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Rana A, Renault C, Dick JE. Understanding dynamic voltammetry in a dissolving microdroplet. Analyst 2024; 149:3939-3950. [PMID: 38916245 PMCID: PMC11262062 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Droplet evaporation and dissolution phenomena are pervasive in both natural and artificial systems, playing crucial roles in various applications. Understanding the intricate processes involved in the evaporation and dissolution of sessile droplets is of paramount importance for applications such as inkjet printing, surface coating, and nanoparticle deposition, etc. In this study, we present a demonstration of electrochemical investigation of the dissolution behaviour in sub-nL droplets down to sub-pL volume. Droplets on an electrode have been studied for decades in the field of electrochemistry to understand the phase transfer of ions at the oil-water interface, accelerated reaction rates in microdroplets, etc. However, the impact of microdroplet dissolution on the redox activity of confined molecules within the droplet has not been explored previously. As a proof-of-principle, we examine the dissolution kinetics of 1,2-dichloroethane droplets (DCE) spiked with 155 μM decamethylferrocene within an aqueous phase on an ultramicroelectrode (r = 6.3 μm). The aqueous phase serves as an infinite sink, enabling the dissolution of DCE droplets while also facilitating convenient electrical contact with the reference/counter electrode (Ag/AgCl 1 M KCl). Through comprehensive voltammetric analysis, we unravel the impact of droplet dissolution on electrochemical response as the droplet reaches minuscule volumes. We validate our experimental findings by finite element modelling, which shows deviations from the experimental results as the droplet accesses negligible volumes, suggesting the presence of complex dissolution modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Christophe Renault
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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2
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Kammarchedu V, Asgharian H, Zhou K, Soltan Khamsi P, Ebrahimi A. Recent advances in graphene-based electroanalytical devices for healthcare applications. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12857-12882. [PMID: 38888429 PMCID: PMC11238565 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphene, with its outstanding mechanical, electrical, and biocompatible properties, stands out as an emerging nanomaterial for healthcare applications, especially in building electroanalytical biodevices. With the rising prevalence of chronic diseases and infectious diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for point-of-care testing and remote patient monitoring has never been greater. Owing to their portability, ease of manufacturing, scalability, and rapid and sensitive response, electroanalytical devices excel in these settings for improved healthcare accessibility, especially in resource-limited settings. The development of different synthesis methods yielding large-scale graphene and its derivatives with controllable properties, compatible with device manufacturing - from lithography to various printing methods - and tunable electrical, chemical, and electrochemical properties make it an attractive candidate for electroanalytical devices. This review article sheds light on how graphene-based devices can be transformative in addressing pressing healthcare needs, ranging from the fundamental understanding of biology in in vivo and ex vivo studies to early disease detection and management using in vitro assays and wearable devices. In particular, the article provides a special focus on (i) synthesis and functionalization techniques, emphasizing their suitability for scalable integration into devices, (ii) various transduction methods to design diverse electroanalytical device architectures, (iii) a myriad of applications using devices based on graphene, its derivatives, and hybrids with other nanomaterials, and (iv) emerging technologies at the intersection of device engineering and advanced data analytics. Finally, some of the major hurdles that graphene biodevices face for translation into clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kammarchedu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Heshmat Asgharian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Keren Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Pouya Soltan Khamsi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Aida Ebrahimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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3
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Panagopoulou C, Skotadis E, Aslanidis E, Tzourmana G, Rapesi A, Tsioustas C, Kainourgiaki M, Kleitsiotis G, Tsekenis G, Tsoukalas D. Non-Faradaic Impedimetric Detection of Heavy Metal Ions via a Hybrid Nanoparticle-DNAzyme Biosensor. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:321. [PMID: 39056597 PMCID: PMC11274724 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to rapid industrialization, novel water-quality monitoring techniques for the detection of highly toxic and hazardous heavy metal ions are essential. Herein, a hybrid noble nanoparticle/DNAzyme electrochemical biosensor is proposed for the simultaneous and label-free detection of Pb2+ and Cr3+ in aqueous solutions. The sensor is based on the combination of a two-dimensional naked-platinum nanoparticle film and DNAzymes, whose double-helix configuration disassembles into smaller fragments in the presence of target-specific heavy metal ions. The electrochemical behavior of the fabricated sensor was investigated with non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), resulting in the successful detection of Pb2+ and Cr3+ well below their maximum permitted levels in tap water. So far, there has been no report on the successful detection of heavy metal ions utilizing the non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique based on advanced nanomaterials paired with DNAzymes. This is also one of the few reports on the successful detection of chromium (III) via a sensor incorporating DNAzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysi Panagopoulou
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); or (E.A.); (G.T.); (A.R.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (G.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); or (E.A.); (G.T.); (A.R.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (G.K.); (D.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); or (E.A.); (G.T.); (A.R.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (G.K.); (D.T.)
- Microelectronics Research Group (MRG), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Tzourmana
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); or (E.A.); (G.T.); (A.R.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (G.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Annita Rapesi
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); or (E.A.); (G.T.); (A.R.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (G.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Charalampos Tsioustas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); or (E.A.); (G.T.); (A.R.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (G.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Maria Kainourgiaki
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); or (E.A.); (G.T.); (A.R.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (G.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Georgios Kleitsiotis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); or (E.A.); (G.T.); (A.R.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (G.K.); (D.T.)
| | - George Tsekenis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); or (E.A.); (G.T.); (A.R.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (G.K.); (D.T.)
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4
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Siva Prakasam OK, Basu A, Chaudhury K, Das S. On paper characterisation of droplet and evaporation study using impedance spectroscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2533-2542. [PMID: 38591099 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of paper-based devices has drawn a significant amount of attention, ranging from the creation of paper electronics to microfluidic devices. The flow of fluids through the paper substrate can be controlled by establishing a variety of barriers, which can be accomplished by either cutting or producing layers that are hydrophobic. Through the utilisation of this feature, a number of investigations, including mixing, modifying, and analytical studies, have been carried out on the paper substrate. However, because of the difficulties associated with its wettability, it is seldom investigated for the purpose of conducting evaporation studies of droplets. Traditionally, evaporation studies are carried out on a solid substrate like glass or silicon. Here we report a paper chip employing an impedance method to determine the characteristics of the droplet. It is also possible to determine the identity of the droplet by utilising the dielectric property of the liquid on a paper chip. A comparison is made between the traditional method of evaporation and the usage of the paper chip for the purpose of studying the evaporation of various liquids, ranging from ionic chemicals to volatile compounds. A subsequent step involves the utilisation of an electrical equivalent circuit in order to acquire the complex system attribute of the evaporation of the cellulose fibres. Finally, this reveals that paper chips have a significant amount of promise for use in scientific applications regarding evaporation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kare Siva Prakasam
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
| | - Akashlina Basu
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- Clinical Biomarker Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Soumen Das
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
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5
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Dai Z, Lei M, Ding S, Zhou Q, Ji B, Wang M, Zhou B. Durable superhydrophobic surface in wearable sensors: From nature to application. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20230046. [PMID: 38855620 PMCID: PMC11022629 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The current generation of wearable sensors often experiences signal interference and external corrosion, leading to device degradation and failure. To address these challenges, the biomimetic superhydrophobic approach has been developed, which offers self-cleaning, low adhesion, corrosion resistance, anti-interference, and other properties. Such surfaces possess hierarchical nanostructures and low surface energy, resulting in a smaller contact area with the skin or external environment. Liquid droplets can even become suspended outside the flexible electronics, reducing the risk of pollution and signal interference, which contributes to the long-term stability of the device in complex environments. Additionally, the coupling of superhydrophobic surfaces and flexible electronics can potentially enhance the device performance due to their large specific surface area and low surface energy. However, the fragility of layered textures in various scenarios and the lack of standardized evaluation and testing methods limit the industrial production of superhydrophobic wearable sensors. This review provides an overview of recent research on superhydrophobic flexible wearable sensors, including the fabrication methodology, evaluation, and specific application targets. The processing, performance, and characteristics of superhydrophobic surfaces are discussed, as well as the working mechanisms and potential challenges of superhydrophobic flexible electronics. Moreover, evaluation strategies for application-oriented superhydrophobic surfaces are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Dai
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da UniversidadeTaipaMacauChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal MaterialsInstitute of Novel SemiconductorsSchool of MicroelectronicsShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Ming Lei
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da UniversidadeTaipaMacauChina
| | - Sen Ding
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da UniversidadeTaipaMacauChina
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Bing Ji
- School of Physics and ElectronicsHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Mingrui Wang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da UniversidadeTaipaMacauChina
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6
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Lincon A, Mohapatra P, Das S, DasGupta S. Probing silver nanoparticle mediated mitigation of UV-photolysis in proteins by electrical impedance analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128271. [PMID: 38000604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic equilibrium between an array of molecular forces precisely organizes the native structure of the protein. The charge on the protein, an interconnected network continuum, is crucial in determining its secondary and tertiary structure. The photolysis of the protein by ultraviolet (UV) light occurs by generating reactive oxygen intermediates from the interaction of matter and light. Herein, we have investigated the photolysis of the protein and its prevention by the pre-treatment with silver nanoparticle (AgNP) using non-faradaic electrical impedance spectroscopy (Nf-EIS). Five microliters of protein solution are used to measure its impedimetric parameters via Nf-EIS. The photoionization process sparks off an altered surface charge continuum of the protein molecules in tandem with the genesis of solvated electrons and protons, spurring an upward shift in conductivity. The AgNP pre-treatment has reduced the damaging effects of the UV radiation, which is reflected as lesser conductivity in contrast to the photolyzed protein solution. Raman Spectroscopy and circular dichroism tests affirm the trend of Nf-EIS results. These results show that Nf-EIS can evaluate protein structure analysis utilized in quality assurance and toxicity analysis for biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Lincon
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Pratyusa Mohapatra
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Soumen Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Sunando DasGupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
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7
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Chen S, Bashir R. Advances in field-effect biosensors towards point-of-use. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:492002. [PMID: 37625391 PMCID: PMC10523595 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf3f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The future of medical diagnostics calls for portable biosensors at the point of care, aiming to improve healthcare by reducing costs, improving access, and increasing quality-what is called the 'triple aim'. Developing point-of-care sensors that provide high sensitivity, detect multiple analytes, and provide real time measurements can expand access to medical diagnostics for all. Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have several advantages, including ultrahigh sensitivity, label-free and amplification-free detection, reduced cost and complexity, portability, and large-scale multiplexing. They can also be integrated into wearable or implantable devices and provide continuous, real-time monitoring of analytesin vivo, enabling early detection of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and management. This review analyzes advances in the sensitivity, parallelization, and reusability of FET biosensors, benchmarks the limit of detection of the state of the art, and discusses the challenges and opportunities of FET biosensors for future healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Chen
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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8
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Shamim JA, Takahashi Y, Goswami A, Shaukat N, Hsu WL, Choi J, Daiguji H. Suppression of wetting transition on evaporative fakir droplets by using slippery superhydrophobic surfaces with low depinning force. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2368. [PMID: 36759577 PMCID: PMC9911698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study experimentally investigated the evaporation and wetting transition behavior of fakir droplets on five different microstructured surfaces. Diamond-like carbon was introduced as the substrate, and the influence of varying the width, height, and pitch of the micropillars was assessed. The experimental results showed that the interfacial properties of the surfaces change the evaporation behavior and the starting point of the wetting transition. An important result of this study is the demonstration of a slippery superhydrophobic surface with low depinning force that suppresses the transition from the Cassie-Baxter state to the Wenzel state for microdroplets less than 0.37 mm in diameter, without employing large pillar height or multiscale roughness. By selecting an appropriate pillar pitch and employing tapered micropillars with small pillar widths, the solid-liquid contact at the three-phase contact line was reduced and low depinning forces were obtained. The underlying mechanism by which slippery superhydrophobic surfaces suppress wetting transitions is also discussed. The accuracy of the theoretical models for predicting the critical transition parameters was assessed, and a numerical model was developed in the surface evolver to compute the penetration of the droplet bottom meniscus within the micropillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubair A. Shamim
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yukinari Takahashi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Anjan Goswami
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Nadeem Shaukat
- grid.420112.40000 0004 0607 7017Center for Mathematical Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650 Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Junho Choi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Daiguji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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9
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Lincon A, Das S, DasGupta S. Capturing protein denaturation using electrical impedance technique. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Zhu Q, Yang Y, Gao H, Xu LP, Wang S. Bioinspired superwettable electrodes towards electrochemical biosensing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5069-5084. [PMID: 35655548 PMCID: PMC9093108 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00614f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Superwettable materials have attracted much attention due to their fascinating properties and great promise in several fields. Recently, superwettable materials have injected new vitality into electrochemical biosensors. Superwettable electrodes exhibit unique advantages, including large electrochemical active areas, electrochemical dynamics acceleration, and optimized management of mass transfer. In this review, the electrochemical reaction process at electrode/electrolyte interfaces and some fundamental understanding of superwettable materials are discussed. Then progress in different electrodes has been summarized, including superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic, superaerophilic, superaerophobic, and superwettable micropatterned electrodes, electrodes with switchable wettabilities, and electrodes with Janus wettabilities. Moreover, we also discussed the development of superwettable materials for wearable electrochemical sensors. Finally, our perspective for future research is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Yuemeng Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Hongxiao Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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Mwanza D, Mfamela N, Adeniyi O, Nyokong T, Mashazi P. Ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen using glucose-encapsulated nanoliposomes anti-PSA polyclonal antibody as detection nanobioprobes. Talanta 2022; 245:123483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Butler D, Ebrahimi A. Rapid and sensitive detection of viral particles by coupling redox cycling and electrophoretic enrichment. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 208:114198. [PMID: 35395617 PMCID: PMC8931995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for rapid, low-cost, and sensitive virus detection platforms to monitor and mitigate widespread outbreaks. Electrochemical sensors are a viable choice to fill this role but still require improvements to the signal magnitude, especially for early detection and low viral loads. Herein, finite element analysis of a novel biosensor concept for single virion counting using a generator-collector microelectrode design is presented. The proposed design combines a redox-cycling amplified electrochemical current with electrophoresis-driven electrode-particle collision for rapid virus detection. The effects of experimental (e.g. scan rate, collector bias) and geometric factors are studied to optimize the sensor design. Two generator-collector configurations are explored: a ring-disk configuration to analyze sessile droplets and an interdigitated electrode (IDE) design housed in a microchannel. For the ring-disk configuration, we calculate an amplification factor of ∼5 and collector efficiency of ∼0.8 for a generator-collector spacing of 600 nm. For the IDE, the collector efficiency is even larger, approaching unity. The dual-electrode mode is critical for increasing the current and electric field strength. As a result, the current steps upon virus capture are more than an order of magnitude larger compared to single-mode. Additionally, single virus capture times are reduced from over 700 s down to ∼20 s. Overall, the frequency of virus capture and magnitude of the electrochemical current steps depend on the virus properties and electrode configuration, with the IDE capable of single virus detection within seconds owing to better particle confinement in the microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Butler
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Aida Ebrahimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Center for Biodevices, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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13
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Butler D, Ebrahimi A. Agar-Integrated Three-Dimensional Microelectrodes for On-Chip Impedimetric Monitoring of Bacterial Viability. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2393:447-471. [PMID: 34837193 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1803-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring bacterial viability is critical in food safety, clinical microbiology, therapeutics, and microbial fuel cell applications. Traditional techniques for detecting and counting viable cells are slow, require expensive and bulky analytical tools and labeling agents, or are destructive to cells. Development of low-cost, portable diagnostics to enable label-free detection and in situ probing of bacterial viability can significantly advance the biomedical field (both applied and basic research). We developed a highly sensitive method for the detection of bacterial viability based on their metabolic activity using non-Faradaic impedimetric sensors comprised of three-dimensional (3D) interdigitated microelectrodes (3D-IDME). Specifically, the 3D-IDME is modified with electrolessly deposited gold (Au) nanoparticles which amplify the sensitivity by increasing the sensing area. A nutrient-rich agarose gel as the seeding layer is integrated with the sensor to enable direct culturing of bacteria and probing of their metabolic activity in situ. The proposed platform enables monitoring of bacterial viability, even in lag-phase, as they metabolize and release ionic species into the surrounding environment (nutrient agar layer). The sensor can detect down to 104 CFU/mL (~2.5 CFU/mm2) of Escherichia coli K12 (a model strain) in under 1 h without the need for any labeling. By integrating these sensors with agar layers containing different types/concentrations of antibacterial agents, this work can be expanded to enable rapid, high-throughput antibacterial susceptibility testing which can in turn assist caregivers in early prescription of the right treatment to patients with clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Butler
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Aida Ebrahimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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14
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Yang YJ, Gao ZF. Bio-inspired Superwettable Surface for the Detection of Cancer Biomarker: A Mini Review. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221110670. [PMID: 35790461 PMCID: PMC9340408 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by nature, superwettable material-based biosensors have aroused wide interests due to their potential in cancer biomarker detection. This mini review mainly summarized the superwettable materials as novel biosensing substrates for the development of evaporation-induced enrichment-based signal amplification and visual biosensing method. Biosensing applications based on the superhydrophobic surfaces, superwettable micropatterned surfaces, and slippery lubricant-infused porous surfaces for various cancer biomarker detections were described in detail. Finally, an insight of remaining challenges and perspectives of superwettable biosensor is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jun Yang
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, 12689Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Feng Gao
- Advanced Materials Institute, 12689Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 165082Linyi University, Linyi, People's Republic of China
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15
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Allione M, Limongi T, Marini M, Torre B, Zhang P, Moretti M, Perozziello G, Candeloro P, Napione L, Pirri CF, Di Fabrizio E. Micro/Nanopatterned Superhydrophobic Surfaces Fabrication for Biomolecules and Biomaterials Manipulation and Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1501. [PMID: 34945349 PMCID: PMC8708205 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces display an extraordinary repulsion to water and water-based solutions. This effect emerges from the interplay of intrinsic hydrophobicity of the surface and its morphology. These surfaces have been established for a long time and have been studied for decades. The increasing interest in recent years has been focused towards applications in many different fields and, in particular, biomedical applications. In this paper, we review the progress achieved in the last years in the fabrication of regularly patterned superhydrophobic surfaces in many different materials and their exploitation for the manipulation and characterization of biomaterial, with particular emphasis on the issues affecting the yields of the fabrication processes and the quality of the manufactured devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Allione
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (B.T.); (L.N.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Tania Limongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (B.T.); (L.N.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Monica Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (B.T.); (L.N.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Bruno Torre
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (B.T.); (L.N.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (P.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Manola Moretti
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (P.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Gerardo Perozziello
- BioNEM Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Campus S. Venuta, Magna Graecia University, Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Patrizio Candeloro
- BioNEM Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Campus S. Venuta, Magna Graecia University, Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Lucia Napione
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (B.T.); (L.N.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (B.T.); (L.N.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (B.T.); (L.N.); (E.D.F.)
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16
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Usha SP, Manoharan H, Deshmukh R, Álvarez-Diduk R, Calucho E, Sai VVR, Merkoçi A. Attomolar analyte sensing techniques (AttoSens): a review on a decade of progress on chemical and biosensing nanoplatforms. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13012-13089. [PMID: 34673860 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the ultra-low abundance of analytes in real-life samples, such as biological fluids, water, soil, and food, requires the design and development of high-performance biosensing modalities. The breakthrough efforts from the scientific community have led to the realization of sensing technologies that measure the analyte's ultra-trace level, with relevant sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and sampling efficiency, referred to as Attomolar Analyte Sensing Techniques (AttoSens) in this review. In an AttoSens platform, 1 aM detection corresponds to the quantification of 60 target analyte molecules in 100 μL of sample volume. Herein, we review the approaches listed for various sensor probe design, and their sensing strategies that paved the way for the detection of attomolar (aM: 10-18 M) concentration of analytes. A summary of the technological advances made by the diverse AttoSens trends from the past decade is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Prasood Usha
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Hariharan Manoharan
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Rehan Deshmukh
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enric Calucho
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V V R Sai
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain. .,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recercai Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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O Kare SP, Das D, Chaudhury K, Das S. Hand-drawn electrode based disposable paper chip for artificial sweat analysis using impedance spectroscopy. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:42. [PMID: 34468895 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low cost, disposable paper based electrical sensor to examine the analyte concentration in an extremely small volume of sample solution is essential for environmental and healthcare applications. For the development of paper based devices, sophisticated instruments are essential to pattern electrode on the top surface of the paper. In most cases, such fabricated device results in direct contact with the analyte solution on the surface of the electrode during electrical detection and leads to high electrical double layer capacitance. In this work, we have focused to reduce the double layer capacitance by fabricating hand drawn electrode paper sensor utilising the reverse side of the paper. This design acts as a sample storage and facilitate impedimetric sensing of ionic concentration of analyte solution using a few microlitre. Droplet formation at the bottom of the paper in the confined area is visually monitored to reduce sample wastage. The interaction between two different electrode materials (graphite and silver) on the paper substrate with the different volume and concentration of the electrolyte is analysed to improve the robustness and sensitivity of the measurement. Simultaneously, we observed a reduction in the electrical double layer effect on the low sample volumes. The proposed paper based sensor shows the enhanced impedance stability on silver electrode patterned paper chip than graphite electrode paper chip to detect the different ionic concentration of artificial sweat sample. Finally, it demonstrates that paper chip has great potential as a disposable diagnostics sensor in healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Prakasam O Kare
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Debanjan Das
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, DSP M IIIT, Naya Raipur, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- Clinical Biomarker Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Soumen Das
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
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18
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Kinetics of transfer of volatile amphiphiles (fragrances) from vapors to aqueous drops and vice versa: Interplay of diffusion and barrier mechanisms. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Thakur S, Dasmahapatra AK, Bandyopadhyay D. Functional liquid droplets for analyte sensing and energy harvesting. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102453. [PMID: 34120038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, rapid miniaturization of technologies has helped in the development of efficient, flexible, portable, robust, and compact applications with minimal wastage of materials. In this direction, of late, the usage of mesoscale liquid droplets has emerged as an alternative platform because of the following advantages: (i) a droplet is incompressible and at the same time deformable, (ii) interfacial area of a spherical droplet is minimum for a given amount of mass; and (iii) a droplet interface allows facile mass, momentum, and energy transfer. Subsequently, such attributes have aided towards the design of diverse droplet-based microfluidic technologies. For example, the microdroplets have been utilized as micro-reactors, colorimetric or electrochemical (EC) sensors, drug-delivery vehicles, and energy harvesters. Further, a number of recently reported lab-on-a-chip technologies exploit the motility, storage, and mixing capacities of the microdroplets. In view of this background, the review initiates discussion by highlighting the different attributes of the microdroplets such as size, shape, surface to volume ratio, wettability, and contact line. Thereafter, the effects of the surface or body forces on the properties of the droplets have been elaborated. Finally, the different aspects of such liquid droplet systems towards technological adaptations in health care, sensing, and energy harvesting have been presented. The review concludes with a tight summary on the potential avenues for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Dasmahapatra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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20
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Kwak Y, Jun HY, Lee Y, Kang M, Oh JS, Kim S, Song YH, Choi CH. Multiprocessible and Durable Superhydrophobic Coating Suspension Enabling Printed Patterning, Internal Tubular Coating, and Planar Surface Coating. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeongwon Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Ho Young Jun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Yonghyun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Mankil Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Oh
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Sejung Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Solar Energy Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
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21
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Hsu CC, Lee YA, Wu CH, Kumar CS. Self-propelled sessile droplets on a superheated and heterogeneous wetting surface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.126074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Dou S, Hao L. Numerical study of droplet evaporation on heated flat and micro-pillared hydrophobic surfaces by using the lattice Boltzmann method. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Jannati K, Rahimian MH, Moradi M. Pinning-depinning of the contact line during drop evaporation on textured surfaces: A lattice Boltzmann study. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033106. [PMID: 33075889 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The evaporation of the liquid droplet on a structured surface is numerically investigated using the lattice Boltzmann method. Simulations are carried out for different contact angles and pillar widths. From the simulation for the Cassie state, it is found that the evaporation starts in a pinned contact line mode. Then, when the droplet reaches the receding state, the contact line jumps to the neighboring pillar. Also, the depinning force decreases with increasing the contact angle or the pillar width. In the Wenzel state, the droplet contact line remains on the initial pillar for all of its lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Jannati
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Moradi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Microbioreactors for Process Development and Cell-Based Screening Studies. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 179:67-100. [PMID: 32712680 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as potent cultivation devices enabling automated small-scale experiments in parallel while enhancing their cost efficiency. The widespread use of MBRs has contributed to recent advances in industrial and pharmaceutical biotechnology, and they have proved to be indispensable tools in the development of many modern bioprocesses. Being predominantly applied in early stage process development, they open up new fields of research and enhance the efficacy of biotechnological product development. Their reduced reaction volume is associated with numerous inherent advantages - particularly the possibility for enabling parallel screening operations that facilitate high-throughput cultivations with reduced sample consumption (or the use of rare and expensive educts). As a result, multiple variables can be examined in a shorter time and with a lower expense. This leads to a simultaneous acceleration of research and process development along with decreased costs.MBRs range from simple miniaturized cultivations vessels (i.e., in the milliliter scale with limited possibilities for process control) to highly complex and automated small-scale microreactors with integrated sensors that allow for comprehensive screenings in very short time or a precise reflection of large-scale cultivation conditions. Progressive developments and improvements in manufacturing and automation techniques are already helping researchers to make use of the advantages that MBRs offer. This overview of current MBR systems surveys the diverse application for microbial and mammalian cell cultivations that have been developed in recent years.
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25
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Qi W, Li J, Weisensee PB. Evaporation of Sessile Water Droplets on Horizontal and Vertical Biphobic Patterned Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:17185-17192. [PMID: 31809043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study on thermal transport to single water droplets evaporating on heated biphobic surfaces consisting of a superhydrophobic matrix with a circular hydrophobic pattern with strong contact line pinning. A single water droplet of 8 μL volume is placed on a preheated surface and allowed to evaporate in an open laboratory environment. We investigate the influence of substrate orientation (horizontal and vertical) on evaporation dynamics. Using optical and infrared imaging, we report droplet fluid dynamics and heat transfer characteristics of the evaporating droplet. Overall, evaporation is more efficient on the vertical surface, exhibiting higher total heat transfer rates and up to 10% shorter evaporation times. Counterintuitively, on the vertical surface, the substrate-droplet interfacial heat flux was higher near the lower contact line than in the upper region, despite a high contact angle and an expected wedge effect at the bottom. At the same time, the temperature is colder in the lower part of the droplet. We attribute this apparent anomaly to the competition between sensible heating and evaporation, and a modified convective flow signature (both within the droplet and the gas phase) compared to a horizontal surface. We also show that the thermal signature becomes uniform once the contact angles at the upper and lower contact lines become equal toward the end of the evaporation process. Insights from this work can guide the design of spray cooling devices or be used to alter particle deposition patterns during evaporation-based fabrication techniques and ink-jet printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Qi
- College of Power and Energy Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , China
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26
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Li J, Shan L, Ma B, Jiang X, Solomon A, Iyengar M, Padilla J, Agonafer D. Investigation of the confinement effect on the evaporation behavior of a droplet pinned on a micropillar structure. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:583-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Kadhim MA, Kapur N, Summers JL, Thompson H. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Droplet Evaporation on Heated Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6256-6266. [PMID: 30990692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The evaporation characteristics of sessile droplets on heated hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces are investigated. Results are reported for the evaporation of water droplet volumes covering a range of shapes dominated by surface tension or gravity and over a range of temperatures between 40 and 60 °C. The weight evolution and total time of evaporation is measured using a novel self-contained heating stage on a high resolution analytical balance, which has advantages over visualization measurement techniques as it allows free choice of the initial droplet size and surface and the ability to record the droplet evaporation right through to the final stages of droplet life. Evaporation is modeled through a combination of a constant contact area and a constant contact angle model with the switch from the former to the latter occurring when the contact angle falls below its predetermined receding value. Theoretical results compare well with the experimental results for the hydrophobic substrate. However, a significant deviation is observed for the hydrophilic substrate due to the combined effects of the droplet surface cooling due to evaporation and buoyancy effects that are not included in the model. The proposed method of using the stick-slip model offers a convenient means of modeling droplet evaporation by mimicking the drying modes based on initial measurements of the static and receding contact angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Kadhim
- School of Mechanical Engineering , University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
- Mechanical Engineering Department , University of Babylon , Babylon , Iraq
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering , University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L Summers
- School of Mechanical Engineering , University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Harvey Thompson
- School of Mechanical Engineering , University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
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28
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Butler D, Goel N, Goodnight L, Tadigadapa S, Ebrahimi A. Detection of bacterial metabolism in lag-phase using impedance spectroscopy of agar-integrated 3D microelectrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 129:269-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Ebrahimi A, Csonka LN, Alam MA. Analyzing Thermal Stability of Cell Membrane of Salmonella Using Time-Multiplexed Impedance Sensing. Biophys J 2019; 114:609-618. [PMID: 29414707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat treatment is one of the most widely used methods for inactivation of bacteria in food products. Heat-induced loss of bacterial viability has been variously attributed to protein denaturation, oxidative stress, or membrane leakage; indeed, it is likely to involve a combination of these processes. We examine the effect of mild heat stress (50-55°C for ≤12 min) on cell permeability by directly measuring the electrical conductance of samples of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to answer a fundamental biophysical question, namely, how bacteria die under mild heat stress. Our results show that when exposed to heat shock, the cell membrane is damaged and cells die mainly due to the leakage of small cytoplasmic species to the surrounding media without lysis (confirmed by fluorescent imaging). We measured the conductance change, ΔY, of wild-type versus genetically modified heat-resistant (HR) cells in response to pulse and ramp heating profiles with different thermal time constants. In addition, we developed a phenomenological model to correlate the membrane damage, cytoplasmic leakage, and cell viability. This model traces the differential viability and ΔY of wild-type and HR cells to the difference in the effective activation energies needed to permeabilize the cells, implying that HR cells are characterized by stronger lateral interactions between molecules, such as lipids, in their cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Ebrahimi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Laszlo N Csonka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Muhammad A Alam
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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30
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Ambrico M, Manini P, Ambrico PF, Ligonzo T, Casamassima G, Franchi P, Valgimigli L, Mezzetta A, Chiappe C, d'Ischia M. Nanoscale PDA disassembly in ionic liquids: structure–property relationships underpinning redox tuning. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12380-12388. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An integrated EPR and electrical impedance spectroscopy approach to predict ionic liquid-mediated tuning of the redox properties of polydopamine nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ambrico
- CNR – Istituto per las Scienza e la tecnologia dei plasmi via Amendola 122/D
- 70126 Bari
- Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Paolo F. Ambrico
- CNR – Istituto per las Scienza e la tecnologia dei plasmi via Amendola 122/D
- 70126 Bari
- Italy
| | - Teresa Ligonzo
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica
- Università degli Studi di Bari
- Bari
- Italy
| | | | - Paola Franchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Luca Valgimigli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Andrea Mezzetta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Universita’ degli Studi di Pisa
- Pisa
- Italy
| | - Cinzia Chiappe
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Universita’ degli Studi di Pisa
- Pisa
- Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
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31
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Abstract
Sensitive and specific DNA biomarker detection is critical for accurately diagnosing a broad range of clinical conditions. However, the incorporation of such biosensing structures in integrated microfluidic devices is often complicated by the need for an additional labelling step to be implemented on the device. In this review we focused on presenting recent advances in label-free DNA biosensor technology, with a particular focus on microfluidic integrated devices. The key biosensing approaches miniaturized in flow-cell structures were presented, followed by more sophisticated microfluidic devices and higher integration examples in the literature. The option of full DNA sequencing on microfluidic chips via nanopore technology was highlighted, along with current developments in the commercialization of microfluidic, label-free DNA detection devices.
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32
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Abstract
Droplet microfluidic systems have evolved as fluidic platforms that use much less sample volume and provide high throughput for biochemical analysis compared to conventional microfluidic devices. The variety of droplet fluidic applications triggered several detection techniques to be applied for analysis of droplets. In this review, we focus on label-free droplet detection techniques that were adapted to various droplet microfluidic platforms. We provide a classification of most commonly used droplet platform technologies. Then we discuss the examples of various label-free droplet detection schemes implemented for these platforms. While providing the research landscape for label-free droplet detection methods, we aim to highlight the strengths and shortcomings of each droplet platform so that a more targeted approach can be taken by researchers when selecting a droplet platform and a detection scheme for any given application.
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33
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Otero J, Meeker S, Clegg PS. Compositional ripening of particle-stabilized drops in a three-liquid system. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3783-3790. [PMID: 29714797 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02502e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental studies of two aqueous drops, stabilized by colloidal silica, which are placed close to each other in a bath of toluene, ethanol and surplus colloidal silica. If one of the drops is enriched in ethanol while the other is pure water then we observe the spontaneous formation of small droplets at the surface of the water drop closest to its neighbour. These droplets are then observed to form all along the path to the ethanol enriched drop until they make a complete bridge. We relate this behaviour to the diffusion pathways on the underlying three-fluid phase diagram. We argue that the phenomena is a version of compositional ripening where the transfer of the dispersed phase leads to the spontaneous formation of droplets in the continuous phase. We show that, while the large drops are particle-stabilized, the spontaneously formed droplets are not. Instead the presence of surplus particles leads to the droplets gelling as an elastic bridge. The phenomenology at long times and at low particle concentrations becomes increasingly surprising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Otero
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tao He
- Room 4-304; No.5 Meishan Road Hefei City, Anhui Province P. R. China
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35
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Garcia-Cordero JL, Fan ZH. Sessile droplets for chemical and biological assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2150-2166. [PMID: 28561839 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00366h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sessile droplets are non-movable droplets spanning volumes in the nL-to-μL range. The sessile-droplet-based platform provides a paradigm shift from the conventional, flow-based lab-on-a-chip philosophy, yet offering similar benefits: low reagent/sample consumption, high throughput, automation, and most importantly flexibility and versatility. Moreover, the platform relies less heavily on sophisticated fabrication techniques, often sufficient with a hydrophobic substrate, and no pump is required for operation. In addition, exploiting the physical phenomena that naturally arise when a droplet evaporates, such as the coffee-ring effect or Marangoni flow, can lead to fascinating applications. In this review, we introduce the physics of droplets, and then focus on the different types of chemical and biological assays that have been implemented in sessile droplets, including analyte concentration, particle separation and sorting, cell-based assays, and nucleic acid amplification. Finally, we provide our perspectives on this unique micro-scale platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Via del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, NL, CP. 66628 Mexico.
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36
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Droplet-based non-faradaic impedance sensors for assessment of susceptibility of Escherichia coli to ampicillin in 60 min. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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37
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Liu J, Chisti MM, Zeng X. General Signal Amplification Strategy for Nonfaradic Impedimetric Sensing: Trastuzumab Detection Employing a Peptide Immunosensor. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4013-4020. [PMID: 28256130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A label-free and reagent-free peptide mimotope capacitive biosensor has been developed for cancer drug (trastuzumab) quantification based on nonfaradic readout. The low sensitivity issue of capacitive biosensors was overcome with two innovations: peptide mimotope mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) biointerface and dilution of the analysis buffer. Signal amplification was achieved through dilution of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to tune Cdl to dominate the overall capacitance change upon target binding, which contribution is often negligible without dilution. After 1000× dilution, the limit of detection was lowered 500-fold (0.22 μg/mL) and the sensitivity was increased 20-fold [0.04192 (μg/mL)-1] in comparison with undiluted PBS. The proposed signal amplification strategy is more straightforward and practical compared to biorecognition element engineering and other strategies. The proposed method was further applied to planar electrodes for optimizing sensing response time to less than 1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | | | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
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38
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Mahmud MA, MacDonald BD. Experimental investigation of interfacial energy transport in an evaporating sessile droplet for evaporative cooling applications. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:012609. [PMID: 28208416 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.012609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we experimentally examine evaporation flux distributions and modes of interfacial energy transport for continuously fed evaporating spherical sessile water droplets in a regime that is relevant for applications, particularly for evaporative cooling systems. The contribution of the thermal conduction through the vapor phase was found to be insignificant compared to the thermal conduction through the liquid phase for the conditions we investigated. The local evaporation flux distributions associated with thermal conduction were found to vary along the surface of the droplet. Thermal conduction provided a majority of the energy required for evaporation but did not account for all of the energy transport, contributing 64±3%, 77±3%, and 77±4% of the energy required for the three cases we examined. Based on the temperature profiles measured along the interface we found that thermocapillary flow was predicted to occur in our experiments, and two convection cells were consistent with the temperature distributions for higher substrate temperatures while a single convection cell was consistent with the temperature distributions for a lower substrate temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Almostasim Mahmud
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Brendan D MacDonald
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
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39
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Highly Sensitive and Practical Detection of Plant Viruses via Electrical Impedance of Droplets on Textured Silicon-Based Devices. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111946. [PMID: 27869726 PMCID: PMC5134605 DOI: 10.3390/s16111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of plant virus infections before the disease symptoms appearance may represent a significant benefit in limiting disease spread by a prompt application of appropriate containment steps. We propose a label-free procedure applied on a device structure where the electrical signal transduction is evaluated via impedance spectroscopy techniques. The device consists of a droplet suspension embedding two representative purified plant viruses i.e., Tomato mosaic virus and Turnip yellow mosaic virus, put in contact with a highly hydrophobic plasma textured silicon surface. Results show a high sensitivity of the system towards the virus particles with an interestingly low detection limit, from tens to hundreds of attomolar corresponding to pg/mL of sap, which refers, in the infection time-scale, to a concentration of virus particles in still-symptomless plants. Such a threshold limit, together with an envisaged engineering of an easily manageable device, compared to more sophisticated apparatuses, may contribute in simplifying the in-field plant virus diagnostics.
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40
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Durga Prakash M, Vanjari SRK, Sharma CS, Singh SG. Ultrasensitive, Label Free, Chemiresistive Nanobiosensor Using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Embedded Electrospun SU-8 Nanofibers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1354. [PMID: 27563905 PMCID: PMC5038632 DOI: 10.3390/s16091354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and fabrication of aligned electrospun nanofibers derived out of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) embedded SU-8 photoresist, which are targeted towards ultrasensitive biosensor applications. The ultrasensitivity (detection in the range of fg/mL) and the specificity of these biosensors were achieved by complementing the inherent advantages of MWCNTs such as high surface to volume ratio and excellent electrical and transduction properties with the ease of surface functionalization of SU-8. The electrospinning process was optimized to precisely align nanofibers in between two electrodes of a copper microelectrode array. MWCNTs not only enhance the conductivity of SU-8 nanofibers but also act as transduction elements. In this paper, MWCNTs were embedded way beyond the percolation threshold and the optimum percentage loading of MWCNTs for maximizing the conductivity of nanofibers was figured out experimentally. As a proof of concept, the detection of myoglobin, an important biomarker for on-set of Acute Myocardial Infection (AMI) has been demonstrated by functionalizing the nanofibers with anti-myoglobin antibodies and carrying out detection using a chemiresistive method. This simple and robust device yielded a detection limit of 6 fg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matta Durga Prakash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502205, India.
| | - Siva Rama Krishna Vanjari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502205, India.
| | - Chandra Shekhar Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502205, India.
| | - Shiv Govind Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502205, India.
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41
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Abstract
As the future of health care diagnostics moves toward more portable and personalized techniques, there is immense potential to harness the power of electrical signals for biological sensing and diagnostic applications at the point of care. Electrical biochips can be used to both manipulate and sense biological entities, as they can have several inherent advantages, including on-chip sample preparation, label-free detection, reduced cost and complexity, decreased sample volumes, increased portability, and large-scale multiplexing. The advantages of fully integrated electrical biochip platforms are particularly attractive for point-of-care systems. This review summarizes these electrical lab-on-a-chip technologies and highlights opportunities to accelerate the transition from academic publications to commercial success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Reddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Eric Salm
- Department of Bioengineering, and
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
- Department of Bioengineering, and
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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42
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Hernandez-Perez R, Fan ZH, Garcia-Cordero JL. Evaporation-Driven Bioassays in Suspended Droplets. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7312-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hernandez-Perez
- Unidad
Monterrey, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Via del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León CP 66628, Mexico
| | - Z. Hugh Fan
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jose L. Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad
Monterrey, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Via del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León CP 66628, Mexico
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43
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Ebrahimi A, Alam MA. Evaporation-induced stimulation of bacterial osmoregulation for electrical assessment of cell viability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7059-64. [PMID: 27303045 PMCID: PMC4932974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606097113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria cells use osmoregulatory proteins as emergency valves to respond to changes in the osmotic pressure of their external environment. The existence of these emergency valves has been known since the 1960s, but they have never been used as the basis of a viability assay to tell dead bacteria cells apart from live ones. In this paper, we show that osmoregulation provides a much faster, label-free assessment of cell viability compared with traditional approaches that rely on cell multiplication (growth) to reach a detectable threshold. The cells are confined in an evaporating droplet that serves as a dynamic microenvironment. Evaporation-induced increase in ionic concentration is reflected in a proportional increase of the droplet's osmotic pressure, which in turn, stimulates the osmoregulatory response from the cells. By monitoring the time-varying electrical conductance of evaporating droplets, bacterial cells are identified within a few minutes compared with several hours in growth-based methods. To show the versatility of the proposed method, we show detection of WT and genetically modified nonhalotolerant cells (Salmonella typhimurium) and dead vs. live differentiation of nonhalotolerant (such as Escherichia coli DH5α) and halotolerant cells (such as Staphylococcus epidermidis). Unlike the growth-based techniques, the assay time of the proposed method is independent of cell concentration or the bacteria type. The proposed label-free approach paves the road toward realization of a new class of real time, array-formatted electrical sensors compatible with droplet microfluidics for laboratory on a chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Ebrahimi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Muhammad Ashraful Alam
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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44
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Dak P, Ebrahimi A, Swaminathan V, Duarte-Guevara C, Bashir R, Alam MA. Droplet-based Biosensing for Lab-on-a-Chip, Open Microfluidics Platforms. BIOSENSORS 2016; 6:14. [PMID: 27089377 PMCID: PMC4931474 DOI: 10.3390/bios6020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Low cost, portable sensors can transform health care by bringing easily available diagnostic devices to low and middle income population, particularly in developing countries. Sample preparation, analyte handling and labeling are primary cost concerns for traditional lab-based diagnostic systems. Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) platforms based on droplet-based microfluidics promise to integrate and automate these complex and expensive laboratory procedures onto a single chip; the cost will be further reduced if label-free biosensors could be integrated onto the LoC platforms. Here, we review some recent developments of label-free, droplet-based biosensors, compatible with "open" digital microfluidic systems. These low-cost droplet-based biosensors overcome some of the fundamental limitations of the classical sensors, enabling timely diagnosis. We identify the key challenges that must be addressed to make these sensors commercially viable and summarize a number of promising research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Dak
- Purdue University, West Lafayette 47906, IN, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Rashid Bashir
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, IL, USA.
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45
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Lach S, Yoon SM, Grzybowski BA. Tactic, reactive, and functional droplets outside of equilibrium. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4766-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Droplets subject to non-equilibrium conditions can exhibit a range of biomimetic and “intelligent” behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Lach
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, and Department of Chemistry
- UNIST
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Min Yoon
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, and Department of Chemistry
- UNIST
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, and Department of Chemistry
- UNIST
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
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46
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Chen X, Weibel JA, Garimella SV. Water and Ethanol Droplet Wetting Transition during Evaporation on Omniphobic Surfaces. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17110. [PMID: 26603940 PMCID: PMC4658527 DOI: 10.1038/srep17110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Omniphobic surfaces with reentrant microstructures have been investigated for a range of applications, but the evaporation of high- and low-surface-tension liquid droplets placed on such surfaces has not been rigorously studied. In this work, we develop a technique to fabricate omniphobic surfaces on copper substrates to allow for a systematic examination of the effects of surface topography on the evaporation dynamics of water and ethanol droplets. Compared to a water droplet, the ethanol droplet not only evaporates faster, but also inhibits Cassie-to-Wenzel wetting transitions on surfaces with certain geometries. We use an interfacial energy-based description of the system, including the transition energy barrier and triple line energy, to explain the underlying transition mechanism and behaviour observed. Suppression of the wetting transition during evaporation of droplets provides an important metric for evaluating the robustness of omniphobic surfaces requiring such functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2088 USA
| | - Justin A Weibel
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2088 USA
| | - Suresh V Garimella
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2088 USA
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47
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Terrell JL, Wu HC, Tsao CY, Barber NB, Servinsky MD, Payne GF, Bentley WE. Nano-guided cell networks as conveyors of molecular communication. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8500. [PMID: 26455828 PMCID: PMC4633717 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have provided unprecedented physical means to sample molecular space. Living cells provide additional capability in that they identify molecules within complex environments and actuate function. We have merged cells with nanotechnology for an integrated molecular processing network. Here we show that an engineered cell consortium autonomously generates feedback to chemical cues. Moreover, abiotic components are readily assembled onto cells, enabling amplified and 'binned' responses. Specifically, engineered cell populations are triggered by a quorum sensing (QS) signal molecule, autoinducer-2, to express surface-displayed fusions consisting of a fluorescent marker and an affinity peptide. The latter provides means for attaching magnetic nanoparticles to fluorescently activated subpopulations for coalescence into colour-indexed output. The resultant nano-guided cell network assesses QS activity and conveys molecular information as a 'bio-litmus' in a manner read by simple optical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Terrell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Hsuan-Chen Wu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Chen-Yu Tsao
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Nathan B Barber
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Matthew D Servinsky
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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48
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Kaplan J, Grinstaff M. Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications. J Vis Exp 2015:e53117. [PMID: 26383018 DOI: 10.3791/53117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial applications. Here we describe how electrospinning or electrospraying a polymer mixture containing a biodegradable, biocompatible aliphatic polyester (e.g., polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)), as the major component, doped with a hydrophobic copolymer composed of the polyester and a stearate-modified poly(glycerol carbonate) affords a superhydrophobic biomaterial. The fabrication techniques of electrospinning or electrospraying provide the enhanced surface roughness and porosity on and within the fibers or the particles, respectively. The use of a low surface energy copolymer dopant that blends with the polyester and can be stably electrospun or electrosprayed affords these superhydrophobic materials. Important parameters such as fiber size, copolymer dopant composition and/or concentration, and their effects on wettability are discussed. This combination of polymer chemistry and process engineering affords a versatile approach to develop application-specific materials using scalable techniques, which are likely generalizable to a wider class of polymers for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University
| | - Mark Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston University;
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49
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Dash S, Chandramohan A, Weibel JA, Garimella SV. Buoyancy-induced on-the-spot mixing in droplets evaporating on nonwetting surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:062407. [PMID: 25615112 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.062407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigate hitherto-unexplored flow characteristics inside a sessile droplet evaporating on heated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces and propose the use of evaporation-induced flow as a means to promote efficient "on-the-spot" mixing in microliter-sized droplets. Evaporative cooling at the droplet interface establishes a temperature gradient that induces buoyancy-driven convection inside the droplet. An asymmetric single-roll flow pattern is observed on the superhydrophobic substrate, in stark contrast with the axisymmetric toroidal flow pattern that develops on the hydrophobic substrate. The difference in flow patterns is attributed to the larger height-to-diameter aspect ratio of the droplet (of the same volume) on the superhydrophobic substrate, which dictates a single asymmetric vortex as the stable buoyancy-induced convection mode. A scaling analysis relates the observed velocities inside the droplet to the Rayleigh number. On account of the difference in flow patterns, Rayleigh numbers, and the reduced solid-liquid contact area, the flow velocity is an order of magnitude higher in droplets evaporating on a superhydrophobic substrate as compared to hydrophobic substrates. Flow velocities in all cases are shown to increase with substrate temperature and droplet size: The characteristic time required for mixing of a dye in an evaporating sessile droplet is reduced by ∼8 times on a superhydrophobic surface when the substrate temperature is increased from 40 to 60 °C. The mixing rate is ∼15 times faster on the superhydrophobic substrate compared to the hydrophobic surface maintained at the same temperature of 60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Dash
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Aditya Chandramohan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Justin A Weibel
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Suresh V Garimella
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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50
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Polonschii C, David S, Gáspár S, Gheorghiu M, Rosu-Hamzescu M, Gheorghiu E. Complementarity of EIS and SPR to reveal specific and nonspecific binding when interrogating a model bioaffinity sensor; perspective offered by plasmonic based EIS. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8553-62. [PMID: 25126676 DOI: 10.1021/ac501348n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present work compares the responses of a model bioaffinity sensor based on a dielectric functionalization layer, in terms of specific and nonspecific binding, when interrogated simultaneously by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), non-Faradaic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Plasmonic based-EIS (P-EIS). While biorecognition events triggered a sensitive SPR signal, the related EIS response was rather negligible. Contrarily, even a limited nonspecific adsorption onto the surface of the metallic electrode, allowed by the intrinsic imperfect compactness of the functionalization layers, was signaled by EIS and not by SPR. The source of this finding has been addressed from both theoretical and experimental perspectives, demonstrating that EIS signals are mainly sensitive to adsorptions that alter the current pathway through defects of the functionalization layer exposing the electrode. These observations are of importance for those developing biosensors analyzed by SPR, EIS, or the novel combination of the two methods (P-EIS). A possible application of the observed complementarity of the two methods, namely assessment of sample purity in respect to a target analyte is highlighted. Moreover, the possibility of false-positive EIS responses (determined by nonspecific binding) when assessing samples containing complex matrices or consisting of small molecular weight analytes is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Polonschii
- International Centre of Biodynamics , 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
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