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Berthing T, Lard M, Danielsen PH, Abariute L, Barfod KK, Adolfsson K, Knudsen KB, Wolff H, Prinz CN, Vogel U. Pulmonary toxicity and translocation of gallium phosphide nanowires to secondary organs following pulmonary exposure in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:322. [PMID: 37679803 PMCID: PMC10483739 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND III-V semiconductor nanowires are envisioned as being integrated in optoelectronic devices in the near future. However, the perspective of mass production of these nanowires raises concern for human safety due to their asbestos- and carbon nanotube-like properties, including their high aspect ratio shape. Indeed, III-V nanowires have similar dimensions as Mitsui-7 multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which induce lung cancer by inhalation in rats. It is therefore urgent to investigate the toxicological effects following lung exposure to III-V nanowires prior to their use in industrial production, which entails risk of human exposure. Here, female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 2, 6, and 18 µg (0.12, 0.35 and 1.1 mg/kg bw) of gallium phosphide (III-V) nanowires (99 nm diameter, 3.7 μm length) by intratracheal instillation and the toxicity was investigated 1, 3, 28 days and 3 months after exposure. Mitsui-7 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon black Printex 90 nanoparticles were used as benchmark nanomaterials. RESULTS Gallium phosphide nanowires induced genotoxicity in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and acute inflammation with eosinophilia observable both in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue (1 and 3 days post-exposure). The inflammatory response was comparable to the response following exposure to Mitsui-7 multi-walled carbon nanotubes at similar dose levels. The nanowires underwent partial dissolution in the lung resulting in thinner nanowires, with an estimated in vivo half-life of 3 months. Despite the partial dissolution, nanowires were detected in lung, liver, spleen, kidney, uterus and brain 3 months after exposure. CONCLUSION Pulmonary exposure to gallium phosphide nanowires caused similar toxicological effects as the multi-walled carbon nanotube Mitsui-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Berthing
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mercy Lard
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22 100, Sweden
| | | | - Laura Abariute
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22 100, Sweden
- Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, Lund, 224 78, Sweden
| | - Kenneth K Barfod
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, Microbiology and Fermentation, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl Adolfsson
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22 100, Sweden
- Axis Communications AB, Lund, 223 69, Sweden
| | - Kristina B Knudsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22 100, Sweden.
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Shokouhi AR, Chen Y, Yoh HZ, Murayama T, Suu K, Morikawa Y, Brenker J, Alan T, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Electroactive nanoinjection platform for intracellular delivery and gene silencing. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:273. [PMID: 37592297 PMCID: PMC10433684 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoinjection-the process of intracellular delivery using vertically configured nanostructures-is a physical route that efficiently negotiates the plasma membrane, with minimal perturbation and toxicity to the cells. Nanoinjection, as a physical membrane-disruption-mediated approach, overcomes challenges associated with conventional carrier-mediated approaches such as safety issues (with viral carriers), genotoxicity, limited packaging capacity, low levels of endosomal escape, and poor versatility for cell and cargo types. Yet, despite the implementation of nanoinjection tools and their assisted analogues in diverse cellular manipulations, there are still substantial challenges in harnessing these platforms to gain access into cell interiors with much greater precision without damaging the cell's intricate structure. Here, we propose a non-viral, low-voltage, and reusable electroactive nanoinjection (ENI) platform based on vertically configured conductive nanotubes (NTs) that allows for rapid influx of targeted biomolecular cargos into the intracellular environment, and for successful gene silencing. The localization of electric fields at the tight interface between conductive NTs and the cell membrane drastically lowers the voltage required for cargo delivery into the cells, from kilovolts (for bulk electroporation) to only ≤ 10 V; this enhances the fine control over membrane disruption and mitigates the problem of high cell mortality experienced by conventional electroporation. RESULTS Through both theoretical simulations and experiments, we demonstrate the capability of the ENI platform to locally perforate GPE-86 mouse fibroblast cells and efficiently inject a diverse range of membrane-impermeable biomolecules with efficacy of 62.5% (antibody), 55.5% (mRNA), and 51.8% (plasmid DNA), with minimal impact on cells' viability post nanoscale-EP (> 90%). We also show gene silencing through the delivery of siRNA that targets TRIOBP, yielding gene knockdown efficiency of 41.3%. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that our non-viral and low-voltage ENI platform is set to offer a new safe path to intracellular delivery with broader selection of cargo and cell types, and will open opportunities for advanced ex vivo cell engineering and gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Takahide Murayama
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Koukou Suu
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Jason Brenker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Tuncay Alan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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Li Z, Li L, Wang F, Xu L, Gao Q, Alabadla A, Peng K, Vora K, Hattori HT, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Fu L. Investigation of light-matter interaction in single vertical nanowires in ordered nanowire arrays. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3527-3536. [PMID: 35171176 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quasi one-dimensional semiconductor nanowires (NWs) in either arrays or single free-standing forms have shown unique optical properties (i.e., light absorption and emission) differently from their thin film or bulk counterparts, presenting new opportunities for achieving enhanced performance and/or functionalities for optoelectronic device applications. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the absorption properties of vertically standing single NWs within an array environment with light coupling from neighboring NWs within certain distances, due to the challenges in fabrication of such devices. In this article, we present a new approach to fabricate single vertically standing NW photodetectors from ordered InP NW arrays using the focused ion beam technique, to allow direct measurements of optical and electrical properties of single NWs standing in an array. The light-matter interaction and photodetector performance are investigated using both experimental and theoretical methods. The consistent photocurrent and simulated absorption mapping results reveal that the light absorption and thus photoresponse of single NWs are strongly affected by the NW array geometry and related light coupling from their surrounding dielectric environment, due to the large absorption cross section and/or strong light interaction. While the highest light concentration factor (∼19.64) was obtained from the NW in an array with a pitch of 1.5 μm, the higher responsivity per unit cell (equivalent to NW array responsivity) of a single vertical NW photodetector was achieved in an array with a pitch of 0.8 μm, highlighting the importance of array design for practical applications. The insight from our study can provide important guidance to evaluate and optimize the device design of NW arrays for a wide range of optoelectronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Li Li
- Australian National Fabrication Facility, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lei Xu
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Ahmed Alabadla
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Kaushal Vora
- Australian National Fabrication Facility, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Haroldo T Hattori
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lan Fu
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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4
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Vinje JB, Guadagno NA, Progida C, Sikorski P. Analysis of Actin and Focal Adhesion Organisation in U2OS Cells on Polymer Nanostructures. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:143. [PMID: 34524556 PMCID: PMC8443752 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work, we explore how U2OS cells are affected by arrays of polymer nanopillars fabricated on flat glass surfaces. We focus on describing changes to the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton and in the location, number and shape of focal adhesions. From our findings we identify that the cells can be categorised into different regimes based on their spreading and adhesion behaviour on nanopillars. A quantitative analysis suggests that cells seeded on dense nanopillar arrays are suspended on top of the pillars with focal adhesions forming closer to the cell periphery compared to flat surfaces or sparse pillar arrays. This change is analogous to similar responses for cells seeded on soft substrates. RESULTS In this work, we explore how U2OS cells are affected by arrays of polymer nanopillars fabricated on flat glass surfaces. We focus on describing changes to the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton and in the location, number and shape of focal adhesions. From our findings we identify that the cells can be categorised into different regimes based on their spreading and adhesion behaviour on nanopillars. A quantitative analysis suggests that cells seeded on dense nanopillar arrays are suspended on top of the pillars with focal adhesions forming closer to the cell periphery compared to flat surfaces or sparse pillar arrays. This change is analogous to similar responses for cells seeded on soft substrates. CONCLUSION Overall, we show that the combination of high throughput nanofabrication, advanced optical microscopy, molecular biology tools to visualise cellular processes and data analysis can be used to investigate how cells interact with nanostructured surfaces and will in the future help to create culture substrates that induce particular cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob B Vinje
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Shenoy BM, Hegde G, Roy Mahapatra D. Field enhancement in microfluidic semiconductor nanowire array. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:064102. [PMID: 33163137 PMCID: PMC7609134 DOI: 10.1063/5.0028899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nano-material integrated microfluidic platforms are increasingly being considered to accelerate biological sample preparation and molecular diagnostics. A major challenge in this context is the generation of high electric fields for electroporation of cell membranes. In this paper, we have studied a novel mechanism of generating a high electric field in the microfluidic channels by using an array of semiconductor nanowires. When an electrostatic field is applied across a semiconductor nanowire array, the electric field is localized near the nanowires and the field strength is higher than what was reported previously with various other micro-geometries. Nanowires made of ZnO, Si, and Si-SiO2 and their orientation and array spacing are considered design parameters. It is observed that for a given ratio of the spacing between nanowires to the diameter, the electric field enhancement near the edges of ZnO nanowires is nearly 30 times higher compared to Si or Si-SiO2 nanowire arrays. This enhancement is a combined effect of the unique geometry with a pointed tip with a hexagonal cross section, the piezoelectric and the spontaneous polarization in the ZnO nanowires, and the electro-kinetics of the interface fluid. Considering the field localization phenomena, the trajectories of E. coli cells in the channel are analyzed. For a given inter-nanowire spacing and an applied electric field, the channels with ZnO nanowire arrays have a greater probability of cell lysis in comparison to Si-based nanowire arrays. Detailed correlations between the cell lysis probability with the inter-nanowire spacing and the applied electric field are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhamy Maithry Shenoy
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gopalkrishna Hegde
- BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - D. Roy Mahapatra
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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6
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Molina J, Ramos D, Gil-Santos E, Escobar JE, Ruz JJ, Tamayo J, San Paulo Á, Calleja M. Optical Transduction for Vertical Nanowire Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2359-2369. [PMID: 32191041 PMCID: PMC7146857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe an optical transduction mechanism to measure the flexural mode vibrations of vertically aligned nanowires on a flat substrate with high sensitivity, linearity, and ease of implementation. We demonstrate that the light reflected from the substrate when a laser beam strikes it parallel to the nanowires is modulated proportionally to their vibration, so that measuring such modulation provides a highly efficient resonance readout. This mechanism is applicable to single nanowires or arrays without specific requirements regarding their geometry or array pattern, and no fabrication process besides the nanowire generation is required. We show how to optimize the performance of this mechanism by characterizing the split flexural modes of vertical silicon nanowires in their full dynamic range and up to the fifth mode order. The presented transduction approach is relevant for any application of nanowire resonators, particularly for integrating nanomechanical sensing in functional substrates based on vertical nanowires for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Molina
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier E. Escobar
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J. Ruz
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Higgins SG, Becce M, Belessiotis-Richards A, Seong H, Sero JE, Stevens MM. High-Aspect-Ratio Nanostructured Surfaces as Biological Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903862. [PMID: 31944430 PMCID: PMC7610849 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials patterned with high-aspect-ratio nanostructures have features on similar length scales to cellular components. These surfaces are an extreme topography on the cellular level and have become useful tools for perturbing and sensing the cellular environment. Motivation comes from the ability of high-aspect-ratio nanostructures to deliver cargoes into cells and tissues, access the intracellular environment, and control cell behavior. These structures directly perturb cells' ability to sense and respond to external forces, influencing cell fate, and enabling new mechanistic studies. Through careful design of their nanoscale structure, these systems act as biological metamaterials, eliciting unusual biological responses. While predominantly used to interface eukaryotic cells, there is growing interest in nonanimal and prokaryotic cell interfacing. Both experimental and theoretical studies have attempted to develop a mechanistic understanding for the observed behaviors, predominantly focusing on the cell-nanostructure interface. This review considers how high-aspect-ratio nanostructured surfaces are used to both stimulate and sense biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G. Higgins
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Hyejeong Seong
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julia E. Sero
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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8
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Lard M, Linke H, Prinz CN. Biosensing using arrays of vertical semiconductor nanowires: mechanosensing and biomarker detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:214003. [PMID: 30699399 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high aspect ratio and increased surface-to-foot-print area, arrays of vertical semiconductor nanowires are used in numerous biological applications, such as cell transfection and biosensing. Here we focus on two specific valuable biosensing approaches that, so far, have received relatively limited attention in terms of their potential capabilities: cellular mechanosensing and lightguiding-induced enhanced fluorescence detection. Although proposed a decade ago, these two applications for using vertical nanowire arrays have only very recently achieved significant breakthroughs, both in terms of understanding their fundamental phenomena, and in the ease of their implementation. We review the status of the field in these areas and describe significant findings and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Lard
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
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9
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Tsougeni K, Ellinas K, Koukouvinos G, Petrou PS, Tserepi A, Kakabakos SE, Gogolides E. Three-dimensional (3D) plasma micro-nanotextured slides for high performance biomolecule microarrays: Comparison with epoxy-silane coated glass slides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 165:270-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Kim KH, Lee K, Hong H, Yang D, Ryu W, Nam O, Kim YC. Functionalized inclined-GaN based nanoneedles. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Functionalized vertical GaN micro pillar arrays with high signal-to-background ratio for detection and analysis of proteins secreted from breast tumor cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14917. [PMID: 29097674 PMCID: PMC5668294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of cancer biomarkers has recently attracted significant attention as a means of determining the correct course of treatment with targeted therapeutics. However, because the concentration of these biomarkers in blood is usually relatively low, highly sensitive biosensors for fluorescence imaging and precise detection are needed. In this study, we have successfully developed vertical GaN micropillar (MP) based biosensors for fluorescence sensing and quantitative measurement of CA15-3 antigens. The highly ordered vertical GaN MP arrays result in the successful immobilization of CA15-3 antigens on each feature of the arrays, thereby allowing the detection of an individual fluorescence signal from the top surface of the arrays owing to the high regularity of fluorophore-tagged MP spots and relatively low background signal. Therefore, our fluorescence-labeled and CA15-3 functionalized vertical GaN-MP-based biosensor is suitable for the selective quantitative analysis of secreted CA15-3 antigens from MCF-7 cell lines, and helps in the early diagnosis and prognosis of serious diseases as well as the monitoring of the therapeutic response of breast cancer patients.
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Abstract
Nanoneedles are high aspect ratio nanostructures with a unique biointerface. Thanks to their peculiar yet poorly understood interaction with cells, they very effectively sense intracellular conditions, typically with lower toxicity and perturbation than traditionally available probes. Through long-term, reversible interfacing with cells, nanoneedles can monitor biological functions over the course of several days. Their nanoscale dimension and the assembly into large-scale, ordered, dense arrays enable monitoring the functions of large cell populations, to provide functional maps with submicron spatial resolution. Intracellularly, they sense electrical activity of complex excitable networks, as well as concentration, function, and interaction of biomolecules in situ, while extracellularly they can measure the forces exerted by cells with piconewton detection limits, or efficiently sort rare cells based on their membrane receptors. Nanoneedles can investigate the function of many biological systems, ranging from cells, to biological fluids, to tissues and living organisms. This review examines the devices, strategies, and workflows developed to use nanoneedles for sensing in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London , SE1 9RT, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Hjort M, Bauer M, Gunnarsson S, Mårsell E, Zakharov AA, Karlsson G, Sanfins E, Prinz CN, Wallenberg R, Cedervall T, Mikkelsen A. Electron microscopy imaging of proteins on gallium phosphide semiconductor nanowires. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3936-43. [PMID: 26838122 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08888g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have imaged GaP nanowires (NWs) incubated with human laminin, serum albumin (HSA), and blood plasma using both cryo-transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron based X-ray photoemission electron microscopy. This extensive imaging methodology simultaneously reveals structural, chemical and morphological details of individual nanowires and the adsorbed proteins. We found that the proteins bind to NWs, forming coronas with thicknesses close to the proteins' hydrodynamic diameters. We could directly image how laminin is extending from the NWs, maximizing the number of proteins bound to the NWs. NWs incubated with both laminin and HSA show protein coronas with a similar appearance to NWs incubated with laminin alone, indicating that the presence of HSA does not affect the laminin conformation on the NWs. In blood plasma, an intermediate sized corona around the NWs indicates a corona with a mixture of plasma proteins. The ability to directly visualize proteins on nanostructures in situ holds great promise for assessing the conformation and thickness of the protein corona, which is key to understanding and predicting the properties of engineered nanomaterials in a biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hjort
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Bauer
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gunnarsson
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Mårsell
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Alexei A Zakharov
- The MAX-IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Karlsson
- nCHREM/Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elodie Sanfins
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Reine Wallenberg
- nCHREM/Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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14
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From immobilized cells to motile cells on a bed-of-nails: effects of vertical nanowire array density on cell behaviour. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18535. [PMID: 26691936 PMCID: PMC4686997 DOI: 10.1038/srep18535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of vertical nanowire array-based applications in cell biology is growing rapidly and an increasing number of applications are being explored. These applications almost invariably rely on the physical properties of the nanowire arrays, creating a need for a better understanding of how their physical properties affect cell behaviour. Here, we investigate the effects of nanowire density on cell migration, division and morphology for murine fibroblasts. Our results show that few nanowires are sufficient to immobilize cells, while a high nanowire spatial density enables a ”bed-of-nails” regime, where cells reside on top of the nanowires and are fully motile. The presence of nanowires decreases the cell proliferation rate, even in the “bed-of-nails” regime. We show that the cell morphology strongly depends on the nanowire density. Cells cultured on low (0.1 μm−2) and medium (1 μm−2) density substrates exhibit an increased number of multi-nucleated cells and micronuclei. These were not observed in cells cultured on high nanowire density substrates (4 μm−2). The results offer important guidelines to minimize cell-function perturbations on nanowire arrays. Moreover, these findings offer the possibility to tune cell proliferation and migration independently by adjusting the nanowire density, which may have applications in drug testing.
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15
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Vutti S, Schoffelen S, Bolinsson J, Buch-Månson N, Bovet N, Nygård J, Martinez KL, Meldal M. Click Chemistry Mediated Functionalization of Vertical Nanowires for Biological Applications. Chemistry 2015; 22:496-500. [PMID: 26601641 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are gaining significant importance in various biological applications, such as biosensing and drug delivery. Efficient and controlled immobilization of biomolecules on the NW surface is crucial for many of these applications. Here, we present for the first time the use of the Cu(I) -catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition and its strain-promoted variant for the covalent functionalization of vertical NWs with peptides and proteins. The potential of the approach was demonstrated in two complementary applications of measuring enzyme activity and protein binding, which is of general interest for biological studies. The attachment of a peptide substrate provided NW arrays for the detection of protease activity. In addition, green fluorescent protein was immobilized in a site-specific manner and recognized by antibody binding to demonstrate the proof-of-concept for the use of covalently modified NWs for diagnostic purposes using minute amounts of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Vutti
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Sanne Schoffelen
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark).
| | - Jessica Bolinsson
- Nano-science Center and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Nina Buch-Månson
- Bionanotechnology and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Nicolas Bovet
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Jesper Nygård
- Nano-science Center and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Karen L Martinez
- Bionanotechnology and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | - Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark).
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16
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Matsumoto D, Rao Sathuluri R, Kato Y, Silberberg YR, Kawamura R, Iwata F, Kobayashi T, Nakamura C. Oscillating high-aspect-ratio monolithic silicon nanoneedle array enables efficient delivery of functional bio-macromolecules into living cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15325. [PMID: 26471006 PMCID: PMC4607922 DOI: 10.1038/srep15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of biomolecules with use of nanostructures has been previously reported. However, both efficient and high-throughput intracellular delivery has proved difficult to achieve. Here, we report a novel material and device for the delivery of biomacromolecules into live cells. We attribute the successful results to the unique features of the system, which include high-aspect-ratio, uniform nanoneedles laid across a 2D array, combined with an oscillatory feature, which together allow rapid, forcible and efficient insertion and protein release into thousands of cells simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Ramachandra Rao Sathuluri
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yaron R Silberberg
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Futoshi Iwata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Research Center for Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering, AIST, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Chikashi Nakamura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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17
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Chiappini C, Campagnolo P, Almeida CS, Abbassi-Ghadi N, Chow LW, Hanna GB, Stevens MM. Mapping Local Cytosolic Enzymatic Activity in Human Esophageal Mucosa with Porous Silicon Nanoneedles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27. [PMID: 26197973 PMCID: PMC4858817 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon nanoneedles can map Cathepsin B activity across normal and tumor human esophageal mucosa. Assembling a peptide-based Cathepsin B cleavable sensor over a large array of nano-needles allows the discrimination of cancer cells from healthy ones in mixed culture. The same sensor applied to tissue can map Cathepsin B activity with high resolution across the tumor margin area of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Chiappini
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Paola Campagnolo
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Carina S Almeida
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Nima Abbassi-Ghadi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Lesley W Chow
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - George B Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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18
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Prinz CN. Interactions between semiconductor nanowires and living cells. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:233103. [PMID: 26010455 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/23/233103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires are increasingly used for biological applications and their small dimensions make them a promising tool for sensing and manipulating cells with minimal perturbation. In order to interface cells with nanowires in a controlled fashion, it is essential to understand the interactions between nanowires and living cells. The present paper reviews current progress in the understanding of these interactions, with knowledge gathered from studies where living cells were interfaced with vertical nanowire arrays. The effect of nanowires on cells is reported in terms of viability, cell-nanowire interface morphology, cell behavior, changes in gene expression as well as cellular stress markers. Unexplored issues and unanswered questions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics, Nanometer Structure Consortium, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
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19
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Chiappini C, Martinez JO, De Rosa E, Almeida CS, Tasciotti E, Stevens MM. Biodegradable nanoneedles for localized delivery of nanoparticles in vivo: exploring the biointerface. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5500-5509. [PMID: 25858596 PMCID: PMC4733661 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoneedles display potential in mediating the delivery of drugs and biologicals, as well as intracellular sensing and single-cell stimulation, through direct access to the cell cytoplasm. Nanoneedles enable cytosolic delivery, negotiating the cell membrane and the endolysosomal system, thus overcoming these major obstacles to the efficacy of nanotherapeutics. The low toxicity and minimal invasiveness of nanoneedles have a potential for the sustained nonimmunogenic delivery of payloads in vivo, provided that the development of biocompatible nanoneedles with a simple deployment strategy is achieved. Here we present a mesoporous silicon nanoneedle array that achieves a tight interface with the cell, rapidly negotiating local biological barriers to grant temporary access to the cytosol with minimal impact on cell viability. The tightness of this interfacing enables both delivery of cell-impermeant quantum dots in vivo and live intracellular sensing of pH. Dissecting the biointerface over time elucidated the dynamics of cell association and nanoneedle biodegradation, showing rapid interfacing leading to cytosolic payload delivery within less than 30 minutes in vitro. The rapid and simple application of nanoneedles in vivo to the surface of tissues with different architectures invariably resulted in the localized delivery of quantum dots to the superficial cells and their prolonged retention. This investigation provides an understanding of the dynamics of nanoneedles' biointerface and delivery, outlining a strategy for highly local intracellular delivery of nanoparticles and cell-impermeant payloads within live tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Chiappini
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan O. Martinez
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Enrica De Rosa
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Carina S. Almeida
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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20
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Beckwith KS, Cooil SP, Wells JW, Sikorski P. Tunable high aspect ratio polymer nanostructures for cell interfaces. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8438-50. [PMID: 25891641 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale topographies and chemical patterns can be used as synthetic cell interfaces with a range of applications including the study and control of cellular processes. Herein, we describe the fabrication of high aspect ratio nanostructures using electron beam lithography in the epoxy-based polymer SU-8. We show how nanostructure geometry, position and fluorescence properties can be tuned, allowing flexible device design. Further, thiol-epoxide reactions were developed to give effective and specific modification of SU-8 surface chemistry. SU-8 nanostructures were made directly on glass cover slips, enabling the use of high resolution optical techniques such as live-cell confocal, total internal reflection and 3D structured illumination microscopy to investigate cell interactions with the nanostructures. Details of cell adherence and spreading, plasma membrane conformation and actin organization in response to high aspect ratio nanopillars and nanolines were investigated. The versatile structural and chemical properties combined with the high resolution cell imaging capabilities of this system are an important step towards the better understanding and control of cell interactions with nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sandvold Beckwith
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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21
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Vutti S, Buch-Månson N, Schoffelen S, Bovet N, Martinez KL, Meldal M. Covalent and Stable CuAAC Modification of Silicon Surfaces for Control of Cell Adhesion. Chembiochem 2015; 16:782-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Frederiksen RS, Alarcon-Llado E, Madsen MH, Rostgaard KR, Krogstrup P, Vosch T, Nygård J, Fontcuberta I Morral A, Martinez KL. Modulation of fluorescence signals from biomolecules along nanowires due to interaction of light with oriented nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:176-81. [PMID: 25426704 DOI: 10.1021/nl503344y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
High aspect ratio nanostructures have gained increasing interest as highly sensitive platforms for biosensing. Here, well-defined biofunctionalized vertical indium arsenide nanowires are used to map the interaction of light with nanowires depending on their orientation and the excitation wavelength. We show how nanowires act as antennas modifying the light distribution and the emitted fluorescence. This work highlights an important optical phenomenon in quantitative fluorescence studies and constitutes an important step for future studies using such nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune S Frederiksen
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Hammarin G, Persson H, Dabkowska AP, Prinz CN. Enhanced laminin adsorption on nanowires compared to flat surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:85-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Bonde S, Buch-Månson N, Rostgaard KR, Andersen TK, Berthing T, Martinez KL. Exploring arrays of vertical one-dimensional nanostructures for cellular investigations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:362001. [PMID: 25130133 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/36/362001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The endeavor of exploiting arrays of vertical one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures (NSs) for cellular applications has recently been experiencing a pronounced surge of activity. The interest is rooted in the intrinsic properties of high-aspect-ratio NSs. With a height comparable to a mammalian cell, and a diameter 100-1000 times smaller, NSs should intuitively reach far into a cell and, due to their small diameter, do so without compromising cell health. Single NSs would thus be expedient for measuring and modifying cell response. Further organization of these structures into arrays can provide up-scaled and detailed spatiotemporal information on cell activity, an achievement that would entail a massive leap forward in disease understanding and drug discovery. Numerous proofs-of-principle published recently have expanded the large toolbox that is currently being established in this rapidly advancing field of research. Encouragingly, despite the diversity of NS platforms and experimental conditions used thus far, general trends and conclusions from combining cells with NSs are beginning to crystallize. This review covers the broad spectrum of NS materials and dimensions used; the observed cellular responses with specific focus on adhesion, morphology, viability, proliferation, and migration; compares the different approaches used in the field to provide NSs with the often crucial cytosolic access; covers the progress toward biological applications; and finally, envisions the future of this technology. By maintaining the impressive rate and quality of recent progress, it is conceivable that the use of vertical 1D NSs may soon be established as a superior choice over other current techniques, with all the further benefits that may entail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonde
- Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Dabkowska AP, Niman CS, Piret G, Persson H, Wacklin HP, Linke H, Prinz CN, Nylander T. Fluid and highly curved model membranes on vertical nanowire arrays. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4286-92. [PMID: 24971634 DOI: 10.1021/nl500926y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensing and manipulating living cells using vertical nanowire devices requires a complete understanding of cell behavior on these substrates. Changes in cell function and phenotype are often triggered by events taking place at the plasma membrane, the properties of which are influenced by local curvature. The nanowire topography can therefore be expected to greatly affect the cell membrane, emphasizing the importance of studying membranes on vertical nanowire arrays. Here, we used supported phospholipid bilayers as a model for biomembranes. We demonstrate the formation of fluid supported bilayers on vertical nanowire forests using self-assembly from vesicles in solution. The bilayers were found to follow the contours of the nanowires to form continuous and locally highly curved model membranes. Distinct from standard flat supported lipid bilayers, the high aspect ratio of the nanowires results in a large bilayer surface available for the immobilization and study of biomolecules. We used these bilayers to bind a membrane-anchored protein as well as tethered vesicles on the nanowire substrate. The nanowire-bilayer platform shown here can be expanded from fundamental studies of lipid membranes on controlled curvature substrates to the development of innovative membrane-based nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra P Dabkowska
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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26
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Della Pia EA, Holm JV, Lloret N, Le Bon C, Popot JL, Zoonens M, Nygård J, Martinez KL. A step closer to membrane protein multiplexed nanoarrays using biotin-doped polypyrrole. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1844-53. [PMID: 24476392 PMCID: PMC4004317 DOI: 10.1021/nn406252h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whether for fundamental biological research or for diagnostic and drug discovery applications, protein micro- and nanoarrays are attractive technologies because of their low sample consumption, high-throughput, and multiplexing capabilities. However, the arraying platforms developed so far are still not able to handle membrane proteins, and specific methods to selectively immobilize these hydrophobic and fragile molecules are needed to understand their function and structural complexity. Here we integrate two technologies, electropolymerization and amphipols, to demonstrate the electrically addressable functionalization of micro- and nanosurfaces with membrane proteins. Gold surfaces are selectively modified by electrogeneration of a polymeric film in the presence of biotin, where avidin conjugates can then be selectively immobilized. The method is successfully applied to the preparation of protein-multiplexed arrays by sequential electropolymerization and biomolecular functionalization steps. The surface density of the proteins bound to the electrodes can be easily tuned by adjusting the amount of biotin deposited during electropolymerization. Amphipols are specially designed amphipathic polymers that provide a straightforward method to stabilize and add functionalities to membrane proteins. Exploiting the strong affinity of biotin for streptavidin, we anchor distinct membrane proteins onto different electrodes via a biotin-tagged amphipol. Antibody-recognition events demonstrate that the proteins are stably immobilized and that the electrodeposition of polypyrrole films bearing biotin units is compatible with the protein-binding activity. Since polypyrrole films show good conductivity properties, the platform described here is particularly well suited to prepare electronically transduced bionanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Antonio Della Pia
- Bio-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe V. Holm
- Niels Bohr Institute, Center for Quantum Devices & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Noemie Lloret
- Bio-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christel Le Bon
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université Paris-7, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Popot
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université Paris-7, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Manuela Zoonens
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université Paris-7, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesper Nygård
- Niels Bohr Institute, Center for Quantum Devices & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Laurence Martinez
- Bio-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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