Oxidative Coupling and Self-Assembly of Polyphenols for the Development of Novel Biomaterials

In recent years, the development of biomaterials from green organic sources with nontoxicity and hyposensitivity has been explored for a wide array of biotherapeutic applications. Polyphenolic compounds have unique structural features, and self-assembly by oxidative coupling allows molecular species to rearrange into complex biomaterial that can be used for multiple applications. Self-assembled polyphenolic structures, such as hollow spheres, can be designed to respond to various chemical and physical stimuli that can release therapeutic drugs smartly. The self-assembled metallic-phenol network (MPN) has been used for modulating interfacial properties and designing biomaterials, and there are several advantages and challenges associated with such biomaterials. This review comprehensively summarizes current challenges and prospects of self-assembled polyphenolic hollow spheres and MPN coatings and self-assembly for biomedical applications.

Comparison of Nutritional Diversity in Five Fresh Legumes Using Flavonoids Metabolomics and Postharvest Botrytis cinerea Defense Analysis of Peas Mediated by Sakuranetin

Legumes possess several bioactive nutrients, including flavonoids, and the study of the flavonoid profile of legumes is of great significance to human health. Using widely targeted metabolomics, we revealed the flavonoid profiles of five popular fresh legumes: cowpea, soybean, pea, fava bean, and kidney bean. A total of 259 flavonoids were identified, and the flavonoid accumulation patterns of the five legumes were remarkably different. In addition to analyzing common and species-specific flavonoids in the five legumes, we also generalized representative flavonoids of various subclasses. We related these to the health-promoting effects of legumes. Furthermore, legumes' total flavonoid content and antioxidant system activity were also detected. Intriguingly, sakuranetin, the sole flavonoid phytoalexin that can be induced by UV radiation, was detected only in the peas by metabolomics. Meanwhile, we found that UV treatment could significantly increase the sakuranetin content and the postharvest Botrytis cinerea resistance of pea pods. This study provides clues for the target diet, industrial development of legumes, and a new idea for the postharvest preservation of peas.

Chemical components of Fu brick tea and its potential preventive effects on metabolic syndrome

As living standards advance, an escalating emphasis is placed on health, particularly in relation to prevalent chronic metabolic disorders. It is necessary to explore safe and effective functional foods or drugs. Fu brick tea (FBT) is a kind of dark tea fermented by fungi. The extracts are rich in compounds that can effectively relieve metabolic diseases such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, protect the liver, improve human immunity, enhance antioxidant activity, and regulate intestinal flora. This paper summarizes the biological activities and mechanisms of the extracts, polysaccharides, and small molecular compounds of FBT, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the rational, systematic, comprehensive development and utilization of the FBT resources. It is expected to develop and apply these active substances in health care products and natural medicines and provide more beneficial and diversified FBT products for human beings.

Phytochemicals and Vitamin D for a Healthy Life and Prevention of Diseases

A variety of phytocompounds contained in medical plants have been used as medication, including Kampo (traditional Japanese) medicine. Phytochemicals are one category of the chemical compounds mainly known as antioxidants, and recently, their anti-inflammatory effects in preventing chronic inflammation have received much attention. Here, we present a narrative review of the health-promotion and disease-prevention effects of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, the latter of which are abundant in onions, oranges, tea, soybeans, turmeric, cacao, and grapes, along with the synergetic effects of vitamin D. A phenomenon currently gaining popularity in Japan is finding non-disease conditions, so-called ME-BYO (mibyou) and treating them before they develop into illnesses. In addition to lifestyle-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome and obesity, dementia and frailty, commonly found in the elderly, are included as underlying conditions. These conditions are typically induced by chronic inflammation and might result in multiple organ failure or cancer if left untreated. Maintaining gut microbiota is important for suppressing (recently increasing) intestinal disorders and for upregulating immunity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the interest in phytochemicals and vitamin D for disease prevention increased, as viral and bacterial infection to the lung causes fatal inflammation, and chronic inflammation induces pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, sepsis is a disorder inducing severe organ failure by the infection of microbes, with a high mortality ratio in non-coronary ICUs. However, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) working using natural immunity suppress sepsis at the early stage. The intake of phytochemicals and vitamin D enhances anti-inflammatory effects, upregulates immunity, and reduces the risk of chronic disorders by means of keeping healthy gut microbiota. Evidence acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that daily improvement and prevention of underlying conditions, in terms of lifestyle-related diseases, is very important because they increase the risk of infectious diseases. This narrative review discusses the importance of the intake of phytochemicals and vitamin D for a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of ME-BYO, non-disease conditions.

Cytogenetic Characterization and Metabolomic Differences of Full-Sib Progenies of Saccharum spp

Sugarcane smut is a worldwide fungal disease. Disease resistance breeding is the most economical and effective measure to prevent and control sugarcane smut. The cytogenetic characteristics and metabolomic differences of sugarcane F₁s are closely related to disease resistance. Zhongzhe 1 and G160 sugarcane from the same parents (ROC25 and Yunzhe89-7) were used; the plants were grown in accordance with the barrel method. When the seedlings had 4-5 leaves, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was performed; digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled female parental (ROC25)DNA and biotin-labeled male parental (Yunzhe89-7) DNA were used as probes, and the karyotypes of two hybrids were analyzed. The new sugarcane smut-resistant variety (Zhongzhe 1) and the susceptible variety (G160) derived from the same parent were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technology (GC-MS) to compare the metabolomic differences between them. GISH analysis revealed that the chromosome ploidy number of Zhongzhe 1 sugarcane and G160 sugarcane were 114 and 110, respectively. However, the two contain different numbers of chromosomes from the female (ROC25) and male (Yunzhe89-7) parents. Moreover, 258 significantly changed metabolites were identified in smut-resistant Zhongzhe 1, as compared with the smut-susceptible G160 sugarcane: 56 flavonoids, 52 phenolic acids, 30 lipids, 26 organic acids, 26 amino acids and derivatives, 19 nucleotides and derivatives, 5 alkaloids, 9 terpenoids, and 35 others. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed a distinct difference in metabolic pathways between Zhongzhe 1 sugarcane and G160, and both of these varieties had unique functional metabolites. Differences in chromosome composition may constitute the genetic basis for the difference in resistance to smut disease between Zhongzhe 1 sugarcane and G160 sugarcane, and a high accumulation of flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids and tannins may constitute the basis of resistance to smut disease for the Zhongzhe 1 variety.

Polyphenols as Potent Epigenetics Agents for Cancer

Human diseases such as cancer can be caused by aberrant epigenetic regulation. Polyphenols play a major role in mammalian epigenome regulation through mechanisms and proteins that remodel chromatin. In fruits, seeds, and vegetables, as well as food supplements, polyphenols are found. Compounds such as these ones are powerful anticancer agents and antioxidants. Gallic acid, kaempferol, curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol, among others, have potent anti-tumor effects by helping reverse epigenetic changes associated with oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation. The role dietary polyphenols plays in restoring epigenetic alterations in cancer cells with a particular focus on DNA methylation and histone modifications was summarized. We also discussed how these natural compounds modulate gene expression at the epigenetic level and described their molecular targets in cancer. It highlights the potential of polyphenols as an alternative therapeutic approach in cancer since they modulate epigenetic activity.

Efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenol supplementation in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Dietary polyphenol treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a novel direction, and the existing clinical studies have little effective evidence for its therapeutic effect, and some studies have inconsistent results. The effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of NAFLD is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral dietary polyphenols in patients with NAFLD.

Methods

The literature (both Chinese and English) published before 30 April 2022 in PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, CNKI, and other databases on the treatment of NAFLD with dietary polyphenols was searched. Manual screening, quality assessment, and data extraction of search results were conducted strictly according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform the meta-analysis.

Results

The RCTs included in this study involved dietary supplementation with eight polyphenols (curcumin, resveratrol, naringenin, anthocyanin, hesperidin, catechin, silymarin, and genistein) and 2,173 participants. This systematic review and meta-analysis found that 1) curcumin may decrease body mass index (BMI), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Triglycerides (TG) total cholesterol (TC), and Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) compared to placebo; and curcumin does not increase the occurrence of adverse events. 2) Although the meta-analysis results of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) did not reveal significant positive changes, individual RCTs showed meaningful results. 3) Naringenin significantly decreased the percentage of NAFLD grade, TG, TC, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) but had no significant effect on AST and ALT, and it is a safe supplementation. 4) Only one team presents a protocol about anthocyanin (from Cornus mas L. fruit extract) in the treatment of NAFLD. 5) Hesperidin may decrease BMI, AST, ALT, TG, TC, HOMA-IR, and so on. 6) Catechin may decrease BMI, HOMA-IR, and TG level, and it was well tolerated by the patients. 7) Silymarin was effective in improving ALT and AST and reducing hepatic fat accumulation and liver stiffness in NAFLD patients.

Conclusion

Based on current evidence, curcumin can reduce BMI, TG, TC, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance; catechin can reduce BMI, insulin resistance, and TG effectively; silymarin can reduce liver enzymes. For resveratrol, naringenin, anthocyanin, hesperidin, and catechin, more RCTs are needed to further evaluate their efficacy and safety.

Monitoring of the Rioja red wine production process by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy

BACKGROUND

As an inherently quantitative and unbiased analytical technique, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹ H-NMR) provides an excellent method to monitor the quality of food and beverages, and a sensitive and informative tool to study the winemaking process.

RESULTS

By using NMR, it is possible to monitor quantitative changes in wine metabolites (amino acids, organic acids and some phenolic compounds) during the winemaking process, including wine ageing. This study shows an increase in the concentration of the phenols at the beginning of alcoholic fermentation, as well as a stabilization and slight increase in gallic acid and a slight decrease in resveratrol during the oak barrel ageing step.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the potential of NMR as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool in the wine industry, by monitoring amino acids, organic acids and three polyphenols - gallic acid, catechin and resveratrol - during the winemaking process. This study of the time course evolution of wine has been conducted in a commercial winery rather than an experimental laboratory, demonstrating the capacity of this technique in commercial winemaking production. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Gliadin interacted with tea polyphenols: potential application and action mechanism

The effect of tea polyphenols (TPs) on noodles quality was investigated, and the interaction mechanism between catechins and gliadins was explored. With TPs addition, noodles showed the significant changes in physicochemical and sensory properties. The water absorption, tensile strength and elasticity increased by 1.35%, 4.98%, 28.51% with 0.5% of TPs, and then decreased with the increasing of TPs. According to the determinations of surface hydrophobicity, spatial structure, thermal properties, amidogen and sulfhydryl content, the structure and properties of gliadin were affected by catechins. Esterified catechins tended to disrupt gliadin structures and non-esterified catechins polymerised gliadin molecules. Furthermore, molecular docking results indicated that catechins interacted with gliadin mainly by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic action. The reactivity of catechins with gliadin was in the sequence as: epigallocatechin gallate > epicatechin gallate > epigallocatechin > epicatechin, which was based on the account of gallate and B-ring hydroxyl number discrepancy. All results suggested that catechins affected greatly on gliadin, and TPs were potentially used to improve the quality of flour products.

Transcriptome and metabolome reveal the accumulation of secondary metabolites in different varieties of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum

BACKGROUND

Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao ex H. W. Li, whose leaves produce essential oils, is a traditional Chinese medicine and economically important tree species. In our study, two C. longepaniculatum varieties that have significantly different essential oil contents and leaf phenotypes were selected as the materials to investigate secondary metabolism.

RESULT

The essential oil content and leaf phenotypes were different between the two varieties. When the results of both transcriptome and metabolomic analyses were combined, it was found that the differences were related to phenylalanine metabolic pathways, particularly the metabolism of flavonoids and terpenoids. The transcriptome results based on KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that pathways involving phenylpropanoids, tryptophan biosynthesis and terpenoids significantly differed between the two varieties; 11 DEGs (2 upregulated and 9 downregulated) were associated with the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, and 12 DEGs (2 upregulated and 10 downregulated) were related to the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Through further analysis of the leaves, we detected 196 metabolites in C. longepaniculatum. The abundance of 49 (26 downregulated and 23 upregulated) metabolites differed between the two varieties, which is likely related to the differences in the accumulation of these metabolites. We identified 12 flavonoids, 8 terpenoids and 8 alkaloids and identified 4 kinds of PMFs from the leaves of C. longepaniculatum.

CONCLUSIONS

The combined results of transcriptome and metabolomic analyses revealed a strong correlation between metabolite contents and gene expression. We speculate that light leads to differences in the secondary metabolism and phenotypes of leaves of different varieties of C. longepaniculatum. This research provides data for secondary metabolite studies and lays a solid foundation for breeding ideal C. longepaniculatum plants.

Chemico-biological aspects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to improve its stability, bioavailability and membrane permeability: Current status and future prospects

Natural products have been a bedrock for drug discovery for decades. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the widely studied natural polyphenolic compounds derived from green tea. It is the key component believed to be responsible for the medicinal value of green tea. Significant studies implemented in in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo models have suggested its anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective activities etc. Despite having such a wide array of therapeutic potential and promising results in preclinical studies, its applicability to humans has encountered with rather limited success largely due to the poor bioavailability, poor membrane permeability, rapid metabolic clearance and lack of stability of EGCG. Therefore, novel techniques are warranted to address those limitations so that EGCG or its modified analogs can be used in the clinical setup. This review comprehensively covers different strategies such as structural modifications, nano-carriers as efficient drug delivery systems, synergistic studies with other bioactivities to improve the chemico-biological aspects (e.g., stability, bioavailability, permeability, etc.) of EGCG for its enhanced pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties, eventually enhancing its therapeutic potentials. We think this review article will serve as a strong platform with comprehensive literature on the development of novel techniques to improve the bioavailability of EGCG so that it can be translated to the clinical applications.

Antibacterial green tea catechins from a molecular perspective: mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationships

This review summarizes the mechanisms of antibacterial action of green tea catechins, discussing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies for each mechanism. The antibacterial activity of green tea catechins results from a variety of mechanisms that can be broadly classified into the following groups: (1) inhibition of virulence factors (toxins and extracellular matrix); (2) cell wall and cell membrane disruption; (3) inhibition of intracellular enzymes; (4) oxidative stress; (5) DNA damage; and (6) iron chelation. These mechanisms operate simultaneously with relative importance differing among bacterial strains. In all SAR studies, the highest antibacterial activity is observed for galloylated compounds (EGCG, ECG, and theaflavin digallate). This observation, combined with numerous experimental and theoretical evidence, suggests that catechins share a common binding mode, characterized by the formation of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with their target.

Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Potentials of Ficus glumosa and Its Bioactive Polyphenol Metabolites

Ficus glumosa Delile (Moraceae), a reputed plant that is used in herbal medicine, is of high medicinal and nutritional value in local communities primarily ascribed to its phytochemical profile. Currently, there are hardly any fine details on the chemical profiling and pharmacological evaluation of this species. In this study, the flavonoids and phenolics contents of the ethanol extracts and four extracted fractions (petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, and water) of the stem bark of Ficus glumosa were firstly quantified. Further, their antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials were also evaluated. The quantitative determination indicated that the EA and n-butanol fractions possessed the highest total flavonoids/phenolics levels of 274.05 ± 0.68 mg RE/g and 78.87 ± 0.97 mg GAE/g, respectively. Similarly, for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, the EA fraction exhibited high potency in both DPPH and ABTS⁺ scavenging activities with IC₅₀ values of 0.23 ± 0.03 mg/mL, 0.22 ± 0.03 mg/mL, and FRAP potential of 2.81 ± 0.01 mg Fe²⁺/g, respectively. Furthermore, the EA fraction displayed high cytotoxicity against human lung (A549) and colon (HT-29) cancer cells. Additionally, the liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed in order to characterize the chemical constituents of the EA fraction of Ficus glumosa stem bark. Our findings revealed 16 compounds from the EA fraction that were possibly responsible for the strong antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties. This study provides edge-cutting background information on the exploitation of Ficus glumosa as a potential natural antioxidant and anti-cancer remedy.

Catechins as Model Bioactive Compounds for Biomedical Applications

Research regarding polyphenols has gained prominence over the years because of their potential as pharmacological nutrients. Most polyphenols are flavanols, commonly known as catechins, which are present in high amounts in green tea. Catechins are promising candidates in the field of biomedicine. The health benefits of catechins, notably their antioxidant effects, are related to their chemical structure and the total number of hydroxyl groups. In addition, catechins possess strong activities against several pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. One major limitation of these compounds is low bioavailability. Catechins are poorly absorbed by intestinal barriers. Some protective mechanisms may be required to maintain or even increase the stability and bioavailability of these molecules within living organisms. Moreover, novel delivery systems, such as scaffolds, fibers, sponges, and capsules, have been proposed. This review focuses on the unique structures and bioactive properties of catechins and their role in inflammatory responses as well as provides a perspective on their use in future human health applications.

Plant Phenolics: Bioavailability as a Key Determinant of Their Potential Health-Promoting Applications

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom that can be categorized as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Interest in phenolic compounds has dramatically increased during the last decade due to their biological effects and promising therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the importance of phenolic compounds' bioavailability to accomplish their physiological functions, and highlight main factors affecting such parameter throughout metabolism of phenolics, from absorption to excretion. Besides, we give an updated overview of the health benefits of phenolic compounds, which are mainly linked to both their direct (e.g., free-radical scavenging ability) and indirect (e.g., by stimulating activity of antioxidant enzymes) antioxidant properties. Such antioxidant actions reportedly help them to prevent chronic and oxidative stress-related disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. Last, we comment on development of cutting-edge delivery systems intended to improve bioavailability and enhance stability of phenolic compounds in the human body.

Stereoselective Electro-2-deoxyglycosylation from Glycals

We report a novel and highly stereoselective electro-2-deoxyglycosylation from glycals. This method features excellent stereoselectivity, scope, and functional-group tolerance. This process can also be applied to the modification of a wide range of natural products and drugs. Furthermore, a scalable synthesis of glycosylated podophyllotoxin and a one-pot trisaccharide synthesis through iterative electroglycosylations were achieved.

Another look at phenolic compounds in cancer therapy the effect of polyphenols on ubiquitin-proteasome system

Inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) have been the object of research interests for many years because of their potential as anti-cancer agents. Research in this field is aimed at improving the specificity and safety of known proteasome inhibitors. Unfortunately, in vitro conditions do not reflect the processes taking place in the human body. Recent reports indicate that the components of human plasma affect the course of many signaling pathways, proteasome activity and the effectiveness of synthetic cytostatic drugs. Therefore, it is believed that the key issue is to determine the effects of components of the human diet, including effects of chemically active polyphenols on the ubiquitin-proteasome system activity in both physiological and pathological (cancerous) states. The following article summarizes the current knowledge on the direct and indirect synergistic and antagonistic effects between polyphenolic compounds present in the human diet and the efficiency of protein degradation via the UPS.

Tissue Distribution, Excretion, and Metabolic Profile of Dihydromyricetin, a Flavonoid from Vine Tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) after Oral Administration in Rats

Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a flavanonol compound found as the most abundant and bioactive constituent in vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata), possesses numerous biological activities. In the present study, an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of DMY in tissues, urine, and feces was developed and applied to the tissue distribution and excretion study after oral administration in rats, and the metabolic profile of DMY was further investigated using UPLC-QTOF-MS. The results indicated that DMY could be distributed rapidly in various tissues and highly in the gastrointestinal tract. The elimination of DMY occurred rapidly as well, and most unconverted forms were excreted in feces. A total of eight metabolites were identified in urine and feces, while metabolites were barely found in plasma. The predicted metabolic pathways including reduction, dehydroxylation, methylation, glucuronidation, and sulfation were proposed. The present findings may provide the theoretical basis for evaluating the biological activities of DMY and will be helpful for its future development and application.

Phytomedicine polypharmacology: Cancer therapy through modulating the tumor microenvironment and oxylipin dynamics

Integrative approaches in cancer therapy have recently been extended beyond the induction of cytotoxicity to controlling the tumor microenvironment and modulating inflammatory cascades and pathways such as lipid mediator biosynthesis and their dynamics. Profiling of important lipid messengers, such as oxylipins, produced as part of the physiological response to pharmacological stimuli, provides a unique opportunity to explore drug pharmacology and the possibilities for molecular management of cancer physiopathology. Whereas single targeted chemotherapeutic drugs commonly lack efficacy and invoke drug resistance and/or adverse effects in cancer patients, traditional herbal medicines are seen as bright prospects for treating complex diseases, such as cancers, in a systematic and holistic manner. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of traditional medicine and its bioactive chemical constituents may aid the modernization of herbal remedies and the discovery of novel phytoagents for cancer management. In this review, systems-based polypharmacology and studies to develop multi-target drugs or leads from phytomedicines and their derived natural products that may overcome the problems of current anti-cancer drugs, are proposed and summarized.

Enhancing the therapeutic effects of polyphenols with macromolecules

A review of key macromolecular systems employed to stabilise polyphenols, including direct polymerisation of polyphenol monomers and conjugation with macromolecules.

Phytochemical profile of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb). Steud

Paulownia tomentosa, a member of the plant family Paulowniaceae and a rich source of biologically active secondary metabolites, is traditionally used in Chinese herbal medicine. Flavonoids, lignans, phenolic glycosides, quinones, terpenoids, glycerides, phenolic acids, and miscellaneous other compounds have been isolated from different parts of P. tomentosa plant. Recent interest in this species has focused on isolating and identifying of prenylated flavonoids, that exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiphlogistic activities and inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease. They show cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines and inhibit the effects of human cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and bacterial neuraminidases. Most of the compounds considered here have never been isolated from any other species of plant. This review summarizes the information about the isolated compounds that are active, their bioactivities, and the structure-activity relationships that have been worked out for them.

Topical (+)-catechin emulsified gel prevents DMBA/TPA-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by modulating antioxidants and inflammatory biomarkers in BALB/c mice

An emulsified gel of (+)-catechin was developed and evaluated topically against DMBA/TPA-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in BALB/c mice.