1
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Liu H, Yang Y, Ma Z, Pei Y. Chiral Inversion of Au 40(SR) 24 Nanocluster Driven by Rotation of Gold Tetrahedra in the Kekulé-like Core. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5481-5489. [PMID: 38978476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Studying the chiral characteristics and chiral inversion mechanisms of gold nanoclusters is important to promote their applications in the field of chiral catalysis and chiral recognition. Herein, we investigated the chiral inversion process of the Au40(SR)24 nanocluster and its derivatives using density functional theory calculations. The results showed that the chiral inversion process can be achieved by rotation of tetrahedra units in the gold core without breaking the Au-S bond. This work found that Au40 nanoclusters protected by different ligands have different chiral inversion mechanisms, and the difference is mainly attributable to the steric effects of the ligands. Moreover, the chiral inversion of the derivative clusters (Au34, Au28, and Au22) of the Au40 nanocluster can also be accomplished by the rotation of the Au4 tetrahedra units in the gold core. The energy barrier in the chiral inversion process of gold nanoclusters increases with the decrease of Au4 tetrahedra units in the gold core. This work identifies a chiral inversion mechanism with lower reaction energy barriers and provided a theoretical basis for the study of gold nanocluster chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Zhongyun Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province 411105, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming 650093, China
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2
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Peluso P, Sechi B, Jibuti G. Enantioseparation of organometallic compounds by electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:1018-1032. [PMID: 38279597 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Over time, chiral organometallic compounds have attracted great interest in several fields, with applications going across several disciplines of chemical, biological, medical, and material sciences. In the last decades, due to advancements in molecular design and computational modeling, the chemistry of chiral transition metal complexes had a remarkable flowering, with the development of new structures for applications in asymmetric synthesis, bioinorganic chemistry, and molecular recognition. In these fields, fast chiral analysis to determine the enantiomeric purity of organometallic structures prepared by asymmetric synthesis, and for high-throughput screening of analytes, catalysts, and reactions, is very important. Capillary electrophoresis and related techniques proved to be extremely versatile for chiral analysis, showing unsurpassed advantages compared to chromatography like low consumption of materials, production of limited amounts of waste, fast equilibration, and possibility to replace easily type and concentration of the chiral selector, among others. Furthermore, electromigration techniques may be useful to gain details about the stereochemistry of the enantiomers of new compounds and to study analyte-selector noncovalent interactions at molecular level. On this basis, this short review aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive view on the enantioseparation of organometallic compounds by electromigration techniques, examining the topic from the historical perspective and showing what was made in this field so far, an essential know-how for developing new and advanced applications in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Barbara Sechi
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgi Jibuti
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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3
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Rodríguez-Zamora P, Cordero-Silis CA, Fabila J, Luque-Ceballos JC, Buendía F, Heredia-Barbero A, Garzón IL. Interaction Mechanisms and Interface Configuration of Cysteine Adsorbed on Gold, Silver, and Copper Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5418-5427. [PMID: 35447033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-protected metal nanoparticles (NPs) have shown interesting physicochemical properties of potential utility in biomedical applications and in the understanding of protein folding. Herein, cysteine interaction with gold, silver, and copper NPs is characterized by Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to elucidate the molecular conformation and adsorption sites for each metal. The experimental analysis of Raman spectra upon adsorption with respect to free cysteine indicates that while the C-S bond and carboxyl group are similarly affected by adsorption on the three metal NPs, the amino group is sterically influenced by the electronegativity of each metal, causing a greater modification in the case of gold NPs. A theoretical approach that takes into consideration intermolecular interactions using two cysteine molecules is proposed using a S-metal-S interface motif anchored to the metal surface. These interactions generate the stabilization of an organo-metallic complex that combines gauche (PH) and anti (PC) rotameric conformers of cysteine on the surface of all three metals. Similarities between the calculated Raman spectra and experimental data confirm the thiol and carboxyl as adsorption groups for gold, silver, and copper NPs and suggest the formation of monomeric "staple motifs" that have been found in the protecting monolayer of atomic-precise thiolate-capped metal nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Fabila
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Fernando Buendía
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | | | - Ignacio L Garzón
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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4
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Wang Y, Bürgi T. Evidence for stereoelectronic effects in ligand exchange reactions on Au 25 nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2456-2464. [PMID: 35099491 PMCID: PMC8830761 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07602g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ligand exchange reaction (LER) is an important post-synthesis strategy and has been studied widely. The mechanism of this dynamic process for gold nanoclusters proved to be associative (SN2). Many factors affect the LER of clusters, including stability, solubility, chirality, electronic properties and so on. Some of these factors are not well understood and need further exploration. Here, we use a chiral fluoro-substituted ligand (R)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octafluoro-[1,1'-binaphthalene]-2,2'-dithiol (8F-R-BINAS) to investigate the stereoelectronic and stereospecific effects during LER on achiral Au25 cluster. It is demonstrated that the fluorine-substituted BINAS significantly decreases the LER reactivity both at the molecule and the related cluster level. The stereoelectronic effect is global and can be transmitted to the cluster surface. In contrast, the stereospecific effect is marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. thomas.buergi@unige
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. thomas.buergi@unige
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5
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Wang Y, Bürgi T. Ligand exchange reactions on thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2710-2727. [PMID: 34046556 PMCID: PMC8130898 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As a versatile post-synthesis modification method, ligand exchange reaction exhibits great potential to extend the space of accessible nanoclusters. In this review, we summarized this process for thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters. In order to better understand this reaction we will first provide the necessary background on the synthesis and structure of various gold clusters, such as Au25(SR)18, Au38(SR)24, and Au102(SR)44. The previous investigations illustrated that ligand exchange is enabled by the chemical properties and flexible gold-sulfur interface of nanoclusters. It is generally believed that ligand exchange follows a SN2-like mechanism, which is supported both by experiments and calculations. More interesting, several studies show that ligand exchange takes place at preferred sites, i.e. thiolate groups -SR, on the ligand shell of nanoclusters. With the help of ligand exchange reactions many functionalities could be imparted to gold nanoclusters including the introduced of chirality to achiral nanoclusters, size transformation and phase transfer of nanoclusters, and the addition of fluorescence or biological labels. Ligand exchange was also used to amplify the enantiomeric excess of an intrinsically chiral cluster. Ligand exchange reaction accelerates the prosperity of the nanocluster field, and also extends the diversity of precise nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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6
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Li Y, Higaki T, Du X, Jin R. Chirality and Surface Bonding Correlation in Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905488. [PMID: 32181554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is ubiquitous in nature and occurs at all length scales. The development of applications for chiral nanostructures is rising rapidly. With the recent achievements of atomically precise nanochemistry, total structures of ligand-protected Au and other metal nanoclusters (NCs) are successfully obtained, and the origins of chirality are discovered to be associated with different parts of the cluster, including the surface ligands (e.g., swirl patterns), the organic-inorganic interface (e.g., helical stripes), and the kernel. Herein, a unified picture of metal-ligand surface bonding-induced chirality for the nanoclusters is proposed. The different bonding modes of M-X (where M = metal and X = the binding atom of ligand) lead to different surface structures on nanoclusters, which in turn give rise to various characteristic features of chirality. A comparison of Au-thiolate NCs with Au-phosphine ones further reveals the important roles of surface bonding. Compared to the Au-thiolate NCs, the Ag/Cu/Cd-thiolate systems exhibit different coordination modes between the metal and the thiolate. Other than thiolate and phosphine ligands, alkynyls are also briefly discussed. Several methods of obtaining chiroptically active nanoclusters are introduced, such as enantioseparation by high-performance liquid chromatography and enantioselective synthesis. Future perspectives on chiral NCs are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tatsuya Higaki
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiangsha Du
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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7
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Zhang B, Chen C, Chuang W, Chen S, Yang P. Size Transformation of the Au 22(SG) 18 Nanocluster and Its Surface-Sensitive Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11514-11520. [PMID: 32501693 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many applications of well-defined gold nanoclusters, it is desirable to understand their structural evolution behavior under working conditions with molecular precision. Here we report the first systematic investigation of the size transformation products of the Au22(SG)18 nanocluster under representative working conditions and highlight the surface effect on the transformation kinetics. Under thermal and aerobic conditions, the consecutive and pH-dependent transformation from Au22 to both well-defined clusters and small Au(I)SR species was identified by ESI-MS and UV-vis spectroscopy. By introducing a perturbation onto the Au22 surface, significant changes in the activation parameters were determined from the kinetic study of the Au22 transformation. This indicates the sensitivity of the nanocluster transformation pathway to the cluster surface. The systematic study of cluster transformation and the sensitivity of cluster transformation to the surface revealed herein has significant implications for future attempts to design gold nanoparticles with adaptation to the working environment and the regeneration of active nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chubai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wesley Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shouping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Negishi Y, Hashimoto S, Ebina A, Hamada K, Hossain S, Kawawaki T. Atomic-level separation of thiolate-protected metal clusters. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8017-8039. [PMID: 32207494 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00824a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine metal clusters have attracted much attention from the viewpoints of both basic and applied science for many years because of their unique physical/chemical properties and functions, which differ from those of bulk metals. Among these materials, thiolate (SR)-protected gold clusters (Aun(SR)m clusters) have been the most studied metal clusters since 2000 because of their ease of synthesis and handling. However, in the early 2000s, it was not easy to isolate these metal clusters. Therefore, high-resolution separation methods were explored, and several atomic-level separation methods, including polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), were successively established. These techniques have made it possible to isolate a series of Aun(SR)m clusters, and much knowledge has been obtained on the correlation between the chemical composition and fundamental properties such as the stability, electronic structure, and physical properties of Aun(SR)m clusters. In addition, these high-resolution separation techniques are now also frequently used to evaluate the distribution of the product and to track the reaction process. In this way, high-resolution separation techniques have played an essential role in the study of Aun(SR)m clusters. However, only a few reviews have focused on this work. This review focuses on PAGE, HPLC, and TLC separation techniques, which offer high resolution and repeatability, and summarizes previous studies on the high-resolution separation of Aun(SR)m and related clusters with the purpose of promoting a better understanding of the features and the utility of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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9
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Yoshida H, Ehara M, Priyakumar UD, Kawai T, Nakashima T. Enantioseparation and chiral induction in Ag 29 nanoclusters with intrinsic chirality. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2394-2400. [PMID: 34084402 PMCID: PMC8157427 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05299b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical activity of a metal nanocluster (NC) is induced either by an asymmetric arrangement of constituents or by a dissymmetric field of a chiral ligand layer. Herein, we unveil the origin of chirality in Ag29 NCs, which is attributed to the intrinsically chiral atomic arrangement. The X-ray crystal structure of a Ag29(BDT)12(TPP)4 NC (BDT: 1,3-benzenedithiol; TPP: triphenylphosphine) manifested the presence of intrinsic chirality in the outer shell capping the icosahedral achiral Ag13 core. The enantiomers of the Ag29(BDT)12(TPP)4 NC are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral column for the first time, showing mirror-image circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The CD spectra are reproduced by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations based on enantiomeric Ag29 models with achiral 1,3-propanedithiolate ligands. The mechanism of chiral induction in the synthesis of Ag29(DHLA)12 (DHLA: α-dihydrolipoic acid) NCs with a chiral ligand system is further discussed with the aid of DFT calculations. The use of the enantiomeric DHLA ligand preferentially leads to a one-handed atomic arrangement which is more stable than the opposite one, inducing the enantiomeric excess in the population of intrinsically chiral Ag29 NCs with CD activity. Enantioseparation of Ag29 nanoclusters with intrinsic chirality was performed by chiral HPLC, affording a pair of fractions with mirror image CD spectra.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Yoshida
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) Ikoma Nara 630-01921 Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science, Research Center for Computational Science Myodai-ji Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
| | - U Deva Priyakumar
- Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad 500032 India
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) Ikoma Nara 630-01921 Japan
| | - Takuya Nakashima
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) Ikoma Nara 630-01921 Japan
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10
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Niihori Y, Yoshida K, Hossain S, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. Deepening the Understanding of Thiolate-Protected Metal Clusters Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kana Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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11
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Knoppe S, Vogt P. HPLC of Monolayer-Protected Gold Clusters with Baseline Separation. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1603-1609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pascal Vogt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Chakraborty I, Pradeep T. Atomically Precise Clusters of Noble Metals: Emerging Link between Atoms and Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2017; 117:8208-8271. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1305] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indranath Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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13
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Jin R, Zeng C, Zhou M, Chen Y. Atomically Precise Colloidal Metal Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles: Fundamentals and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10346-413. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1953] [Impact Index Per Article: 244.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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14
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Niihori Y, Uchida C, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. High-resolution separation of thiolate-protected gold clusters by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4251-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This perspective summarizes our work on high-resolution separation of thiolate-protected gold clusters using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, new findings obtained by those separation, and future prospects for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Chihiro Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
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15
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Bürgi T. Properties of the gold-sulphur interface: from self-assembled monolayers to clusters. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15553-67. [PMID: 26360607 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The gold-sulphur interface of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was extensively studied some time ago. More recently tremendous progress has been made in the preparation and characterization of thiolate-protected gold clusters. In this feature article we address different properties of the two systems such as their structure, the mobility of the thiolates on the surface and other dynamical aspects, the chirality of the structures and characteristics related to it and their vibrational properties. SAMs and clusters are in the focus of different communities that typically use different experimental approaches to study the respective systems. However, it seems that the nature of the Au-S interfaces in the two cases is quite similar. Recent single crystal X-ray structures of thiolate-protected gold clusters reveal staple motifs characterized by gold ad-atoms sandwiched between two sulphur atoms. This finding contradicts older work on SAMs. However, newer studies on SAMs also reveal ad-atoms. Whether this finding can be generalized remains to be shown. In any case, more and more studies highlight the dynamic nature of the Au-S interface, both on flat surfaces and in clusters. At temperatures slightly above ambient thiolates migrate on the gold surface and on clusters. Evidence for desorption of thiolates at room temperature, at least under certain conditions, has been demonstrated for both systems. The adsorbed thiolate can lead to chirality at different lengths scales, which has been shown both on surfaces and for clusters. Chirality emerges from the organization of the thiolates as well as locally at the molecular level. Chirality can also be transferred from a chiral surface to an adsorbate, as evidenced by vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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16
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Varnholt B, Letrun R, Bergkamp JJ, Fu Y, Yushchenko O, Decurtins S, Vauthey E, Liu SX, Bürgi T. Excited state interactions between the chiral Au38L24 cluster and covalently attached porphyrin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14788-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Excited state interactions between the Au38L24 cluster and the covalently attached porphyrin molecules lead to energy transfer upon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Varnholt
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- 1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Romain Letrun
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- 1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Jesse J. Bergkamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Yongchun Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | | | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- 1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- 1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
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17
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Barrabés N, Zhang B, Bürgi T. Racemization of Chiral Pd2Au36(SC2H4Ph)24: Doping Increases the Flexibility of the Cluster Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14361-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507189v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Barrabés
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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18
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Knoppe S, Lehtovaara L, Häkkinen H. Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of the Intrinsically Chiral 16-Electron Superatom Complex [Au20(PP3)4]4+. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4214-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5033959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Molecular
Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Lauri Lehtovaara
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department
of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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19
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Abstract
Over recent years, research on thiolate-protected gold clusters Au(m)(SR)n has gained significant interest. Milestones were the successful determination of a series of crystal structures (Au102(SR)44, Au25(SR)18, Au38(SR)24, Au36(SR)24, and Au28(SR)20). For Au102(SR)44, Au38(SR)24, and Au28(SR)20, intrinsic chirality was found. Strong Cotton effects (circular dichroism, CD) of gold clusters protected by chiral ligands have been reported a long time ago, indicating the transfer of chiral information from the ligand into the cluster core. Our lab has done extensive studies on chiral thiolate-protected gold clusters, including those protected with chiral ligands. We demonstrated that vibrational circular dichroism can serve as a useful tool for the determination of conformation of the ligand on the surface of the cluster. The first reports on crystal structures of Au102(SR)44 and Au38(SR)24 revealed the intrinsic chirality of these clusters. Their chirality mainly arises from the arrangement of the ligands on the surface of the cluster cores. As achiral ligands are used to stabilize the clusters, racemic mixtures are obtained. However, the separation of the enantiomers by HPLC was demonstrated which enabled the measurement of their CD spectra. Thermally induced inversion allows determination of the activation parameters for their racemization. The inversion demonstrates that the gold-thiolate interface is anything but fixed; in contrast, it is rather flexible. This result is of fundamental interest and needs to be considered in future applications. A second line of our research is the selective introduction of chiral, bidentate ligands into the ligand layer of intrinsically chiral gold clusters. The ligand exchange reaction is highly diastereoselective. The bidentate ligand connects two of the protecting units on the cluster surface and thus effectively stabilizes the cluster against thermally induced inversion. A minor (but significant) influence of chiral ligands to the CD spectra of the clusters is observed. The studied system represents the first example of an intrinsically chiral gold cluster with a defined number of exchanged ligands, full control over their regio- and stereochemistry. The methodology allows for the selective preparation of mixed-ligand cluster compounds and a thorough investigation of the influence of single ligands on the cluster's properties. Overall, the method enables even more detailed tailoring of properties. Still, central questions remain unanswered: (1) Is intrinsic chirality a ubiquitous feature of thiolate-protected gold clusters? (2) How does chirality transfer work? (3) What are the applications for chiral thiolate-protected gold clusters? In this Account, we summarize the main findings on chirality in thiolate-protected gold cluster of the past half decade. Emphasis is put on intrinsically chiral clusters and their structures, optical activity, and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Département de Chimie
Physique, Université de Genève, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Département de Chimie
Physique, Université de Genève, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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20
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Knoppe S, Wong OA, Malola S, Häkkinen H, Bürgi T, Verbiest T, Ackerson CJ. Chiral Phase Transfer and Enantioenrichment of Thiolate-Protected Au102 Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4129-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500809p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - O. Andrea Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | | | | | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christopher J. Ackerson
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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21
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Romashov LV, Ananikov VP. Self-assembled selenium monolayers: from nanotechnology to materials science and adaptive catalysis. Chemistry 2013; 19:17640-60. [PMID: 24288138 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of selenium have emerged into a rapidly developing field of nanotechnology with several promising opportunities in materials chemistry and catalysis. Comparison between sulfur-based self-assembled monolayers and newly developed selenium-based monolayers reveal outstanding complimentary features on surface chemistry and highlighted the key role of the headgroup element. Diverse structural properties and reactivity of organosulfur and organoselenium groups on the surface provide flexible frameworks to create new generations of materials and adaptive catalysts with unprecedented selectivity. Important practical utility of adaptive catalytic systems deals with development of sustainable technologies and industrial processes based on natural resources. Independent development of nanotechnology, materials science and catalysis has led to the discovery of common fundamental principles of the surface chemistry of chalcogen compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Romashov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991 (Russia)
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22
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Dolamic I, Varnholt B, Bürgi T. Far-infrared spectra of well-defined thiolate-protected gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:19561-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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