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Oates WA, Anastasiou AD. A novel microfluidic tool for the evaluation of local drug delivery systems in simulated in vivo conditions. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3840-3849. [PMID: 39045628 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00181h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
A 3D-printed microfluidic tool for assessing local drug delivery systems (LDD) in simulated in vivo conditions was developed and evaluated. The device was designed considering the oral environment and dental applications, and it was fabricated with a high-precision resin 3D printer. Chitosan scaffolds loaded with different concentrations of doxycycline were used for evaluating our device. The concentration of the released drug was measured through in-line UV-VIS spectroscopy, and to verify the repeatability and accuracy of our measurements, comparisons with standard HPLC results were made (5% deviation). Cumulative drug release profiles in steady-state conditions were obtained and compared to the Weibull model. The behaviour of the LDD system in a dynamic environment was also evaluated during experiments where step changes in pH were introduced. It was demonstrated that under infection-like conditions, there is an immediate response from the polymer and a clear increase in the concentration of the released drug. Continuous flow and recirculation experiments were also conducted, revealing significant differences in the drug release profiles. Specifically, in the case of continuous flow, the quantity of the released drug is much higher due to the higher driving force for diffusion (concentration gradient). Overall, the proposed microfluidic tool proved to be ideal for evaluating LDD systems, as the in vivo microenvironment can be replicated in a better way than with currently used standard systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Oates
- Lab of Complex Fluids and Microfluidics, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 9PL, UK.
| | - Antonios D Anastasiou
- Lab of Complex Fluids and Microfluidics, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 9PL, UK.
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2
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Anilkumar A, Batra A, Talukder S, Sharma R. Microfluidics based bioimaging with cost-efficient fabrication of multi-level micrometer-sized trenches. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:034103. [PMID: 37334275 PMCID: PMC10275646 DOI: 10.1063/5.0151868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices, through their vast applicability as tools for miniaturized experimental setups, have become indispensable for cutting edge research and diagnostics. However, the high operational cost and the requirement of sophisticated equipment and clean room facility for the fabrication of these devices make their use unfeasible for many research laboratories in resource limited settings. Therefore, with the aim of increasing accessibility, in this article, we report a novel, cost-effective micro-fabrication technique for fabricating multi-layer microfluidic devices using only common wet-lab facilities, thereby significantly lowering the cost. Our proposed process-flow-design eliminates the need for a mastermold, does not require any sophisticated lithography tools, and can be executed successfully outside a clean room. In this work, we also optimized the critical steps (such as spin coating and wet etching) of our fabrication process and validated the process flow and the device by trapping and imaging Caenorhabditis elegans. The fabricated devices are effective in conducting lifetime assays and flushing out larvae, which are, in general, manually picked from Petri dishes or separated using sieves. Our technique is not only cost effective but also scalable, as it can be used to fabricate devices with multiple layers of confinements ranging from 0.6 to more than 50 μ m, thus enabling the study of unicellular and multicellular organisms. This technique, therefore, has the potential to be adopted widely by many research laboratories for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Anilkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abhilasha Batra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Santanu Talukder
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rati Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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He V, Cadarso VJ, Seibt S, Boyd BJ, Neild A. A novel droplet-based approach to study phase transformations in lyotropic liquid crystalline systems. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:459-469. [PMID: 36948101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) and their phase transformations in response to stimuli have gathered much interest for controlled and 'on-demand' drug applications. Bulk methods of preparation impose limitations on studying the transformations, especially induced by compositional changes, such as enzymatic changes to lipid structure. Here we hypothesise that controlled microfluidic production and coalescence of dissimilar aqueous and lipid droplets emulsified in a third mutually immiscible liquid will provide a new approach to the spatio-temporal study of structure formation in lyotropic liquid crystalline materials. EXPERIMENTS Separate lipid and aqueous droplets, dispersed in a fluorocarbon oil were generated using a microfluidic format. The chip, prepared as a hybrid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass microfluidic device, was constructed to enable in-situ acquisition of time-resolved synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and crossed polarised light microscopy of the coalesced droplets to determine the structures present during aging. FINDINGS Janus-like droplets formed upon coalesce, with distinct lipid and aqueous portions with a gradient between the two sides of the merged droplet. SAXS and polarised light microscopy revealed a progression of mesophases as the lipid portion was hydrated by the aqueous portion via the diffusion limited interface which separated the portions. Thus demonstrating, on a droplet scale, a new approach for studying the phase transformation kinetics and identification of non-equilibrium phase in droplet-based lyotropic liquid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent He
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Victor J Cadarso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Susanne Seibt
- SAXS/WAXS Beamline, Australian Synchrotron (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, VIC 3150, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Adrian Neild
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Besenhard MO, Pal S, Gkogkos G, Gavriilidis A. Non-fouling flow reactors for nanomaterial synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a holistic description of flow reactor fouling for wet-chemical nanomaterial syntheses. Fouling origins and consequences are discussed together with the variety of flow reactors for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayan Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Georgios Gkogkos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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Sebastian V. Toward continuous production of high-quality nanomaterials using microfluidics: nanoengineering the shape, structure and chemical composition. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4411-4447. [PMID: 35274121 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a multitude of synthesis strategies has been reported for the production of high-quality nanoparticles. Wet-chemical methods are generally the most efficient synthesis procedures since high control of crystallinity and physicochemical properties can be achieved. However, a number of challenges remain from inadequate reaction control during the nanocrystallization process; specifically variability, selectivity, scalability and safety. These shortcomings complicate the synthesis, make it difficult to obtain a uniform product with desired properties, and present serious limitations for scaling the production of colloidal nanocrystals from academic studies to industrial applications. Continuous flow reactors based on microfluidic principles offer potential solutions and advantages. The reproducibility of reaction conditions in microfluidics and therefore product quality have proved to exceed those obtained by batch processing. Considering that in nanoparticles' production not only is it crucial to control the particle size distribution, but also the shape and chemical composition, this review presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art in synthesis of anisotropic and faceted nanostructures by using microfluidics techniques. The review surveys the available tools that enable shape and chemical control, including secondary growth methods, active segmented flow, and photoinduced shape conversion. In addition, emphasis is placed on the available approaches developed to tune the structure and chemical composition of nanomaterials in order to produce complex heterostructures in a continuous and reproducible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastian
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Hengoju S, Shvydkiv O, Tovar M, Roth M, Rosenbaum MA. Advantages of optical fibers for facile and enhanced detection in droplet microfluidics. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 200:113910. [PMID: 34974260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics offers a unique opportunity for ultrahigh-throughput experimentation with minimal sample consumption and thus has obtained increasing attention, particularly for biological applications. Detection and measurements of analytes or biomarkers in tiny droplets are essential for proper analysis of biological and chemical assays like single-cell studies, cytometry, nucleic acid detection, protein quantification, environmental monitoring, drug discovery, and point-of-care diagnostics. Current detection setups widely use microscopes as a central device and other free-space optical components. However, microscopic setups are bulky, complicated, not flexible, and expensive. Furthermore, they require precise optical alignments, specialized optical and technical knowledge, and cumbersome maintenance. The establishment of efficient, simple, and cheap detection methods is one of the bottlenecks for adopting microfluidic strategies for diverse bioanalytical applications and widespread laboratory use. Together with great advances in optofluidic components, the integration of optical fibers as a light guiding medium into microfluidic chips has recently revolutionized analytical possibilities. Optical fibers embedded in a microfluidic platform provide a simpler, more flexible, lower-cost, and sensitive setup for the detection of several parameters from biological and chemical samples and enable widespread, hands-on application much beyond thriving point-of-care developments. In this review, we examine recent developments in droplet microfluidic systems using optical fiber as a light guiding medium, primarily focusing on different optical detection methods such as fluorescence, absorbance, light scattering, and Raman scattering and the potential applications in biochemistry and biotechnology that are and will be arising from this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundar Hengoju
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oksana Shvydkiv
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Miguel Tovar
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Roth
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam A Rosenbaum
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Zong J, Yue J. Gas–Liquid Slug Flow Studies in Microreactors: Effect of Nanoparticle Addition on Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.788241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles (e.g., metals and oxides) have been considered as a promising working fluid in microreactors for achieving significant process intensification. Existing examples include their uses in microflow as catalysts for enhancing the reaction efficiency, or as additives to mix with the base fluid (i.e., to form the so-called nanofluids) for heat/mass transfer intensification. Thus, hydrodynamic characterization of such suspension flow in microreactors is of high importance for a rational design and operation of the system. In this work, experiments have been conducted to investigate the flow pattern and pressure drop characteristics under slug flow between N2 gas and colloidal suspensions in the presence of TiO2 or Al2O3 nanoparticles through polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary microreactors. The base fluid consisted of water or its mixture with ethylene glycol. The slug flow pattern with nanoparticle addition was characterized by the presence of a lubricating liquid film around N2 bubbles, in contrast to the absence of liquid film in the case of N2-water slug flow. This shows that the addition of nanoparticles has changed the wall wetting property to be more hydrophilic. Furthermore, the measured pressure drop under N2-nanoparticle suspension slug flow is well described by the model of Kreutzer et al. (AIChE J 51(9):2428–2440, 2005) at the mixture Reynolds numbers ca. above 100 and is better predicted by the model of Warnier et al. (Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 8(1):33–45, 2010) at lower Reynolds numbers given a better consideration of the effect of film thickness and bubble velocity under such conditions in the latter model. Therefore, the employed nanoparticle suspension can be considered as a stable and pseudo single phase with proper fluid properties (e.g., viscosity and density) when it comes to the pressure drop estimation.
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Duarte LC, Pereira I, Maciel LIL, Vaz BG, Coltro WKT. 3D printed microfluidic mixer for real-time monitoring of organic reactions by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1190:339252. [PMID: 34857139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
3D printing is a technology that has revolutionized traditional rapid prototyping methods due to its ability to build microscale structures with customized geometries in a simple, fast, and low-cost way. In this sense, this article describes the development of a microfluidic mixing device to monitor chemical reactions by mass spectrometry (MS). Microfluidic mixers were designed containing 3D serpentine and Y-shaped microchannels, both with a pointed end for facilitating the spray formation. The devices were fabricated entirely by 3D printing with fusion deposition modeling (FDM) technology. As proof-of-concept, micromixers were evaluated through monitoring the Katritzky reaction by injecting simultaneously 2,4,6-triphenylpropyllium (TPP) and amino acid (glycine or alanine) solutions, each through a different reactor inlet. Reaction product was monitored online by MS at different flow rates. Mass spectra showed that the relative abundances of the products obtained with the device containing the 3D serpentine channel were three times greater than those obtained with the Y-channel device due to the turbulence generated by the barriers created inside microchannels. In addition, when compared to the conventional electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique, the 3D serpentine mixer offered better performance measured in relation to the relative abundance values for the reaction products. These results as well as the instrumental simplicity indicate that 3D printed microfluidic mixer is a promising tool for monitoring organic reactions via MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Igor Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lanaia I L Maciel
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Duncombe TA, Ponti A, Seebeck FP, Dittrich PS. UV-Vis Spectra-Activated Droplet Sorting for Label-Free Chemical Identification and Collection of Droplets. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13008-13013. [PMID: 34533299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the UV-vis spectra-activated droplet sorter (UVADS) for high-throughput label-free chemical identification and enzyme screening. In contrast to previous absorbance-based droplet sorters that relied on single-wavelength absorbance in the visible range, our platform collects full UV-vis spectra from 200 to 1050 nm at up to 2100 spectra per second. Our custom-built open-source software application, "SpectraSorter," enables real-time data processing, analysis, visualization, and selection of droplets for sorting with any set of UV-vis spectral features. An optimized UV-vis detection region extended the absorbance path length for droplets and allowed for the direct protein quantification down to 10 μM of bovine serum albumin at 280 nm. UV-vis spectral data can distinguish a variety of different chemicals or spurious events (such as air bubbles) that are inaccessible at a single wavelength. The platform is used to measure ergothionase enzyme activity from monoclonal microcolonies isolated in droplets. In a label-free manner, we directly measure the ergothioneine substrate to thiourocanic acid product conversion while tracking the microcolony formation. UVADS represents an important new tool for high-throughput label-free in-droplet chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Duncombe
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aaron Ponti
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Damilos S, Alissandratos I, Panariello L, Radhakrishnan ANP, Cao E, Wu G, Besenhard MO, Kulkarni AA, Makatsoris C, Gavriilidis A. Continuous citrate‐capped gold nanoparticle synthesis in a two‐phase flow reactor. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA continuous manufacturing platform was developed for the synthesis of aqueous colloidal 10–20 nm gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in a flow reactor using chloroauric acid, sodium citrate and citric acid at 95 oC and 2.3 bar(a) pressure. The use of a two-phase flow system – using heptane as the continuous phase – prevented fouling on the reactor walls, while improving the residence time distribution. Continuous syntheses for up to 2 h demonstrated its potential application for continuous manufacturing, while live quality control was established using online UV-Vis photospectrometry that monitored the particle size and process yield. The synthesis was stable and reproducible over time for gold precursor concentration above 0.23 mM (after mixing), resulting in average particle size between 12 and 15 nm. A hydrophobic membrane separator provided successful separation of the aqueous and organic phases and collection of colloidal Au NPs in flow. Process yield increased at higher inlet flow rates (from 70 % to almost 100 %), due to lower residence time of the colloidal solution in the separator resulting in less fouling in the PTFE membrane. This study addresses the challenges for the translation of the synthesis from batch to flow and provides tools for the development of a continuous manufacturing platform for gold nanoparticles.Graphical abstract
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12
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Bolze H, Riewe J, Bunjes H, Dietzel A, Burg TP. Continuous Production of Lipid Nanoparticles by Ultrasound‐Assisted Microfluidic Antisolvent Precipitation. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bolze
- Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemisty Research Group Biological Micro- and Nanotechnology Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Merckstr. 25 64283 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Juliane Riewe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie Mendelssohnstr. 1 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig PVZ – Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie Mendelssohnstr. 1 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig PVZ – Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Microtechnology Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig PVZ – Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Thomas P. Burg
- Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemisty Research Group Biological Micro- and Nanotechnology Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Merckstr. 25 64283 Darmstadt Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Centre for Synthetic Biology Rundeturmstraße 12 64283 Darmstadt Germany
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Maurice AA, Theisen J, Rai V, Olivier F, El Maangar A, Duhamet J, Zemb T, Gabriel JP. First online X‐ray fluorescence characterization of liquid‐liquid extraction in microfluidics. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ange A. Maurice
- SCARCE Laboratory Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Nanyang Technology University Singapore
| | - Johannes Theisen
- ICSM CEA CNRS ENSCM Université de Montpellier Marcoule France
- CEA IRIG INAC MEM Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Varun Rai
- SCARCE Laboratory Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Nanyang Technology University Singapore
| | - Fabien Olivier
- SCARCE Laboratory Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Nanyang Technology University Singapore
- CEA CNRS NIMBE LICSEN Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | | | - Jean Duhamet
- CEA DES ISEC DMRC Université de Montpellier Marcoule France
| | - Thomas Zemb
- ICSM CEA CNRS ENSCM Université de Montpellier Marcoule France
| | - Jean‐Christophe P. Gabriel
- SCARCE Laboratory Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Nanyang Technology University Singapore
- CEA IRIG INAC MEM Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
- CEA CNRS NIMBE LICSEN Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
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14
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Nagasaka M, Kosugi N. Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Observing Element-specific Intermolecular Interaction in Solution Chemistry. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Nagasaka
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Domokos A, Nagy B, Szilágyi B, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Integrated Continuous Pharmaceutical Technologies—A Review. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Domokos
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Szilágyi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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Process Intensification Approach Using Microreactors for Synthesizing Nanomaterials-A Critical Review. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010098. [PMID: 33406661 PMCID: PMC7823899 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have found many applications due to their unique properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, density, strength, and many more. This review focuses on the recent developments on the synthesis of nanomaterials using process intensification. The review covers the designing of microreactors, design principles, and fundamental mechanisms involved in process intensification using microreactors for synthesizing nanomaterials. The microfluidics technology operates in continuous mode as well as the segmented flow of gas–liquid combinations. Various examples from the literature are discussed in detail highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of microfluidics technology for nanomaterial synthesis.
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Monolithically Integrated Diffused Silicon Two-Zone Heaters for Silicon-Pyrex Glass Microreactors for Production of Nanoparticles: Heat Exchange Aspects. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090818. [PMID: 32872382 PMCID: PMC7569776 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, simulation, fabrication and characterization of monolithically integrated high resistivity p-type boron-diffused silicon two-zone heaters in a model high temperature microreactor intended for nanoparticle fabrication. We used a finite element method for simulations of the heaters’ operation and performance. Our experimental model reactor structure consisted of a silicon wafer anodically bonded to a Pyrex glass wafer with an isotropically etched serpentine microchannels network. We fabricated two separate spiral heaters with different temperatures, mutually thermally isolated by barrier apertures etched throughout the silicon wafer. The heaters were characterized by electric measurements and by infrared thermal vision. The obtained results show that our proposed procedure for the heater fabrication is robust, stable and controllable, with a decreased sensitivity to random variations of fabrication process parameters. Compared to metallic or polysilicon heaters typically integrated into microreactors, our approach offers improved control over heater characteristics through adjustment of the Boron doping level and profile. Our microreactor is intended to produce titanium dioxide nanoparticles, but it could be also used to fabricate nanoparticles in different materials as well, with various parameters and geometries. Our method can be generally applied to other high-temperature microsystems.
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18
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Design, Fundamental Principles of Fabrication and Applications of Microreactors. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study highlights the development of small-scale reactors, in the form of microstructures with microchannel networking. Microreactors have achieved an impressive reputation, regarding chemical synthesis ability and their applications in the engineering, pharmaceutical, and biological fields. This review elaborates on the fabrication, construction, and schematic fundamentals in the design of the microreactors and microchannels. The materials used in the fabrication or construction of the microreactors include silicon, polymer, and glass. A general review of the application of microreactors in medical, biological, and engineering fields is carried out and significant improvements in these areas are reported. Finally, we highlight the flow patterns, mixing, and scaling-up of multiphase microreactor developments, with emphasis on the more significant industrial applications.
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Segmented Microfluidic Flow Reactors for Nanomaterial Synthesis. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071421. [PMID: 32708175 PMCID: PMC7407902 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic reactors have remarkably promoted the synthesis and investigation of advanced nanomaterials due to their continuous mode and accelerated heat/mass transfer. Notably, segmented microfluidic flow reactors (SMFRs) are an important class of microfluidic reactors that have been developed to accurately manipulate nanomaterial synthesis by further improvement of the residence time distributions and unique flow behaviors. This review provided a survey of the nanomaterial synthesis in SMFRs for the aspects of fluid dynamics, flow patterns, and mass transfer among and within distinct phases and provided examples of the synthesis of versatile nanomaterials via the use of different flow patterns.
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20
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Thomson CG, Lee AL, Vilela F. Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1495-1549. [PMID: 32647551 PMCID: PMC7323633 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces their long-term viability, especially at an industrial scale. Heterogeneous photocatalysts (HPCats) are an attractive alternative, as the requirement for the separation and purification is largely removed, but typically at the cost of efficiency. Flow chemical reactors can, to a large extent, mitigate the loss in efficiency through reactor designs that enhance mass transport and irradiation. Herein, we review some important developments of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials and their application in flow reactors for sustainable organic synthesis. Further, the application of continuous flow heterogeneous photocatalysis in environmental remediation is briefly discussed to present some interesting reactor designs that could be implemented to enhance organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
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21
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Maurice A, Theisen J, Gabriel JCP. Microfluidic lab-on-chip advances for liquid–liquid extraction process studies. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Gioiello A, Piccinno A, Lozza AM, Cerra B. The Medicinal Chemistry in the Era of Machines and Automation: Recent Advances in Continuous Flow Technology. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6624-6647. [PMID: 32049517 PMCID: PMC7997576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Medicinal
chemistry plays a fundamental and underlying role in
chemical biology, pharmacology, and medicine to discover safe and
efficacious drugs. Small molecule medicinal chemistry relies on iterative
learning cycles composed of compound design, synthesis, testing, and
data analysis to provide new chemical probes and lead compounds for
novel and druggable targets. Using traditional approaches, the time
from hypothesis to obtaining the results can be protracted, thus limiting
the number of compounds that can be advanced into clinical studies.
This challenge can be tackled with the recourse of enabling technologies
that are showing great potential in improving the drug discovery process.
In this Perspective, we highlight recent developments toward innovative
medicinal chemistry strategies based on continuous flow systems coupled
with automation and bioassays. After a discussion of the aims and
concepts, we describe equipment and representative examples of automated
flow systems and end-to-end prototypes realized to expedite medicinal
chemistry discovery cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Gioiello
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccinno
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Lozza
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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23
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Thomson CG, Jones CMS, Rosair G, Ellis D, Marques-Hueso J, Lee AL, Vilela F. Continuous-flow synthesis and application of polymer-supported BODIPY Photosensitisers for the generation of singlet oxygen; process optimised by in-line NMR spectroscopy. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCommercial polystyrene Merrifield-type resins have been post-synthetically functionalised with BODIPY photosensitisers via a novel aryl ester linking strategy in continuous-flow. A unique synthetic advantage of post-synthetically modifying heterogeneous materials in flow was identified. The homogeneous analogues of the polymer-supported BODIPYs were synthesised and used as reference to assess photophysical properties altered by the polymer-support and linker. The homogeneous and polymer-supported BODIPYs were applied in visible-light photosensitisation of singlet oxygen for the conversion of α-terpinene to ascaridole. Materials produced in flow were superior to batch in terms of functional loading and photosensitisation efficiency. Flow photochemical reactions generally outperformed batch by a factor of 4 with respect to rate of reaction. The polymer-supported BODIPY resins could be irradiated for 96 h without loss of photosensitising ability. Additional material synthetic modification and conditions optimisation using an in-line NMR spectrometer resulted in a 24-fold rate enhancement from the initial material and conditions.
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24
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Pishbin E, Kazemzadeh A, Chimerad M, Asiaei S, Navidbakhsh M, Russom A. Frequency dependent multiphase flows on centrifugal microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:514-524. [PMID: 31898702 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00924h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous flow of gas and liquids in large scale conduits is an established approach to enhance the performance of different working systems under critical conditions. On the microscale, the use of gas-liquid flows is challenging due to the dominance of surface tension forces. Here, we present a technique to generate common gas-liquid flows on a centrifugal microfluidic platform. It consists of a spiral microchannel and specific micro features that allow for temporal and local control of stratified and slug flow regimes. We investigate several critical parameters that induce different gas-liquid flows and cause the transition between stratified and slug flows. We have analytically derived formulations that are compared with our experimental results to deliver a general guideline for designing specific gas-liquid flows. As an application of the gas-liquid flows in enhancing microfluidic systems' performance, we show the acceleration of the cell growth of E. coli bacteria in comparison to traditional culturing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmail Pishbin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Kazemzadeh
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mohammadreza Chimerad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Asiaei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Navidbakhsh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aman Russom
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Rojahn P, Ruß O, Gössl L, Kroschel M, Herbstritt F, Heck J, Schael F. Mixing Performance in a Distributed-Feed Plate-Type Reactor with Multinozzle Injection for Fine Chemical Production Scale. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rojahn
- Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschule Darmstadt-University of Applied Sciences, Stephanstraße 7, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Ruß
- Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschule Darmstadt-University of Applied Sciences, Stephanstraße 7, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Gössl
- Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschule Darmstadt-University of Applied Sciences, Stephanstraße 7, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroschel
- Ehrfeld Mikrotechnik GmbH, Mikroforum Ring 1, D-55234 Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Frank Herbstritt
- Ehrfeld Mikrotechnik GmbH, Mikroforum Ring 1, D-55234 Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Joachim Heck
- Ehrfeld Mikrotechnik GmbH, Mikroforum Ring 1, D-55234 Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Frank Schael
- Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschule Darmstadt-University of Applied Sciences, Stephanstraße 7, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany
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26
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Gromski PS, Granda JM, Cronin L. Universal Chemical Synthesis and Discovery with ‘The Chemputer’. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Ari J, Louvet G, Ledemi Y, Célarié F, Morais S, Bureau B, Marre S, Nazabal V, Messaddeq Y. Anodic bonding of mid-infrared transparent germanate glasses for high pressure - high temperature microfluidic applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 21:11-24. [PMID: 32082440 PMCID: PMC7006688 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1702861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High pressure/high-temperature microreactors based on silicon-Pyrex® microfabrication technologies have attracted increasing interest in various applications providing optical access in high-pressure flow processes. However, they cannot be coupled to infrared spectroscopy due to the limited optical transparency (up to ~2.7 μm in the infrared region) of the Pyrex® glass substrate employed in the microreactor fabrication. To address this limitation, the alternative approach proposed in this work consists in replacing the Pyrex® glass in the microreactor by a mid-infrared transparent glass with thermal and mechanical properties as close as possible or even better to those of the Pyrex®, including its ability for silicon-wafers coupling by the anodic bonding process. Glasses based on germanate GeO2, known for their excellent transmission in the mid-infrared range and thermal/thermo-mechanical properties, have been thus evaluated and developed for this purpose. The optical, mechanical, thermal and electrical conductivity properties of adapted glass compositions belonging to five vitreous systems have been systemically investigated. The glass composition 70GeO2-15Al2O3-10La2O3-5Na2O (mol.%) was defined as the best candidate and produced in large plates of 50 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness. Anodic bonding tests with Si-wafers have been then successfully conducted, paving the way for the development of fully mid-infrared transparent silicon-glass microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ari
- Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
- Equipe Verres & Céramiques - Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR-CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Geoffrey Louvet
- Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
- Equipe Verres & Céramiques - Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR-CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yannick Ledemi
- Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Fabrice Célarié
- Département Mécanique & Verres, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), UMR-CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sandy Morais
- Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), UMR-CNRS 5026, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Bureau
- Equipe Verres & Céramiques - Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR-CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Samuel Marre
- Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), UMR-CNRS 5026, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Virginie Nazabal
- Equipe Verres & Céramiques - Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR-CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Younès Messaddeq
- Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
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28
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Nagasaka M, Yuzawa H, Takada N, Aoyama M, Rühl E, Kosugi N. Laminar flow in microfluidics investigated by spatially-resolved soft X-ray absorption and infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114201. [PMID: 31542036 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to liquid cells based on microfluidics for chemical state analysis of light elements is much more difficult than hard X-ray absorption since soft X-rays cannot deeply penetrate a microfluidic cell. In this study, we have newly developed a microfluidic cell for spatially resolved XAS, where a 100 nm thick Si3N4 membrane is used for the measurement window to transmit soft X-rays for keeping the microfluidic flow at a width and depth of 50 µm. The π* peak of pyridine near the N K-edge XAS shows characteristic energy shifts near the liquid-liquid interface in a laminar flow of pyridine and water. The distributions of the molar fractions of pyridine and water near the liquid-liquid interface have been determined from the energy shifts of the π* peak probed at different geometric positions, where pyridine is mixed in the water part of the laminar flow and vice versa. The spatial distribution of both species has also been studied by infrared microscopy, using the same microfluidic setup. The present work clearly shows that these spectroscopic techniques are easily applicable to chemical and biological reactions prepared by microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayato Yuzawa
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Noriko Takada
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Aoyama
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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29
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Bolze H, Erfle P, Riewe J, Bunjes H, Dietzel A, Burg TP. A Microfluidic Split-Flow Technology for Product Characterization in Continuous Low-Volume Nanoparticle Synthesis. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10030179. [PMID: 30857317 PMCID: PMC6470898 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect of microfluidic processes is their ability to perform chemical reactions in small volumes under continuous flow. However, a continuous process requires stable reagent flow over a prolonged period. This can be challenging in microfluidic systems, as bubbles or particles easily block or alter the flow. Online analysis of the product stream can alleviate this problem by providing a feedback signal. When this signal exceeds a pre-defined range, the process can be re-adjusted or interrupted to prevent contamination. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of this concept by implementing a microfluidic detector downstream of a segmented-flow system for the synthesis of lipid nanoparticles. To match the flow rate through the detector to the measurement bandwidth independent of the synthesis requirements, a small stream is sidelined from the original product stream and routed through a measuring channel with 2 × 2 µm cross-section. The small size of the measuring channel prevents the entry of air plugs, which are inherent to our segmented flow synthesis device. Nanoparticles passing through the small channel were detected and characterized by quantitative fluorescence measurements. With this setup, we were able to count single nanoparticles. This way, we were able to detect changes in the particle synthesis affecting the size, concentration, or velocity of the particles in suspension. We envision that the flow-splitting scheme demonstrated here can be transferred to detection methods other than fluorescence for continuous monitoring and feedback control of microfluidic nanoparticle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bolze
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Peer Erfle
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38124, Germany.
| | - Juliane Riewe
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38124, Germany.
| | - Thomas P Burg
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany.
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30
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Baumann M. Integrating continuous flow synthesis with in-line analysis and data generation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5946-5954. [PMID: 30062354 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis of fine chemicals has successfully advanced from an academic niche area to a rapidly growing field of its own that directly impacts developments and applications in industrial settings. Whilst the numerous advantages of flow over batch processing are widely recognised and have led to a wider uptake of continuous flow synthesis within the community, we have reached a point where continuous flow synthesis has to transition from a stand-alone enabling technology to a readily integrated synthesis concept. Thus it is paramount to embrace a multitude of in-line analysis and purification techniques to not only allow for efficiently telescoped multi-step sequences but ultimately generate bioactivity data concomitantly on newly synthesised entities. This short review summarises the state of the art in this field and presents both challenges and opportunities that arise from this ambitious endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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31
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Sagmeister P, Williams JD, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Laboratory of the future: a modular flow platform with multiple integrated PAT tools for multistep reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of a modular microreactor platform, real-time inline analysis by IR and NMR, and online UPLC, leads to efficient optimization of a multistep organolithium transformation to a given product without the need for human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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32
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Gavoille T, Pannacci N, Bergeot G, Marliere C, Marre S. Microfluidic approaches for accessing thermophysical properties of fluid systems. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermophysical properties of fluid systems under high pressure and high temperature conditions are highly desirable as they are used in many industrial processes both from a chemical engineering point of view and to push forward the development of modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Gavoille
- IFP Energies nouvelles
- 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex
- France
- CNRS
- Univ. Bordeaux
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Marre
- CNRS
- Univ. Bordeaux
- Bordeaux INP
- ICMCB
- F-33600 Pessac
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33
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Suryawanshi PL, Gumfekar SP, Bhanvase BA, Sonawane SH, Pimplapure MS. A review on microreactors: Reactor fabrication, design, and cutting-edge applications. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Huang H, du Toit H, Panariello L, Mazzei L, Gavriilidis A. Continuous synthesis of gold nanoparticles in micro- and millifluidic systems. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gold nanomaterials have diverse applications ranging from healthcare and nanomedicine to analytical sciences and catalysis. Microfluidic and millifluidic reactors offer multiple advantages for their synthesis and manufacturing, including controlled or fast mixing, accurate reaction time control and excellent heat transfer. These advantages are demonstrated by reviewing gold nanoparticle synthesis strategies in flow devices. However, there are still challenges to be resolved, such as reactor fouling, particularly if robust manufacturing processes are to be developed to achieve the desired targets in terms of nanoparticle size, size distribution, surface properties, process throughput and robustness. Solutions to these challenges are more effective through a coordinated approach from chemists, engineers and physicists, which has at its core a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the synthesis processes and reactor operation. This is important as nanoparticle synthesis is complex, encompassing multiple phenomena interacting with each other, often taking place at short timescales. The proposed methodology for the development of reactors and processes is generic and contains various interconnected considerations. It aims to be a starting point towards rigorous design procedures for the robust and reproducible continuous flow synthesis of gold nanoparticles.
Graphical Abstract:
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Hendrik du Toit
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Luca Mazzei
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
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35
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Rojahn P, Hessel V, Nigam KD, Schael F. Applicability of the axial dispersion model to coiled flow inverters containing single liquid phase and segmented liquid-liquid flows. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Glotz G, Kappe CO. Design and construction of an open source-based photometer and its applications in flow chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive and easy to build photometer using a movable measuring cell for flow chemistry applications was designed with temporal resolution down to 1 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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37
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Pan LJ, Tu JW, Ma HT, Yang YJ, Tian ZQ, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. Controllable synthesis of nanocrystals in droplet reactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 18:41-56. [PMID: 29098217 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00800g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a broad range of nanocrystals have been synthesized in droplet-based microfluidic reactors which provide obvious advantages, such as accurate manipulation, better reproducibility and reliable automation. In this review, we initially introduce general concepts of droplet reactors followed by discussions of their main functional regions including droplet generation, mixing of reactants, reaction controlling, in situ monitoring, and reaction quenching. Subsequently, the enhanced mass and heat transport properties are discussed. Next, we focus on research frontiers including sequential multistep synthesis, intelligent synthesis, reliable scale-up synthesis, and interfacial synthesis. Finally, we end with an outlook on droplet reactors, especially highlighting some aspects such as large-scale production, the integrated process of synthesis and post-synthetic treatments, automated droplet reactors with in situ monitoring and optimizing algorithms, and rapidly developing strategies for interfacial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Bravo-Suárez JJ, Srinivasan PD. Design characteristics of in situ and operando ultraviolet-visible and vibrational spectroscopic reaction cells for heterogeneous catalysis. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2017.1360071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Bravo-Suárez
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Priya D. Srinivasan
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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39
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Eckert K, Shi Y, Seidel K, Schwarzenberger K. Meniscus Asymmetry and Chemo-Marangoni Convection in Capillaries. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Eckert
- Technische Universität Dresden; Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology; Chair of Transport Processes at Interfaces; 01062 Dresden Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Head Transport Processes at Interfaces; P.O. Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
| | - Ying Shi
- Technische Universität Dresden; Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology; Chair of Transport Processes at Interfaces; 01062 Dresden Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Head Transport Processes at Interfaces; P.O. Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
| | - Kirsten Seidel
- Technische Universität Dresden; Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology; Chair of Transport Processes at Interfaces; 01062 Dresden Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Head Transport Processes at Interfaces; P.O. Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
| | - Karin Schwarzenberger
- Technische Universität Dresden; Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology; Chair of Transport Processes at Interfaces; 01062 Dresden Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Head Transport Processes at Interfaces; P.O. Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
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40
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Monaghan T, Harding MJ, Harris RA, Friel RJ, Christie SDR. Customisable 3D printed microfluidics for integrated analysis and optimisation. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3362-3373. [PMID: 27452498 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00562d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of smart Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices featuring integrated sensing optics is currently hindered by convoluted and expensive manufacturing procedures. In this work, a series of 3D-printed LOC devices were designed and manufactured via stereolithography (SL) in a matter of hours. The spectroscopic performance of a variety of optical fibre combinations were tested, and the optimum path length for performing Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy determined. The information gained in these trials was then used in a reaction optimisation for the formation of carvone semicarbazone. The production of high resolution surface channels (100-500 μm) means that these devices were capable of handling a wide range of concentrations (9 μM-38 mM), and are ideally suited to both analyte detection and process optimisation. This ability to tailor the chip design and its integrated features as a direct result of the reaction being assessed, at such a low time and cost penalty greatly increases the user's ability to optimise both their device and reaction. As a result of the information gained in this investigation, we are able to report the first instance of a 3D-printed LOC device with fully integrated, in-line monitoring capabilities via the use of embedded optical fibres capable of performing UV-vis spectroscopy directly inside micro channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Monaghan
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - M J Harding
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - R A Harris
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R J Friel
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - S D R Christie
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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41
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Wu J, Lee NY. Imprint Molding of a Microfluidic Optical Cell on Thermoplastics with Reduced Surface Roughness for the Detection of Copper Ions. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:85-92. [PMID: 26753711 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we introduce a simple and facile technique for fabricating microfluidic optical cells by utilizing a micropatterned polymer mold, followed by imprinting on thermoplastic substrates. This process has reduced the surface roughness of the microchannel, making it suitable for microscale optical measurements. The micropatterned polymer mold was fabricated by first micromilling on a poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) substrate, and then transferring the micropattern onto an ultraviolet (UV)-curable optical adhesive. After an anti-adhesion treatment of the polymer mold fabricated using the UV-curable optical adhesive, the polymer mold was used repeatedly for imprinting onto various thermoplastics, such as PMMA, polycarbonate (PC), and poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET). The roughness values for the PMMA, PC, and PET microchannels were approximately 11.3, 20.3, and 14.2 nm, respectively, as compared to those obtained by micromilling alone, which were 15.9, 76.8, and 207.5 nm, respectively. Using the imprint-molded thermoplastic optical cell, rhodamine B and copper ions were successfully quantified. The reduced roughness of the microchannel surface resulted in improved sensitivity and reduced noise, paving the way for integration of the detection module so as to realize totally integrated microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University
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Perro A, Lebourdon G, Henry S, Lecomte S, Servant L, Marre S. Combining microfluidics and FT-IR spectroscopy: towards spatially resolved information on chemical processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the combination of infrared spectroscopy and continuous microfluidic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Perro
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Gwenaelle Lebourdon
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Sarah Henry
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets
- Université de Bordeaux —CNRS
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets
- Université de Bordeaux —CNRS
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - Laurent Servant
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS
- 33405 Talence
- France
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Lignos I, Stavrakis S, Kilaj A, deMello AJ. Millisecond-Timescale Monitoring of PbS Nanoparticle Nucleation and Growth Using Droplet-Based Microfluidics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4009-17. [PMID: 25998018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The early-time kinetics (<1 s) of lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dot formation are probed using a novel droplet-based microfluidic platform, which allows for high-throughput and real-time optical analysis of the reactive process with millisecond time resolution. The reaction platform enables the concurrent investigation of the emission characteristics of PbS quantum dots and a real-time estimation of their size and concentration during nucleation and growth. These investigations reveal a two-stage mechanism for PbS nanoparticle formation. The first stage corresponds to the fast conversion of precursor species to PbS crystals, followed by the growth of the formed particles. The growth kinetics of the PbS nanoparticles follow the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner model for Ostwald ripening, allowing direct estimation of the rate constants for the process. In addition, the extraction of absorption spectra of ultrasmall quantum dots is demonstrated for first time in an online manner. The droplet-based microfluidic platform integrated with online spectroscopic analysis provides a new tool for the quantitative extraction of high temperature kinetics for systems with rapid nucleation and growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lignos
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ardita Kilaj
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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45
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Glasnov T. Highlights from the Flow Chemistry Literature 2013 (Part 4). J Flow Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Abolhasani M, Oskooei A, Klinkova A, Kumacheva E, Günther A. Shaken, and stirred: oscillatory segmented flow for controlled size-evolution of colloidal nanomaterials. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2309-18. [PMID: 24828153 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce oscillatory segmented flow as a compact microfluidic format that accommodates slow chemical reactions for the solution-phase processing of colloidal nanomaterials. The strategy allows the reaction progress to be monitored at a dynamic range of up to 80 decibels (i.e., residence times of up to one day, equivalent to 720-14,400 times the mixing time) from only one sensing location. A train of alternating gas bubbles and liquid reaction compartments (segmented flow) was initially formed, stopped and then subjected to a consistent back-and-forth motion. The oscillatory segmented flow was obtained by periodically manipulating the pressures at the device inlet and outlet via square wave signals generated by non-wetted solenoid valves. The readily implementable format significantly reduced the device footprint as compared with continuous segmented flow. We investigated mixing enhancement for varying liquid segment lengths, oscillation amplitudes and oscillation frequencies. The etching of gold nanorods served as a case study to illustrate the utility of the approach for dynamic characterization and precise control of colloidal nanomaterial size and shape for 5 h. Oscillatory segmented flows will be beneficial for a broad range of lab-on-a-chip applications that require long processing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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