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Prieschl M, Sedelmeier J, Püntener K, Hildbrand S, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Rediscovering Cyanogen Gas for Organic Synthesis: Formation of 2-Cyanothiazole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37339330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The expeditious synthesis of an API building block, 2-cyanothiazole, from cyanogen gas and a readily available dithiane is reported. A previously undisclosed partially saturated intermediate is formed, which can be further functionalized and isolated by the acylation of the hydroxy group. Dehydration using trimethylsilyl chloride furnished 2-cyanothiazole, which could be further converted to the corresponding amidine. The sequence provided a 55% yield over 4 steps. We envision that this work will spark further interest in cyanogen gas as a reactive and cost-effective synthetic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Prieschl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joerg Sedelmeier
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Püntener
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hildbrand
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason D Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Mahata A, Bhaumick P, Panday AK, Yadav R, Parvin T, Choudhury LH. Multicomponent synthesis of diphenyl-1,3-thiazole-barbituric acid hybrids and their fluorescence property studies. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00406e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel diphenyl-1,3-thiazole linked barbituric acid hybrids (4) were prepared by two catalyst-free methods from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Mahata
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-801106
- India
| | - Prabhas Bhaumick
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-801106
- India
| | - Anoop Kumar Panday
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-801106
- India
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-800 005
- India
| | - Tasneem Parvin
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-800 005
- India
| | - Lokman H. Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-801106
- India
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3
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Khatib T, Chisholm DR, Whiting A, Platt B, McCaffery P. Decay in Retinoic Acid Signaling in Varied Models of Alzheimer's Disease and In-Vitro Test of Novel Retinoic Acid Receptor Ligands (RAR-Ms) to Regulate Protective Genes. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:935-954. [PMID: 31884477 PMCID: PMC7081102 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid has been previously proposed in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, five transgenic mouse models expressing AD and frontotemporal dementia risk genes (i.e., PLB2APP, PLB2TAU, PLB1Double, PLB1Triple, and PLB4) were used to investigate if consistent alterations exist in multiple elements of the retinoic acid signaling pathway in these models. Many steps of the retinoic acid signaling pathway including binding proteins and metabolic enzymes decline, while the previously reported increase in RBP4 was only consistent at late (6 months) but not early (3 month) ages. The retinoic acid receptors were exceptional in their consistent decline in mRNA and protein with transcript decline of retinoic acid receptors β and γ by 3 months, before significant pathology, suggesting involvement in early stages of disease. Decline in RBP1 transcript may also be an early but not late marker of disease. The decline in the retinoic acid signaling system may therefore be a therapeutic target for AD and frontotemporal dementia. Thus, novel stable retinoic acid receptor modulators (RAR-Ms) activating multiple genomic and non-genomic pathways were probed for therapeutic control of gene expression in rat primary hippocampal and cortical cultures. RAR-Ms promoted the non-amyloidogenic pathway, repressed lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory genes and induced genes with neurotrophic action. RAR-Ms had diverse effects on gene expression allowing particular RAR-Ms to be selected for maximal therapeutic effect. Overall the results demonstrated the early decline of retinoic acid signaling in AD and frontotemporal dementia models and the activity of stable and potent alternatives to retinoic acid as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabat Khatib
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - David R. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Bettina Platt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter McCaffery
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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4
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Genomic and non-genomic pathways are both crucial for peak induction of neurite outgrowth by retinoids. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:40. [PMID: 31046795 PMCID: PMC6498645 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A and essential for many physiological processes, particularly the induction of cell differentiation. In addition to regulating genomic transcriptional activity via RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), non-genomic mechanisms of RA have been described, including the regulation of ERK1/2 kinase phosphorylation, but are poorly characterised. In this study, we test the hypothesis that genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of RA are regulated independently with respect to the involvement of ligand-dependent RA receptors. A panel of 28 retinoids (compounds with vitamin A-like activity) showed a marked disparity in genomic (gene expression) versus non-genomic (ERK1/2 phosphorylation) assays. These results demonstrate that the capacity of a compound to activate gene transcription does not necessarily correlate with its ability to regulate a non-genomic activity such as ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, a neurite outgrowth assay indicated that retinoids that could only induce either genomic, or non-genomic activities, were not strong promoters of neurite outgrowth, and that activities with respect to both transcriptional regulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation produced maximum neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that the development of effective retinoids for clinical use will depend on the selection of compounds which have maximal activity in non-genomic as well as genomic assays.
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A Bioluminescence Reporter Assay for Retinoic Acid Control of Translation of the GluR1 Subunit of the AMPA Glutamate Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7074-7084. [PMID: 30972628 PMCID: PMC6728294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) regulates numerous aspects of central nervous system function through modulation of gene transcription via retinoic acid receptors (RARs). However, RA has important roles independent of gene transcription (non-genomic actions) and in the brain a crucial regulator of homeostatic plasticity is RAR control of glutamate receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) translation. An assay to quantify RAR regulation of GluR1 translation would be beneficial both to study the molecular components regulating this system and screen drugs that influence this critical mechanism for learning and memory in the brain. A bioluminescence reporter assay was developed that expresses firefly luciferase under the control of the GluR1 5' untranslated region bound by RAR. This assay was introduced into SH-SY5Y cells and used to demonstrate the role of RARα in RA regulation of GluR1 translation. A screen of synthetic RAR and RXR ligands indicated that only a subset of these ligands activated GluR1 translation. The results demonstrate the practicality of this assay to explore the contribution of RARα to this pathway and that the capacity of RAR ligands to activate translation is a quality restricted to a limited number of compounds, with implications for their RAR selectivity and potentially their specificity in drug use.
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Chisholm DR, Lamb R, Pallett T, Affleck V, Holden C, Marrison J, O'Toole P, Ashton PD, Newling K, Steffen A, Nelson AK, Mahler C, Valentine R, Blacker TS, Bain AJ, Girkin J, Marder TB, Whiting A, Ambler CA. Photoactivated cell-killing involving a low molecular weight, donor-acceptor diphenylacetylene. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4673-4683. [PMID: 31123578 PMCID: PMC6495688 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-like, donor–acceptor diphenylacetylenes cause efficient cell death upon photoactivation and hence have potential phototherapeutic applications.
Photoactivation of photosensitisers can be utilised to elicit the production of ROS, for potential therapeutic applications, including the destruction of diseased tissues and tumours. A novel class of photosensitiser, exemplified by DC324, has been designed possessing a modular, low molecular weight and ‘drug-like’ structure which is bioavailable and can be photoactivated by UV-A/405 nm or corresponding two-photon absorption of near-IR (800 nm) light, resulting in powerful cytotoxic activity, ostensibly through the production of ROS in a cellular environment. A variety of in vitro cellular assays confirmed ROS formation and in vivo cytotoxic activity was exemplified via irradiation and subsequent targeted destruction of specific areas of a zebrafish embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Science Laboratories , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK .
| | - Rebecca Lamb
- Department of Biosciences , Durham University , South Road , Durham, DH1 3LE , UK
| | - Tommy Pallett
- Department of Biosciences , Durham University , South Road , Durham, DH1 3LE , UK.,Biophysical Sciences Institute , Department of Physics , Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK
| | - Valerie Affleck
- LightOx Limited , Wynyard Park House , Wynyard Avenue, Wynyard , Billingham , TS22 5TB , UK
| | - Claire Holden
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Science Laboratories , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK . .,Department of Biosciences , Durham University , South Road , Durham, DH1 3LE , UK
| | - Joanne Marrison
- Bioscience Technology Facility , Department of Biology , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Peter O'Toole
- Bioscience Technology Facility , Department of Biology , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Peter D Ashton
- Bioscience Technology Facility , Department of Biology , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Katherine Newling
- Bioscience Technology Facility , Department of Biology , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Amanda K Nelson
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Christoph Mahler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Roy Valentine
- High Force Research Ltd. , Bowburn North Industrial Estate , Bowburn , Durham , DH6 5PF , UK
| | - Thomas S Blacker
- Department of Physics & Astronomy , University College London , Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Angus J Bain
- Department of Physics & Astronomy , University College London , Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - John Girkin
- Biophysical Sciences Institute , Department of Physics , Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Science Laboratories , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK .
| | - Carrie A Ambler
- Department of Biosciences , Durham University , South Road , Durham, DH1 3LE , UK
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7
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Haffez H, Chisholm DR, Tatum NJ, Valentine R, Redfern C, Pohl E, Whiting A, Przyborski S. Probing biological activity through structural modelling of ligand-receptor interactions of 2,4-disubstituted thiazole retinoids. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1560-1572. [PMID: 29439915 PMCID: PMC5933457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids, such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), regulate cellular differentiation and signalling pathways in chordates by binding to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARα/β/γ). Polar interactions between receptor and ligand are important for binding and facilitating the non-polar interactions and conformational changes necessary for RAR-mediated transcriptional regulation. The constraints on activity and RAR-type specificity with respect to the structural link between the polar and non-polar functions of synthetic retinoids are poorly understood. To address this, predictions from in silico ligand-RAR docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations for a small library of stable, synthetic retinoids (designated GZ series) containing a central thiazole linker structure and different hydrophobic region substituents, were tested using a ligand binding assay and a range of cellular biological assays. The docking analysis showed that these thiazole-containing retinoids were well suited to the binding pocket of RARα, particularly via a favorable hydrogen bonding interaction between the thiazole and Ser232 of RARα. A bulky hydrophobic region (i.e., present in compounds GZ23 and GZ25) was important for interaction with the RAR binding pockets. Ligand binding assays generally reflected the findings from in silico docking, and showed that GZ25 was a particularly strongly binding ligand for RARα/β. GZ25 also exhibited higher activity as an inducer of neuronal differentiation than ATRA and other GZ derivatives. These data demonstrate that GZ25 is a stable synthetic retinoid with improved activity which efficiently regulates neuronal differentiation and help to define the key structural requirements for retinoid activity enabling the design and development of the next generation of more active, selective synthetic retinoids as potential therapeutic regulators of neurogenesis.
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Key Words
- atra, all-trans retinoic acid
- af, activation function
- esi, electronic supplementary information
- gz, compound series code
- h12, helix 12
- lbd, ligand binding domain
- rar, retinoic acid receptor
- rare, retinoic acid response element
- rxr, retinoid x receptor
- ttn, 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrophobic region
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Haffez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy College, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David R Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Natalie J Tatum
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roy Valentine
- High Force Research Limited, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Bowburn, Durham DH6 5PF, UK
| | - Christopher Redfern
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Mallia CJ, Englert L, Walter GC, Baxendale IR. Thiazole formation through a modified Gewald reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:875-83. [PMID: 26124889 PMCID: PMC4464301 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of thiazoles and thiophenes starting from nitriles, via a modified Gewald reaction has been studied for a number of different substrates. 1,4-Dithiane-2,5-diol was used as the aldehyde precursor to give either 2-substituted thiazoles or 2-substituted aminothiophenes depending on the substitution of the α-carbon to the cyano group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Mallia
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Englert
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Gary C Walter
- Syngenta CP R&D Chemistry, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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