1
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Nagargoje AA, Deshmukh TR, Shaikh MH, Khedkar VM, Shingate BB. Anticancer perspectives of monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin: A decade (2014-2024) review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400197. [PMID: 38895952 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin (MACs) represent structurally modified versions of curcumin. The existing literature indicates that MACs exhibit enhanced anticancer properties compared with curcumin. Numerous research articles in recent years have emphasized the significance of MACs as effective anticancer agents. This review focuses on the latest advances in the anticancer potential of MACs, from 2014 to 2024, including discussions on their mechanism of action, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and in silico molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol A Nagargoje
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad), Maharashtra, India
- Department of Chemistry, Khopoli Municipal Council College, Khopoli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tejshri R Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad), Maharashtra, India
| | - Mubarak H Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad), Maharashtra, India
- Department of Chemistry, Radhabai Kale Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay M Khedkar
- School of Pharmacy, Vishwakarma University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bapurao B Shingate
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad), Maharashtra, India
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2
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Ghosh H, Bhattacharyya S, Schobert R, Dandawate P, Biersack B. Fluorinated and N-Acryloyl-Modified 3,5-Di[( E)-benzylidene]piperidin-4-one Curcuminoids for the Treatment of Pancreatic Carcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1921. [PMID: 37514107 PMCID: PMC10385166 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma is a cancer disease with high mortality. Thus, new and efficient treatments for this disease are badly needed. Curcumin has previously shown promising effects in pancreatic cancer patients; however, this natural compound suffers from inadequate efficacy and bioavailability, preventing its clinical approval. The synthetic curcuminoid EF24 was developed with activities superior to curcumin against various cancer types. In this study, a series of analogs of EF24 were investigated for anticancer effects on pancreatic carcinoma models. A distinct activity boost was achieved by straightforward N-acrylation of EF24 analogs, in particular, of compounds bearing 3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzylidene, 3,4-difluorobenzylidene, and 4-trifluoromethylbenzylidene moieties, while no improvement was seen for N-acryloyl-modified EF24. Apoptosis induction and suppression of phospho-STAT3 levels were determined, the latter corroborated by docking of active curcuminoids into STAT3. Hence, promising new clues for the development of efficient and superior curcuminoids as valuable treatment options for one of the most lethal cancer diseases were discovered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hindole Ghosh
- Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sangita Bhattacharyya
- Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Prasad Dandawate
- Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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3
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Mathur P, Mori M, Vyas H, Mor K, Jagtap J, Vadher S, Vyas K, Devkar R, Desai A. Synthesis of Novel Bis-imino and Bis-amino Curcuminoids for Evaluation of Their Anticancer and Antibacterial Activity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45545-45555. [PMID: 36530297 PMCID: PMC9753182 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new set of curcumin analogues with a Schiff base moiety were synthesized from a bis-aldehyde derivative of hydroxybenzylidene cyclohexanone and various alicyclic and aromatic amines. The single crystals of compound 2 (bis-aldehyde), compound 3b (bis-cyclohexylimino derivative), and compound 3c (bis-1-imino piperidyl derivative) were developed. The said bis-imino and bis-amino curcuminoids were tested for anticancer activity against MCF-7 utilizing the conventional MTT assay. These Schiff bases had significantly higher anticancer efficacy than curcumin and methotrexate against MCF-7 cell lines. Compounds 3k, 3b, and 3l have the highest efficacy among all synthesized curcuminoids. The MTT results are in accordance with the binding affinities found by docking the said molecules with HER2 Tyrosine Kinase (HER2-TK). Compound 3b is identified as a promising HER2-TK inhibitor and also shows effective inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mathur
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Meera Mori
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitarthi Vyas
- Department
of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Kartik Mor
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Jalpa Jagtap
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sumita Vadher
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Komal Vyas
- Department
of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University,Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Ranjitsinh Devkar
- Department
of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Arpita Desai
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
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4
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Wan S, Wu N, Yan Y, Yang Y, Tian G, An L, Bao X. Design, synthesis, crystal structure, and in vitro antibacterial activities of sulfonamide derivatives bearing the 4-aminoquinazoline moiety. Mol Divers 2022:10.1007/s11030-022-10484-8. [PMID: 35779170 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 66 sulfonamide derivatives bearing the 4-aminoquinazoline moiety were designed and synthesized, and their structures were fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS techniques. Among them, the structures of compounds 5A10 and 5B11 were further confirmed through X-ray single-crystal diffraction analyses. The bioassay results indicated that some of the target compounds displayed higher inhibition activities in vitro against the tested phytopathogenic bacteria. For example, compound 5A26 exhibited a strong anti-Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) efficacy with an EC50 (half-maximal effective concentration) value of 30.6 μg/mL, over twofold more active than control agent bismerthiazol (BMT). Additionally, compound 5B14 had a good antibacterial effect against the phytopathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citric (Xac) with EC50 = 34.5 μg/mL, significantly better than control agent BMT (71.5 μg/mL). The anti-Xoc mechanistic studies showed that compound 5A26 exerted its antibacterial efficacy by increasing the permeability of bacterial membrane, decreasing the content of extracellular polysaccharides, and triggering morphological changes of bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suran Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yehui Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangmin Tian
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian An
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Radbakhsh S, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Mahmoudi A, Sarborji MR, Hatamipour M, Moallem SA, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. Investigation of the Effects of Difluorinated Curcumin on Glycemic Indices in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1328:131-141. [PMID: 34981475 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin is an antioxidant agent that improves glycemia in animal models of diabetes. Clinically curcumin use is limited due to poor solubility, weak absorption, and low bioavailability; therefore, this study to investigate the effects of curcumin's analog, difluorinated curcumin (CDF), on fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and insulin tolerance test (ITT), in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was undertaken. METHODS STZ-induced diabetes rats were randomly assigned to six groups (7 rats per group). They were treated daily by oral gavage with curcumin (200 and 100 mg/kg/day), CDF (200 and 100 mg/kg/day), and metformin (200 mg/kg/day) as a positive control group, for 4 weeks. Two diabetic control (DC) and normal control (NC) groups (non-diabetic rats) received normal saline and citrate buffer, respectively. FBG was measured at the beginning and end of the treatment (Day 0 and week 4) and OGTT and ITT were performed to determine glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. RESULTS Cur100, CDF 100, and CDF200 significantly decreased FBG levels after 4 weeks oral administration by -34% (-150 mg/dL ± 70, p = 0.02), -36% (123 mg/dL ±67, p < 0.04), and - 40% (-189 mg/dL ± 91, p = 0.03), respectively. Glucose sensitivity by OGTT showed a significant improvement in glucose tolerance ability in all treated groups compared with DC group. ITT demonstrated that insulin response improved significantly in Cur100 and CDF 200 groups. CONCLUSION Overall, CDF improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, while reducing FBG compared to curcumin, suggesting that curcumin analogs may have therapeutic utility in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Radbakhsh
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Iran's National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoudi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Hatamipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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6
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Al Nasr IS, Hanachi R, Said RB, Rahali S, Tangour B, Abdelwahab SI, Farasani A, M E Taha M, Bidwai A, Koko WS, Khan TA, Schobert R, Biersack B. p-Trifluoromethyl- and p-pentafluorothio-substituted curcuminoids of the 2,6-di[(E)-benzylidene)]cycloalkanone type: Syntheses and activities against Leishmania major and Toxoplasma gondii parasites. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105099. [PMID: 34174635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of the title curcuminoids with structural variance in the heteroatom of the cycloalkanone and the p-substituents of the phenyl rings were tested for their activities against Leishmania major and Toxoplasma gondii parasites. The majority of them showed high activities against both parasite forms with EC50 values in the sub-micromolar concentration range. Bis(p-pentafluorothio)-substituted 3,5-di[(E)-benzylidene]piperidin-4-one 1b was not just noticeable antiparasitic, but also exhibited a considerable selectivity for L. major promastigotes over normal Vero cells. While derivatives differing only in the p-phenyl substituents being CF3 or SF5 showed similar antiparasitic activities, the cyclic ketone hub was more decisive both for the anti-parasitic activities and the selectivities for the parasites vs. normal cells. QSAR calculations confirmed the observed structure-activity relations and suggested structural variations for a further improvement of the antiparasitic activity. Docking studies based on DFT calculations revealed L. major pteridine reductase 1 as a likely molecular target protein of the title compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S Al Nasr
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia; Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, King Abdelaziz Road, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riadh Hanachi
- Laboratoire de Caractérisations, Applications et Modélisations des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Ridha B Said
- Laboratoire de Caractérisations, Applications et Modélisations des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seyfeddine Rahali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia; IPEIEM, Research Unit on Fundamental Sciences and Didactics, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Bahoueddine Tangour
- IPEIEM, Research Unit on Fundamental Sciences and Didactics, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | | | - Abdullah Farasani
- Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M E Taha
- Substance Abuse Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anil Bidwai
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S Koko
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, King Abdelaziz Road, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq A Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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7
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Antibacterial activities of sulfonyl or sulfonamide containing heterocyclic derivatives and its structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies: A critical review. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Zhang LX, Hou Y. Crystal structure and anti-inflammatory activity of (3 E,5 E)-1-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-3,5-bis(4-fluorobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one-dichloromethane (1/1), C 26H 20Cl 3F 2NO 3S. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2020-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C26H20Cl3F2NO3S, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.6281(7) Å, b = 11.3695(9) Å, c = 14.3529(11) Å, α = 68.166(7)°, β = 80.707(7)°, γ = 71.169(7)°, V = 1235.65(19) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0564, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1376, T = 100.00(10) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Zhang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , P.R. China
| | - Yun Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , P.R. China
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9
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Yan WB, Liu YJ, Hou GG, Cong W, Meng QG. Crystal structure and anti-inflammatory activity of (3 E,5 E)-3,5-bis(4-fluorobenzylidene)-1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)piperidin-4-one-dichloromethane (1/1), C 26H 20Cl 2F 3NO 3S. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C26H20Cl2F3NO3S, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.5616(4) Å, b = 11.6052(6) Å, c = 14.1451(8) Å, α = 66.617(6)°, β = 82.391(4)°, γ = 69.072(4)°, V = 1204.85(12) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0460, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1206, T = 100.00(10) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Yan
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Ge Hou
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cong
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Guo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai 264005, P.R. China
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10
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Panda SS, Girgis AS, Thomas SJ, Capito JE, George RF, Salman A, El-Manawaty MA, Samir A. Synthesis, pharmacological profile and 2D-QSAR studies of curcumin-amino acid conjugates as potential drug candidates. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 196:112293. [PMID: 32311607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of curcumin bis-conjugates 3a-q, 5a-k and 6a-k were synthesized in good yields utilizing an optimized reaction condition. We explored the effect of different amino acids and protecting groups on biological activities of curcumin. The conjugates were screened for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. Some of the conjugates showed promising biological observations with a potency comparable with the standard references. The variations in biological properties concerning different amino acids and protecting groups are interesting observations. Effects of the synthesized conjugates on splenocytes and the production of nitric oxide by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peritoneal macrophages are correlated with the observed anti-inflammatory properties. We have also established the safety profile of the most active conjugates. Robust 2D-QSAR studies supported and validated biological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva S Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Sean J Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jason E Capito
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Riham F George
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Salman
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - May A El-Manawaty
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samir
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Wang AQ, Gao RN, Luan QH, Wang ZP, Li XM, Hou GG. Crystal structure and anti-inflammatory activity of (3 E,5 E)-3-(2-fluorobenzylidene)-1-((4-acetamidophenyl)sulfonyl)-5-(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)piperidin-4-one-methanol-hydrate (2/1/1), C 53H 50F 2N 6O 10S 2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2019-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C53H50F2N6O10S2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 15.088(5) Å, b = 23.560(9) Å, c = 15.401(6) Å, β = 112.254(5)°, V = 5067(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0509, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1336, T = 298(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Qi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , P.R. China
| | - Ru-Ning Gao
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , P.R. China
| | - Qing-Hao Luan
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , P.R. China
| | - Ze-Ping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , P.R. China
| | - Gui-Ge Hou
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai 264003 , P.R. China
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12
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Synthesis of novel 4-Boc-piperidone chalcones and evaluation of their cytotoxic activity against highly-metastatic cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126760. [PMID: 31767266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, six curcuminoids containing a tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) piperidone core were successfully synthesized, five of them are novel compounds reported here for the first time. These compounds were prepared through an aldolic condensation by adding tetrahydropyranyl-protected benzaldehydes or substituted benzaldehyde to a reaction mixture containing 4-Boc-piperidone and lithium hydroxide in an alcoholic solvent. A 44-94% yield was obtained supporting the developed methodology as a good strategy for the synthesis of 4-Boc-piperidone chalcones. Cytotoxic activity against LoVo and COLO 205 human colorectal cell lines was observed at GI50 values that range from 0.84 to 34.7 μg/mL, while in PC3 and 22RV1 human prostate cancer cell lines, GI50 values ranging from 17.1 to 22.9 μg/mL were obtained. Results from biochemical assays suggest that the cytotoxicity of the 4-Boc-piperidone chalcones can be linked to their ability to induce apoptosis, decrease the activity of NFκB and cellular proliferation. Our findings strongly support the potential of Boc-piperidone chalcones as novel cytotoxic agents against highly-metastatic cancer cells.
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Fawzy NG, Panda SS, Fayad W, El-Manawaty MA, Srour AM, Girgis AS. Novel Curcumin Inspired Antineoplastic 1-Sulfonyl-4-Piperidones: Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling Studies. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:1069-1078. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190408131639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Curcumin is a well-known example of plant origin exhibiting promising diverse biological
properties such as, anti-inflammatory and antitumor as well as poor pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic
properties. This is why effective agents based on its chemical scaffold were explored.
Methods:
A set of 3,5-bis(ylidene)-1-(alkylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-ones were synthesized in excellent yield (80-
96%) through dehydrohalogenation reaction of 3,5-bis(ylidene)-4-piperidinones with the corresponding alkane
sulfonyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. Antiproliferative properties of the synthesized compounds
(dienone/curcumin inspired analogues) were studied by the standard MTT technique.
Results:
Most of the synthesized compounds revealed antiproliferative properties against HCT116 (colon) and
A431 (skin/squamous) cancer cell lines with IC50 values at sub-micromolar level. Compound 36 also exhibited
potency against MCF7 (breast) and A549 (lung) cancer cell lines (IC50 = 2.23, 4.27µM, respectively) higher than
that of the reference standards (IC50 = 3.15, 5.93µM for 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin against MCF7 and A549
cell lines, respectively). Cytotoxic properties of the synthesized compounds against non-cancer RPE1 cell line
supported the safety profile of the effective agents against normal cells. Molecular modeling (3Dpharmacophore
and 2D-QSAR) studies validated the observed bio-properties and explained the parameters
governing activity. Inhibitory properties of compounds 27 and 29 (representative examples of the promising
antiproliferative agents synthesized) supported their mode of action against topoisomerase IIα
Conclusion:
The synthesized scaffold is a promising antitumor agent (with special selectivity against colon and
skin/squamous cancer cell lines) so, it can be considered for further investigation and development of highly
effective hits/leads based on the computational models obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehmedo G. Fawzy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Walid Fayad
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - May A. El-Manawaty
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Aladdin M. Srour
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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14
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Zhao C, Rakesh KP, Ravidar L, Fang WY, Qin HL. Pharmaceutical and medicinal significance of sulfur (S VI)-Containing motifs for drug discovery: A critical review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:679-734. [PMID: 30496988 PMCID: PMC7111228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (SVI) based moieties, especially, the sulfonyl or sulfonamide based analogues have showed a variety of pharmacological properties, and its derivatives propose a high degree of structural diversity that has established useful for the finding of new therapeutic agents. The developments of new less toxic, low cost and highly active sulfonamides containing analogues are hot research topics in medicinal chemistry. Currently, more than 150 FDA approved Sulfur (SVI)-based drugs are available in the market, and they are widely used to treat various types of diseases with therapeutic power. This comprehensive review highlights the recent developments of sulfonyl or sulfonamides based compounds in huge range of therapeutic applications such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, carbonic anhydrase, antimalarial, anticancer and other medicinal agents. We believe that, this review article is useful to inspire new ideas for structural design and developments of less toxic and powerful Sulfur (SVI) based drugs against the numerous death-causing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China.
| | - L Ravidar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China
| | - Wan-Yin Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China.
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15
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Banuppriya G, Sribalan R, Fathima SAR, Padmini V. Synthesis of β-Ketoamide Curcumin Analogs for Anti-Diabetic and AGEs Inhibitory Activities. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800105. [PMID: 29752771 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two different series of novel β-ketoamide curcumin analogs enriched in biological activities have been synthesized. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-diabetic and AGEs inhibitory activities and exhibited potent to good anti-diabetic and AGEs inhibitory activities. The molecular docking study was also performed with the α-amylase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindharasu Banuppriya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Sribalan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vediappen Padmini
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Schmitt F, Subramaniam D, Anant S, Padhye S, Begemann G, Schobert R, Biersack B. Halogenated Bis(methoxybenzylidene)-4-piperidone Curcuminoids with Improved Anticancer Activity. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1115-1123. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | | | - Shrikant Anant
- University of Kansas Medical Center; 3901 Rainbow Boulevard Kansas City KS 66160 USA
| | - Subhash Padhye
- University of Kansas Medical Center; 3901 Rainbow Boulevard Kansas City KS 66160 USA
| | - Gerrit Begemann
- Developmental Biology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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17
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Schmitt F, Gold M, Begemann G, Andronache I, Biersack B, Schobert R. Fluoro and pentafluorothio analogs of the antitumoral curcuminoid EF24 with superior antiangiogenic and vascular-disruptive effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4894-4903. [PMID: 28774574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Bykhovskaya OV, Aladzheva IM, Makarov MV, Rybalkina EY, Klemenkova ZS, Brel VK. Synthesis and study of antitumor activity of 4H-pyrano[3,2-c]pyridines based on N-(2-azidoethyl)- and N-propargyl-3,5-bis(arylidene)piperidin-4-ones. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Makarov MV, Rybalkina EY, Anikina LV, Pukhov SA, Klochkov SG, Mischenko DV, Neganova ME, Khrustalev VN, Klemenkova ZS, Brel VK. 1,5-Diaryl-3-oxo-1,4-pentadienes based on (4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)(aryl)methyl phosphonate scaffold: synthesis and antitumor properties. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Anand SAA, Loganathan C, Thomas NS, Saravanan K, Alphonsa AT, Kabilan S. Synthesis of novel 1,3-thiazin-4-ones by acetylene diester cyclization and their anticancer activities. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1209502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandrasekaran Loganathan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nisha Susan Thomas
- Department of Bio-Chemistry and Bio-Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuppusamy Saravanan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Antony Therasa Alphonsa
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthamaraikannan Kabilan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Mohd Aluwi MFF, Rullah K, Yamin BM, Leong SW, Abdul Bahari MN, Lim SJ, Mohd Faudzi SM, Jalil J, Abas F, Mohd Fauzi N, Ismail NH, Jantan I, Lam KW. Synthesis of unsymmetrical monocarbonyl curcumin analogues with potent inhibition on prostaglandin E2 production in LPS-induced murine and human macrophages cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2531-2538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Makarov MV, Rybalkina EY, Klemenkova ZS, Röschenthaler GV. 3,5-Bis(arylidene)-4-piperidinones modified with bisphosphonate groups using a 1,2,3-triazole ring: Synthesis and antitumor properties. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Shetty D, Kim YJ, Shim H, Snyder JP. Eliminating the heart from the curcumin molecule: monocarbonyl curcumin mimics (MACs). Molecules 2014; 20:249-92. [PMID: 25547726 PMCID: PMC4312668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural product with several thousand years of heritage. Its traditional Asian application to human ailments has been subjected in recent decades to worldwide pharmacological, biochemical and clinical investigations. Curcumin’s Achilles heel lies in its poor aqueous solubility and rapid degradation at pH ~ 7.4. Researchers have sought to unlock curcumin’s assets by chemical manipulation. One class of molecules under scrutiny are the monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin (MACs). A thousand plus such agents have been created and tested primarily against cancer and inflammation. The outcome is clear. In vitro, MACs furnish a 10–20 fold potency gain vs. curcumin for numerous cancer cell lines and cellular proteins. Similarly, MACs have successfully demonstrated better pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in mice and greater tumor regression in cancer xenografts in vivo than curcumin. The compounds reveal limited toxicity as measured by murine weight gain and histopathological assessment. To our knowledge, MAC members have not yet been monitored in larger animals or humans. However, Phase 1 clinical trials are certainly on the horizon. The present review focuses on the large and evolving body of work in cancer and inflammation, but also covers MAC structural diversity and early discovery for treatment of bacteria, tuberculosis, Alzheimer’s disease and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Shetty
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 790-784, Korea.
| | - Yong Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - James P Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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24
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Makarov MV, Rybalkina EY, Khrustalev VN, Röschenthaler GV. Modification of 3,5-bis(arylidene)-4-piperidone pharmacophore by phosphonate group using 1,2,3-triazole cycle as a linker for the synthesis of new cytostatics. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Vellakkaran M, Andappan MMS, Nagaiah K. Oxygen as single oxidant for two steps: base-free one-pot Pd(ii)-catalyzed alcohol oxidation & arylation to halogen-intact β-aryl α,β-enones. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07478e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using oxygen as the sole oxidant for two steps, we developed a new method to synthesize β-aryl α,β-enones by fine-tuning the Pd(ii)-catalyzed oxidation of allyl alcohol to subsequent arylation with arylboronic acids, arylboronic ester and aryltrifluoroborate salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Vellakkaran
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad, India-500007
| | | | - Kommu Nagaiah
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad, India-500007
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26
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Anthwal A, Singh K, Rawat MSM, Tyagi AK, Aggarwal BB, Rawat DS. C5-curcuminoid-dithiocarbamate based molecular hybrids: synthesis and anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity evaluation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03655g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The C5-curcumin-dithiocarbamate analogues were synthesized in search of new molecules with anti-proliferation potential against cancer cells. These new compounds demonstrated higher anti-proliferation and anti-inflammatory activity against cancer cell lines in comparison to curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Anthwal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007, India
- Department of Chemistry
- H. N. B. Garhwal University (A Central University)
| | - Kundan Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007, India
| | - M. S. M. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry
- H. N. B. Garhwal University (A Central University)
- , India
| | - Amit K. Tyagi
- Cytokine Research Laboratory and Pharmaceutical Development Center
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
- Houston, USA
| | - Bharat B. Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory and Pharmaceutical Development Center
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
- Houston, USA
| | - Diwan S. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007, India
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