144:87-113. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have reviewed the microfluidic approaches for cell/particle isolation and sorting, and extensively explained the mechanism behind each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Dalili
- The University of British
- School of Engineering
- Kelowna
- Canada V1 V 1 V7
| | - Ehsan Samiei
- University of Victoria
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Victoria
- Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- The University of British
- School of Engineering
- Kelowna
- Canada V1 V 1 V7
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8
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Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a droplet-based liquid-handling technology that has recently become popular for cell culture and analysis. In DMF, picoliter- to microliter-sized droplets are manipulated on a planar surface using electric fields, thus enabling software-reconfigurable operations on individual droplets, such as move, merge, split, and dispense from reservoirs. Using this technique, multistep cell-based processes can be carried out using simple and compact instrumentation, making DMF an attractive platform for eventual integration into routine biology workflows. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art in DMF cell culture, and describe design considerations, types of DMF cell culture, and cell-based applications of DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonsus H C Ng
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; .,The Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Bingyu Betty Li
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; .,The Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - M Dean Chamberlain
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; .,The Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; .,The Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Samiei E, Tabrizian M, Hoorfar M. A review of digital microfluidics as portable platforms for lab-on a-chip applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2376-96. [PMID: 27272540 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Following the development of microfluidic systems, there has been a high tendency towards developing lab-on-a-chip devices for biochemical applications. A great deal of effort has been devoted to improve and advance these devices with the goal of performing complete sets of biochemical assays on the device and possibly developing portable platforms for point of care applications. Among the different microfluidic systems used for such a purpose, digital microfluidics (DMF) shows high flexibility and capability of performing multiplex and parallel biochemical operations, and hence, has been considered as a suitable candidate for lab-on-a-chip applications. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in the DMF platforms, and evaluate the feasibility of developing multifunctional packages for performing complete sets of processes of biochemical assays, particularly for point-of-care applications. The progress in the development of DMF systems is reviewed from eight different aspects, including device fabrication, basic fluidic operations, automation, manipulation of biological samples, advanced operations, detection, biological applications, and finally, packaging and portability of the DMF devices. Success in developing the lab-on-a-chip DMF devices will be concluded based on the advances achieved in each of these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Samiei
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Nestor BA, Samiei E, Samanipour R, Gupta A, Van den Berg A, Diaz de Leon Derby M, Wang Z, Nejad HR, Kim K, Hoorfar M. Digital microfluidic platform for dielectrophoretic patterning of cells encapsulated in hydrogel droplets. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10412f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present a method for cell patterning and culture within a hydrogel droplet on a digital microfluidic (DMF) platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. A. Nestor
- School of Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- 3333 University Way
- Kelowna
- Canada
| | - E. Samiei
- School of Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- 3333 University Way
- Kelowna
- Canada
| | - R. Samanipour
- School of Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- 3333 University Way
- Kelowna
- Canada
| | - A. Gupta
- School of Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- 3333 University Way
- Kelowna
- Canada
| | - A. Van den Berg
- School of Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- 3333 University Way
- Kelowna
- Canada
| | | | - Z. Wang
- School of Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- 3333 University Way
- Kelowna
- Canada
| | - H. Rezaei Nejad
- School of Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- 3333 University Way
- Kelowna
- Canada
| | - K. Kim
- School of Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- 3333 University Way
- Kelowna
- Canada
| | - M. Hoorfar
- School of Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- 3333 University Way
- Kelowna
- Canada
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Nejad HR, Samiei E, Ahmadi A, Hoorfar M. Gravity-driven hydrodynamic particle separation in digital microfluidic systems. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the electrode configuration and actuation scheme are designed in a fashion to implement a gravity-based hydrodynamic particle separation method on digital microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Ahmadi
- University of British Columbia
- Kelowna
- Canada
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12
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Dash S, Mohanty S. Dielectrophoretic separation of micron and submicron particles: a review. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2656-72. [PMID: 24930837 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview on separation of micron and submicron sized biological (cells, yeast, virus, bacteria, etc.) and nonbiological particles (latex, polystyrene, CNTs, metals, etc.) by dielectrophoresis (DEP), which finds wide applications in the field of medical and environmental science. Mathematical models to predict the electric field, flow profile, and concentration profiles of the particles under the influence of DEP force have also been covered in this review. In addition, advancements made primarily in the last decade, in the area of electrode design (shape and arrangement), new materials for electrode (carbon, silicon, polymers), and geometry of the microdevice, for efficient DEP separation of particles have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Dash
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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