Utilizing ionic liquids as eco-friendly and sustainable carriers for delivering nucleic acids: A review on the revolutionary advancement in nano delivery systems

Ionic liquids (ILs) are an extremely versatile class of chemicals. It has been shown that they can effectively pass through many biological barriers in the human body to deliver medications. ILs are solvents noted for their ecological friendliness; they contain equal amounts of cations and anions and remain liquid at temperatures below 100 °C. Hence, these are ideal for biomedical applications owing to their advantageous properties such as biocompatibility, solubility, and adaptability. ILs are widely reported to improve the solubility and stability of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in aqueous conditions, allowing for more effective delivery. Certain ILs have shown the ability to enhance the absorption of nucleic acids into cells. In addition, ILs can also be used to create vectors for gene delivery, such as liposomes and nanoparticles, thereby improving the transfection efficiency of plasmid DNA and siRNA. Subsequently, the application of ILs for nucleic acid delivery has increased significantly in recent years. In this context, we believe that using ILs to enhance the transport of nucleic acids will have a considerable effect as a novel and crucial therapeutic method in the upcoming decades. The use of ILs as solvents to preserve the natural structure of DNA and RNA shows promise for a variety of biotechnological and medical applications. Notably, ILs may be utilized for a variety of functions, including extracting, concentrating, stabilizing, and spreading nucleic acids inside cells. Our review emphasizes the key findings of research works published in this domain, wherein outstanding effectiveness of delivering RNA to the desired areas was achieved, and was made possible through the utilization of ILs.

Characterizing Microheterogeneity in Liquid Mixtures via Local Density Fluctuations

We present a novel approach to characterize and quantify microheterogeneity and microphase separation in computer simulations of complex liquid mixtures. Our post-processing method is based on local density fluctuations of the different constituents in sampling spheres of varying size. It can be easily applied to both molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, including periodic boundary conditions. Multidimensional correlation of the density distributions yields a clear picture of the domain formation due to the subtle balance of different interactions. We apply our approach to the example of force field molecular dynamics simulations of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different side chain lengths at different temperatures, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, which are known to form distinct liquid domains. We put the results into the context of existing microheterogeneity analyses and demonstrate the advantages and sensitivity of our novel method. Furthermore, we show how to estimate the configuration entropy from our analysis, and we investigate voids in the system. The analysis has been implemented into our program package TRAVIS and is thus available as free software.

Do Ionic Liquids Exhibit the Required Characteristics to Dissolve, Extract, Stabilize, and Purify Proteins? Past-Present-Future Assessment

Proteins are highly labile molecules, thus requiring the presence of appropriate solvents and excipients in their liquid milieu to keep their stability and biological activity. In this field, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained momentum in the past years, with a relevant number of works reporting their successful use to dissolve, stabilize, extract, and purify proteins. Different approaches in protein-IL systems have been reported, namely, proteins dissolved in (i) neat ILs, (ii) ILs as co-solvents, (iii) ILs as adjuvants, (iv) ILs as surfactants, (v) ILs as phase-forming components of aqueous biphasic systems, and (vi) IL-polymer-protein/peptide conjugates. Herein, we critically analyze the works published to date and provide a comprehensive understanding of the IL-protein interactions affecting the stability, conformational alteration, unfolding, misfolding, and refolding of proteins while providing directions for future studies in view of imminent applications. Overall, it has been found that the stability or purification of proteins by ILs is bispecific and depends on the structure of both the IL and the protein. The most promising IL-protein systems are identified, which is valuable when foreseeing market applications of ILs, e.g., in "protein packaging" and "detergent applications". Future directions and other possibilities of IL-protein systems in light-harvesting and biotechnology/biomedical applications are discussed.

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and wet-adhesive poly(ionic liquid)-based oral patch for the treatment of oral ulcers with bacterial infection

Oral aphthous ulcers are a common inflammatory efflorescence of oral mucosa, presenting as inflammation and oral mucosal damage and manifesting as pain. The moist and highly dynamic environment of the oral cavity makes the local treatment of oral aphthous ulcers challenging. Herein, a poly(ionic liquid)-based diclofenac sodium (DS)-loaded (PIL-DS) buccal tissue adhesive patch fabricated with intrinsically antimicrobial, highly wet environment adhesive properties and anti-inflammatory activities to treat oral aphthous ulcers was developed. The PIL-DS patch was prepared via polymerization of a catechol-containing ionic liquid, acrylic acid, and butyl acrylate, followed by anion exchange with DS-. The PIL-DS can adhere to wet tissues, including mucosa muscles and organs, and efficiently deliver the carried DS- at wound sites, exerting remarkable synergistic antimicrobial (bacteria and fungi) properties. Accordingly, the PIL-DS elicited dual therapeutic effects on oral aphthous ulcers with Staphylococcus aureus infection through antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, significantly accelerating oral aphthous ulcer healing as an oral mucosa patch. The results indicated that the PIL-DS patch, with inherently antimicrobial and wet adhesion properties, is promising for treating oral aphthous ulcers in clinical practice. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Oral aphthous ulcers are a common oral mucosal disease, which could lead to bacterial infection and inflammation in severe cases, especially for people with large ulcers or low immunity. However, moist oral mucosa and highly dynamic oral environment make it challenging to maintain therapeutic agents and physical barriers at the wound surface. Therefore, an innovative drug carrier with wet adhesion is urgently needed. Herein, a poly(ionic liquid)-based diclofenac sodium (DS)-loaded (PIL-DS) buccal tissue adhesive patch was developed to treat oral aphthous ulcers showing intrinsically antimicrobial and highly wet environment adhesive properties due to the presence of catechol-containing ionic liquid monomer. Additionally, the PIL-DS showed significantly therapeutic effects on oral aphthous ulcers with S. aureus infection through antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. We expect that our work can provide inspiration for the development of treatment for microbially infected oral ulcers.

Metal-Induced Fluorescence Quenching of Photoconvertible Fluorescent Protein DendFP

Sensitive and accurate detection of specific metal ions is important for sensor development and can advance analytical science and support environmental and human medical examinations. Fluorescent proteins (FPs) can be quenched by specific metal ions and spectroscopically show a unique fluorescence-quenching sensitivity, suggesting their potential application as FP-based metal biosensors. Since the characteristics of the fluorescence quenching are difficult to predict, spectroscopic analysis of new FPs is important for the development of FP-based biosensors. Here we reported the spectroscopic and structural analysis of metal-induced fluorescence quenching of the photoconvertible fluorescent protein DendFP. The spectroscopic analysis showed that Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Cu²⁺ significantly reduced the fluorescence emission of DendFP. The metal titration experiments showed that the dissociation constants (K_d) of Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Cu²⁺ for DendFP were 24.59, 41.66, and 137.18 μM, respectively. The tetrameric interface of DendFP, which the metal ions cannot bind to, was analyzed. Structural comparison of the metal-binding sites of DendFP with those of iq-mEmerald and Dronpa suggested that quenchable DendFP has a unique metal-binding site on the β-barrel that does not utilize the histidine pair for metal binding.

Mechanistic Insight on BioIL-Induced Structural Alterations in DMPC Lipid Bilayer

The emerging application risks of traditional ionic liquids (ILs) toward the ecosystem have changed the perception regarding their greenness. This resulted in the exploration of their more biocompatible alternatives known as biocompatible ILs (BioILs). Here, we have investigated the impact of two such biocompatible cholinium amino acid-based ILs on the structural behavior of model homogeneous DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) lipid bilayer using all-atom molecular dynamics simulation technique. Two classic cholinium-amino acid-based ILs, cholinium glycinate ([Ch][Gly]) and cholinium phenylalaninate ([Ch][Phe]), which differ only by the side chain lengths and hydrophobicity of the anions, have been utilized in the present work. Simultaneous analysis of the bilayer structural properties reveals that the existence of [Ch][Gly] BioIL above a particular concentration induces phase transition from fluid phase to gel phase in the DMPC lipid bilayer. Such a freezing of lipid bilayer upon the exposure to concentrated aqueous solution of [Ch][Gly] BioIL indicates the harmfulness of this BioIL toward the cell membranes majorly containing DMPC lipids, as the cell freezing can negatively affect its stability and functionality. Despite having a more hydrophobic amino acid side chain of [Phe]^- anion in [Ch][Phe], in the case of bilayer-[Ch][Phe] systems we observe the minimal impact of [Ch][Phe] BioIL on the DMPC bilayer properties up to 10 mol % concentration. In the presence of these BioIL, we observe the thickening of the bilayer and accumulation of the cations and anions of the BioILs at the interface of DMPC lipid heads and tails. The transfer free-energy profile of a [Phe]^- anion from aqueous phase to membrane center also indicates the anion partitioning at lipid head-tail interface and its inability to penetrate in the lipid membrane tail region. In contrast, the free-energy profile for a [Gly]^- anion offers a very high energy barrier to the insertion of [Gly]^- into the membrane interior, leading to accumulation of [Gly]^- anions at the lipid head-water region.

A nontoxic ionic liquid composition for the delivery of biological macromolecular anions across the skin barrier

The development of biocompatible ionic liquids is needed in order to explore their vastly underutilized pharmaceutical potential. US10912834 patent discloses ionic liquids comprising macromolecular biological anions and alkylated cations, which provides enhanced dermal delivery and cell internalization of the large biological anions. The studies of ex vivo permeation through excised pig skin indicated significantly higher skin penetration of percent dose and enhanced drug internalization was achieved using these ionic liquids. Although, the patent advances an infant field of biological macromolecule-based ionic liquids, the evaluation of these claimed ionic liquids relies only on the in vivo cytotoxicity data and ex vivo skin permeation behavior. Exhaustive studies, including dermatokinetic evaluation and long-term animal toxicity experiments, should be performed in order to unravel the potential of the aforementioned ionic liquids.

Evaluation of Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquids Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Inhibition in Elastase Enzyme Activity

Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is used as diagnostic biomarker for inflammation/infection. In this work, 10 ionic liquids (ILs) and 11 ionic liquids active pharmaceutical ingredients (ILs-APIs) were tested to evaluate the inhibition effect on the activity of porcine pancreatic elastase enzyme, frequently employed as a model for HNE. The insertion of ionic liquids in some drugs is useful, as the insertion of ILs with inhibitory capacity will also slow down all processes in which this enzyme is involved. Therefore, a spectrophotometric method was performed to the determination of EC₅₀ values of the compounds tested. EC₅₀ values of 124 ± 4 mM to 289 ± 11 mM were obtained, with the most toxic IL for elastase being tetrabutylammonium acetate and the least toxic 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Moreover, sodium salicylate (raw material) presented the lower and benzethonium bistriflimide the higher EC₅₀ when compared with all the IL-APIs tested. This work provides significant information about the effect of the studied IL and IL-APIs in elastase enzyme activity.

Active pharmaceutical ingredient poly(ionic liquid)-based microneedles for the treatment of skin acne infection

As an inflammatory skin disease of pilosebaceous follicles, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) can aggravate local inflammatory responses and forms acne lesions. However, due to the skin barrier, various transdermal measures other than antibiotic creams are necessary. Microneedle (MN) patches are emerging platforms for the transdermal delivery of various therapeutics since it can effectively create transport pathways in the epidermis. Herein, we develop an active pharmaceutical ingredient poly(ionic liquid) (API PIL)-based MN patches containing salicylic acid (SA). The PIL-based MNs are simply prepared through photo-crosslinking of an imidazolium-type ionic liquid (IL) monomer in MN micro-molds, and following by anion exchange with salicylic acid anions (SA^-). The fabricated SA-loaded PIL-MNs exhibited therapeutic efficiency in the topical treatment of P. acnes infection in vitro and in vivo. These active pharmaceutical ingredient PIL-based MNs can improve acne treatment, demonstrating potential applications for skin diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Microneedle (MN) patches can be used as platforms for transdermal delivery of various therapeutics to treat bacterial infection. Here, a facile strategy was developed to synthesize active pharmaceutical ingredient poly(ionic liquid)-based microneedle patches by anion-exchange with salicylic acid anion (SA^-). The fabricated SA-loaded PIL-MNs are active on not only anti-bacteria but also anti-inflammation in P. acnes treated mice, and may have potential applications for skin acne infection.

Dissolving Cellulose in 1,2,3-Triazolium- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids with Aromatic Anions

We present 1,2,3-triazolium- and imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with aromatic anions as a new class of cellulose solvents. The two anions in our study, benzoate and salicylate, possess a lower basicity when compared to acetate and therefore should lead to a lower amount of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in the ILs. We characterize their physicochemical properties and find that all of them are liquids at room temperature. By applying force field molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigate the structure and dynamics of the liquids and find strong and long-lived hydrogen bonds, as well as significant π-π stacking between the aromatic anion and cation. Our ILs dissolve up to 8.5 wt.-% cellulose. Via NMR spectroscopy of the solution, we rule out chain degradation or derivatization, even after several weeks at elevated temperature. Based on our MD simulations, we estimate the enthalpy of solvation and derive a simple model for semi-quantitative prediction of cellulose solubility in ILs. With the help of Sankey diagrams, we illustrate the hydrogen bond network topology of the solutions, which is characterized by competing hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. The hydrogen bonds between cellulose and the anions possess average lifetimes in the nanosecond range, which is longer than found in common pure ILs.

Imidazolium and benzimidazolium-containing compounds: from simple toxic salts to highly bioactive drugs

The toxicity of simple imidazolium and benzimidazolium salts started to be more and more investigated in the last few years and was taken in consideration in the context of microorganisms, plants and more evolved organisms' exposure. However, the toxicity of these salts can be exploited in the development of different biological applications by incorporating them in the structure of compounds that specifically target microorganisms and cancer cells. We highlight in this minireview the way researchers became aware of the inherent problem of the stability and bioaccumulation of imidazolium and benzimidazolium salts and how they found inspiration to exploit their toxicity by incorporating them into new highly potent drugs.

Investigation of Cytotoxic Activity of Mitoxantrone at the Individual Cell Level by Using Ionic-Liquid-Tag-Enhanced Mass Spectrometry

A novel mitoxantrone conjugate was synthesized by coupling mitoxantrone with ionic liquid tags, and cytotoxic behavior of the designed conjugate was studied in normal and cancer cell lines. The synthesized mitoxantrone conjugate was oil at physiological temperatures and demonstrated high aqueous solubility. Sensitivity of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to the mitoxantrone conjugate was improved by an order of magnitude, in comparison with original mitoxantrone dihydrochloride. The observed ESI-MS signals were shifted to a "clearer" lower-mass region of the spectrum, which allowed investigation of the drug at the level of individual cells. The ionic liquid tags proposed in the present work consist of an easily available imidazolium salt residue and show a number of key advantages from the points of view of drug conjugate synthesis, drug delivery and analytic detection.

Aggregation and Morphological Aptitude of Drug-Based Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Solution

Here, we present how replacing the usual inorganic counter ion with a pharmaceutically active aromatic one can greatly affect the interfacial as well as bulk properties of ionic liquids (ILs). We have synthesized a series of novel drug-based ILs, namely, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium diclofenate ([C _n mim][DF]; n = 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14) abbreviated as DF-ILs, wherein DF^- is a well-recognized analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. We show strong synergistic interactions between C _n mim⁺ and aromatic DF^- attributed to reduced electrostatic repulsions and increased hydrophobicity from their incorporation, reflecting a 300-fold smaller critical aggregation concentration than that of their Cl^- analogue [C _n mim][Cl]. Interfacial properties for such strongly associating systems are discussed and clearly established to have remarkably improved properties than those of their Cl^- analogues. The decreasing polarity of the cybotactic region of pyrene with increase in the chain length "n" indicates an increased extent of packing of cationic head groups in the Stern layer. DF^- ion seems to play a vital role in the formation of the resulting aggregates, as probed by small angle neutron scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The thermodynamical insights of the aggregation process have been studied using isothermal titration calorimetry and temperature-dependent conductivity experiments. Unilamellar vesicles are formed at extremely low concentration, and also it is the first report that puts into picture the formation of vesicles for [C₆mim][DF] with such a short chain.

Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine

Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in the form of ionic liquid species. The main aim of this Review is to attract a broad audience of chemical, biological, and medical scientists to study advantages of ionic liquid pharmaceutics. Overall, the discussed data highlight the importance of the research direction defined as "Ioliomics", studies of ions in liquids in modern chemistry, biology, and medicine.

Alkyl(C16, C18, C22)trimethylammonium-Based Herbicidal Ionic Liquids

In the framework of this study a synthesis methodology and characterization of long alkyl herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) based on four commonly used herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA, MCPP, and dicamba) are presented. New HILs were obtained with high efficiency (>95%) using an acid-base reaction between herbicidal acids and hexadecyltrimethylammonium, octadecyltrimethylammonium, and behenyltrimethylammonium hydroxides in alcoholic medium. Among all synthesized salts, only three compounds comprising the MCPP anion were liquids at room temperature. Subsequently, the influence of both the alkyl chain length and the anion structure on their physicochemical properties (thermal decomposition profiles, solubility in 10 representative solvents, surface activity, density, viscosity, and refractive index) was determined. All HILs exhibited high thermal stability as well as surface activity; however, their solubility notably depended on both the length of the carbon chain and the structure of the anion. The herbicidal efficacy of the obtained salts was tested in greenhouse and field experiments. Greenhouse testing performed on common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) as test plants indicated that HILs were characterized by similar or higher efficacy compared to commercial herbicides. The results of field trials confirmed the high activity of HILs, particularly those containing phenoxyacids as anions (MCPA, 2,4-D, and MCPP).

Polyethylene glycol derivatization of the non-active ion in active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids enhances transdermal delivery

Introducing PEGylated moieties into the counterion structure of API–ILs can significantly enhance the transport through a membrane without a solvent.

Surfactant and Gelation Properties of Acetylsalicylate Based Room Temperature Ionic Liquid in Aqueous Media

An amphiphilic room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) containing acetylsalicylate anion of type 1-dodecyl-1-methylpiperidinium acetylsalicylate, [C₁₂mpip][AcSa], is synthesized from the precursor [C₁₂mpip][Cl] by an ion exchange process. The sample is characterized, and its surface active and aggregation behavior in water has been studied and explained. The critical aggregation concentrations (CACs) are determined by a variety of methods, namely, electrical conductivity, surface tension, steady state florescence, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) at different temperatures. As compared to its precursor, [C₁₂mpip][AcSa] has low CAC values, indicating enhanced favorable interactions between the [alkylmpip]⁺ cation···bulky [AcSa]^- anion and also hydrogen bonding of both of the ions with water. The free energy of aggregation ΔG⁰_a is always negative, and both enthalpy and entropy of aggregation drive the aggregation process. The micelle-like aggregates are ellipsoidal in shape. The aggregation numbers are determined from translational diffusion coefficients and florescence quenching measurements. Aggregates of [C₁₂mpip][AcSa] are larger than those of its precursor IL with chloride anion. Therefore, it is evident that the close interactions between the ion pairs of [C₁₂mpip]⁺···[AcSa]^- facilitate packing of more molecules in an aggregate. The steady state and oscillatory rheology measurements in aqueous solutions consisting of mixtures of [C₁₂mpip][AcSa] and sodium salicylate (SS), an hydrotope additive, were carried out. The analysis of zero shear viscosity and moduli properties as a function of concentration and temperature reveals that the addition of SS promotes the growth of small ellipsoid aggregates into large worm-like structures with a typical viscoelastic gel behavior. The moduli properties vs temperature profiles are complex and no hysteresis was produced in heating and cooling modes, suggesting the thermoirreversibile and complex nature of the network structures. The release of the acetylsalicylate anion from the gels could be triggered by simple dilution, and the release occurs due to surface erosion and demicellization.

Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of [bmim][Sal] third generation ionic liquids: effect of water matrices and intermediates identification

Unique properties of ionic liquids make them green alternatives for conventional volatile organic compounds. In order to examine future prospects for ionic liquid removal, different advanced oxidation processes were studied.

Toxicity reduction of imidazolium-based ionic liquids by the oxygenation of the alkyl substituent

Five different salicylate based ionic liquids were prepared in order to study their toxicity. Aquatic organisms (A. salina) and a human non-tumor cell line (normal fetal lung fibroblasts, MRC-5) were used for that purpose.

In vitro investigation of the interaction between the hepatitis C virus drug sofosbuvir and human serum albumin through 1H NMR, molecular docking, and spectroscopic analyses

The qualitative and quantitative investigation of sofosbuvir and HSA interaction provides a convictive explanation for its binding mechanism.

Ionic liquids as a potential tool for drug delivery systems

The pharmaceutical industries face a series of challenges in the delivery of many newly developed drug molecules because of their low solubility, bioavailability, stability and polymorphic conversion.

Cytotoxic Activity of Salicylic Acid-Containing Drug Models with Ionic and Covalent Binding

Three different types of drug delivery platforms based on imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized in high preparative yields, namely, the models involving (i) ionic binding of drug and IL; (ii) covalent binding of drug and IL; and (iii) dual binding using both ionic and covalent approaches. Seven ionic liquids containing salicylic acid (SA-ILs) in the cation or/and in the anion were prepared, and their cytotoxicity toward the human cell lines CaCo-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and 3215 LS (normal fibroblasts) was evaluated. Cytotoxicity of SA-ILs was significantly higher than that of conventional imidazolium-based ILs and was comparable to the pure salicylic acid. It is important to note that the obtained SA-ILs dissolved in water more readily than salicylic acid, suggesting benefits of possible usage of traditional nonsoluble active pharmaceutical ingredients in an ionic liquid form.

'Pro et contra' ionic liquid drugs - Challenges and opportunities for pharmaceutical translation

Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts with a melting point below 100°C. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are transformed into ILs by combining them with typically large yet charged counterions. ILs hold promise to build a large design space for relevant pharmaceutical parameters, particularly for poorly water soluble drugs. It is for this wide design space that ILs may be the entry into the fascinating vision of modifying physico-chemical properties without the need to structurally modify the active pharmaceutical ingredient itself. This extremely intriguing pharmaceutical option is critically discussed including its potential and limitations. The review is starting off with an introduction to the metathesis and characterization of ILs, and leads over to examples for pharmaceutical application, including enhancement of dissolution rate and kinetic solubility and hygroscopicity adaptation, respectively. Tuning biopharmaceutics and toxicology by proper IL design is another focus. The review connects the interrelated chemical, physical, pharmaceutical, and toxicological outcome of API-ILs, serving as guidance for the formulation scientist who aims at expanding ones armamentarium for poorly water soluble APIs while avoiding structural modification, thereof.

Effect of imidazolium room-temperature ionic liquids on aggregation of amphotericin B: a circular dichroism study

The aggregate–monomer equilibrium of amphotericin B could be controlled by the structure of the room-temperature ionic liquid.

Ammonium ionic liquids with anions of natural origin

Ammonium ionic liquids with anions of natural origin are biodegradable agents with antifeedant and anti-microbial activity.

Ionic liquids as an electrolyte for the electro synthesis of organic compounds

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as a solvent and an electrolyte for electro organic synthesis has been reviewed.

Ionic liquid-induced all-α to α + β conformational transition in cytochrome c with improved peroxidase activity in aqueous medium

Choline dioctylsulfosuccinate [Cho][AOT] (a surface active ionic liquid) has been found to induce all-α to α + β conformational transition in the secondary structure of enzyme cytochrome c (Cyt c) with an enhanced peroxidase activity in its aqueous vesicular phase at pH 7.0.

Ionic liquids with a theophyllinate anion

A novel group of theophylline-based ionic liquids displayed efficient antifeedant, fungicidal and bactericidal activities, proving to be promising for potential applications.