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Kozisek J, Hrncirova J, Slouf M, Sloufova I. Plasmon-driven substitution of 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid to 4-nitrothiophenol monitored by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124523. [PMID: 38820811 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Plasmon-driven reactions on plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) occur under significantly different conditions from those of classical organic synthesis and provide a promising pathway for enhancing the efficiency of various chemical processes. However, these reactions can also have undesirable effects, such as 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA) deboronation. MPBA chemisorbs well to Ag NPs through its thiol group and can subsequently bind to diols, enabling the detection of various biological structures by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), but not upon its deboronation. To avoid this reaction, we investigated the experimental conditions of MPBA deboronation on Ag NPs by SERS. Our results showed that the level of deboronation strongly depends on both the morphology of the system and the excitation laser wavelength and power. In addition, we detected not only the expected products, namely thiophenol and biphenyl-4,4-dithiol, but also 4-nitrothiophenol (NTP). The crucial reagent for NTP formation was an oxidation product of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, the reduction agent used in Ag NP synthesis. Ultimately, this reaction was replicated by adding NaNO2 to the system, and its progress was monitored as a function of the laser power, thereby identifying a new reaction of plasmon-driven -B(OH)2 substitution for -NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kozisek
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hrncirova
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Slouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Sloufova
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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2
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Plasse KM, Mooney TR, Mastyugin M, Costa M, Török B. Chemo-and regioselective aqueous phase, co-acid free nitration of aromatics using traditional and nontraditional activation methods. Front Chem 2024; 12:1400445. [PMID: 38812614 PMCID: PMC11134367 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1400445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic aromatic nitrations are used for the preparation of a variety of synthetic products including dyes, agrochemicals, high energy materials, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Traditional nitration methods use highly acidic and corrosive mixed acid systems which present a number of drawbacks. Aside from being hazardous and waste-producing, these methods also often result in poor yields, mostly due to low regioselectivity, and limited functional group tolerance. As a consequence, there is a need for effective and environmentally benign methods for electrophilic aromatic nitrations. In this work, the major aim was to develop reaction protocols that are more environmentally benign while also considering safety issues. The reactions were carried out in dilute aqueous nitric acid, and a broad range of experimental variables, such as acid concentration, temperature, time, and activation method, were investigated. Mesitylene and m-xylene were used as test substrates for the optimization. While the optimized reactions generally occurred at room temperature without any activation under additional solvent-free conditions, slight adjustments in acid concentration, stoichiometric equivalents, and volume were necessary for certain substrates, in addition to the activation. The substrate scope of the process was also investigated using both activated and deactivated aromatics. The concentration of the acid was lowered when possible to improve upon the safety of the process and avoid over-nitration. With some substrates we compared traditional and nontraditional activation methods such as ultrasonic irradiation, microwave and high pressure, respectively, to achieve satisfactory yields and improve upon the greenness of the reaction while maintaining short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Béla Török
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Bhattacharjee S, Hajra A. Site-selective direct nitration of 2 H-indazoles: easy access to 7-nitroindazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4076-4079. [PMID: 38506140 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A new site-selective methodology for C-H nitration of 2H-indazoles has been accomplished at the C7 position using iron(III) nitrate. This strategy enables practical access to an array of 7-nitroindazoles with broad functional group tolerance in good yields. The synthesized products have been proven as valuable synthetic intermediates by demonstrating the synthetic utility. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction goes through a radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvam Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
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4
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Song G, Song J, Li Q, Nong DZ, Dong J, Li G, Fan J, Wang C, Xiao J, Xue D. Werner Salt as Nickel and Ammonia Source for Photochemical Synthesis of Primary Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314355. [PMID: 37914669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Cheap, stable and easy-to-handle Werner ammine salts have been known for more than a century; but they have been rarely used in organic synthesis. Herein, we report that the Werner hexammine complex [Ni(NH3 )6 ]Cl2 can be used as both a nitrogen and a catalytic nickel source that allow for the efficient amination of aryl chlorides in the presence of a catalytic amount of bipyridine ligand under the irradiation of 390-395 nm light without the need of any additional catalysts. More than 80 aryl chlorides, including more than 20 drug molecules, were aminated, demonstrating the practicality and generality of this method in synthetic chemistry. A slow NH3 release mechanism is in operation, obviating the problem of catalyst poisoning. Still interestingly, we show that the Werner salt can be easily recovered and reused, solving the problem of difficult recovery of transition metal nickel catalysts. The protocol thus provides an efficient new strategy for the synthesis of primary aryl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiameng Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Ding-Zhan Nong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
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5
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Li S, Liu W, Xia XF. Silver-catalyzed nitrosation and nitration of aromatic amides using NOBF 4. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9428-9432. [PMID: 37990946 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Divergent aromatic ring nitrosation and nitration of aromatic amides are reported using NOBF4 as the electrophile under silver-catalyzed conditions. The reactions proceed efficiently with a wide range of compatible functionalities providing ortho-position nitrosation products, deacylation nitrosation products, and nitration products from different tertiary and secondary aromatic amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Wentao Liu
- Industry and Information Technology Development Center of Yinan County, Linyi, Shandong, 276300, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Li S, Ali S, Zuhra Z, Abbas Y, Xie G, Wang X, Ding S. Singlet oxygen dominance for phenolic degradation mediated by mixed-valence FeO x nanospheres. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140332. [PMID: 37820880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, we successfully synthesized magnetic FeOx nanosphere catalysts with mixed-valence and high operational stability through the pyrolysis of a hybrid material containing polyferrocenlyphosphazene with coordinating heteroatoms (N, P, O). We evaluated the degradation performance of these catalysts using the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation process against four different phenolic compounds, namely phenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4,5-trinitrophenol. Our results demonstrate the significant role of FeOx in the degradation process. The presence of mixed iron species, such as ferric iron, zero-valent iron, and iron oxides, activated PMS to generate radicals. Additionally, the heteroatoms facilitated the anchoring and dispersion of FeOx nanospheres while also breaking the inertness of the carbon structure. Notably, the FeOx-800 catalyst exhibited a maximum degradation activity of 98% for phenol, surpassing its counterparts. Electron paramagnetic resonance and free radical scavenging experiments confirmed that singlet oxygen (1O2) is the principal reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to the oxidative breakdown of phenolic compounds. This study introduces new concepts for designing Fenton-like catalysts incorporating heteroatoms into the carbon matrix. Due to their low cost and non-toxicity, these catalysts have recently received a great deal of attention for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shafqat Ali
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zareen Zuhra
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yasir Abbas
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Guanqun Xie
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Shujiang Ding
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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7
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Chen M, Petriti V, Mondal A, Jiang Y, Ding Y. Direct aromatic nitration by bacterial P450 enzymes. Methods Enzymol 2023; 693:307-337. [PMID: 37977734 PMCID: PMC10928822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitro aromatics have broad applications in industry, agriculture, and pharmaceutics. However, their industrial production is faced with many challenges including poor selectivity, heavy pollution and safety concerns. Nature provides multiple strategies for aromatic nitration, which opens the door for the development of green and efficient biocatalysts. Our group's efforts focused on a unique bacterial cytochrome P450 TxtE that originates from the biosynthetic pathway of phytotoxin thaxtomins, which can install a nitro group at C4 of l-Trp indole ring. TxtE is a Class I P450 and its reaction relies on a pair of redox partners ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase for essential electron transfer. To develop TxtE as an efficient nitration biocatalyst, we created artificial self-sufficient P450 chimeras by fusing TxtE with the reductase domain of the bacterial P450BM3 (BM3R). We evaluated the catalytic performance of the chimeras with different lengths of the linker connecting TxtE and BM3R domains and identified one with a 14-amino-acid linker (TB14) to give the best activity. In addition, we demonstrated the broad substrate scope of the engineered biocatalyst by screening diverse l-Trp analogs. In this chapter, we provide a detailed procedure for the development of aromatic nitration biocatalysts, including the construction of P450 fusion chimeras, biochemical characterization, determination of catalytic parameters, and testing of enzyme-substrate scope. These protocols can be followed to engineer other P450 enzymes and illustrate the processes of biocatalytic development for the synthesis of nitro chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyun Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Vanisa Petriti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amit Mondal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yujia Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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8
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Mosiagin I, Fernandes AJ, Budinská A, Hayriyan L, Ylijoki KEO, Katayev D. Catalytic ipso-Nitration of Organosilanes Enabled by Electrophilic N-Nitrosaccharin Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310851. [PMID: 37632357 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds represent one of the essential classes of molecules that are widely used as feedstock for the synthesis of intermediates, the preparation of nitro-derived pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials on both laboratory and industrial scales. We herein disclose the efficient, mild, and catalytic ipso-nitration of organotrimethylsilanes, enabled by an electrophilic N-nitrosaccharin reagent and allows chemoselective nitration under mild reaction conditions, while exhibiting remarkable substrate generality and functional group compatibility. Additionally, the reaction conditions proved to be orthogonal to other common functionalities, allowing programming of molecular complexity via successive transformations or late-stage nitration. Detailed mechanistic investigation by experimental and computational approaches strongly supported a classical electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar) mechanism, which was found to proceed through a highly ordered transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mosiagin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anthony J Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alena Budinská
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liana Hayriyan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kai E O Ylijoki
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3 C3, Canada
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Wang HH, Wan NW, Da XY, Mou XQ, Wang ZX, Chen YZ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Enantiocomplementary synthesis of β-adrenergic blocker precursors via biocatalytic nitration of phenyl glycidyl ethers. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106640. [PMID: 37320911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enantiopure β-nitroalcohols, as an important class of nitro-containing compounds, are essential building blocks in pharmaceutical and organic chemistry, particularly for the synthesis of β-adrenergic blockers. In this study, we present the successful protein engineering of halohydrin dehalogenase HHDHamb for the enantioselective bio-nitration of various phenyl glycidyl ethers to the corresponding chiral β-nitroalcohols, using the inexpensive, commercially available, and safer nitrite as a nitrating agent. The chiral (R)- and (S)-1-nitro-3-phenoxypropan-2-ols were synthesized by the several enantiocomplementary HHDHamb variants through the whole-cell biotransformation, which showed good catalytic efficiency (up to 43% isolated yields) and high optical purity (up to >99% ee). In addition, we also demonstrated that the bio-nitration method was able to tolerate the substrate at a high concentration of 1000 mM (150 g/L). Furthermore, representative synthesis of two optically active enantiomers of the β-adrenergic blocker metoprolol was successfully achieved by utilizing the corresponding chiral β-nitroalcohols as precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Nan-Wei Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin-Yu Da
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xue-Qing Mou
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhu-Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yong-Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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10
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Jordan S, Li B, Traore E, Wu Y, Usai R, Liu A, Xie ZR, Wang Y. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of RufO indicates a new biological role in rufomycin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105049. [PMID: 37451485 PMCID: PMC10424215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rufomycins constitute a class of cyclic heptapeptides isolated from actinomycetes. They are secondary metabolites that show promising treatment against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections by inhibiting a novel drug target. Several nonproteinogenic amino acids are integrated into rufomycins, including a conserved 3-nitro-tyrosine. RufO, a cytochrome P450 (CYP)-like enzyme, was proposed to catalyze the formation of 3-nitro-tyrosine in the presence of O2 and NO. To define its biological function, the interaction between RufO and the proposed substrate tyrosine is investigated using various spectroscopic methods that are sensitive to the structural change of a heme center. However, a low- to high-spin state transition and a dramatic increase in the redox potential that are commonly found in CYPs upon ligand binding have not been observed. Furthermore, a 1.89-Å crystal structure of RufO shows that the enzyme has flexible surface regions, a wide-open substrate access tunnel, and the heme center is largely exposed to solvent. Comparison with a closely related nitrating CYP reveals a spacious and hydrophobic distal pocket in RufO, which is incapable of stabilizing a free amino acid. Molecular docking validates the experimental data and proposes a possible substrate. Collectively, our results disfavor tyrosine as the substrate of RufO and point to the possibility that the nitration occurs during or after the assembly of the peptides. This study indicates a new function of the unique nitrating enzyme and provides insights into the biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Bingnan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ephrahime Traore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yifei Wu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Remigio Usai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zhong-Ru Xie
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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11
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Wu Y, Lu W, Ma YN, Chen F, Ren W, Chen X. Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid Promoted Controllable Electrophilic Aromatic Nitration. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37463455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a facile and controllable electrophilic aromatic nitration method with commercially available 68% HNO3 as the nitrating reagent and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HOTf) as the catalyst in hexafluoroisopropanol or under solvent-free conditions. The electrophilic nitration products of different arenes can be obtained in almost quantitative yields by tuning the loading of HOTf. The strong acidity and water absorbing property of HOTf allowed this transformation to reach completion in a short time at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxuan Wu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yan-Na Ma
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Feijing Chen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Henan Scientific Research Platform Service Center, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xuenian Chen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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12
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Jia F, Li A, Hu X. Dinitro-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin: An Arene Nitration Reagent. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37318208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new N-nitro type compound, dinitro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DNDMH), has been reported as an arene nitration reagent. The exploration demonstrated that arene nitration with DNDMH exhibited good tolerance with diverse functional groups. It is notable that, among the two N-nitro units of DNDMH, only the N-nitro unit on N1 was delivered to the nitroarene products. The N-nitro type compound with a single N-nitro unit on N2 cannot promote the arene nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Jia
- Department of Chemistry & Material Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Chemistry & Material Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xiangdong Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Material Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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13
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Tang Y, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Duan J, Yang B, Du C, He Y. Metal- and additive-free radical-triggered nitration/cyclization to construct indolo[2,1- α]isoquinoline and benzimidazo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-6(5 H)-one derivatives using t-BuONO as nitro reagents. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37309208 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An efficient metal- and additive-free nitro radical-triggered addition/cyclization of 2-aryl-N-acryloyl indoles/2-arylbenzimidazoles for the synthesis of nitro-substituted indolo[2,1-α]isoquinoline and benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-one derivatives has been developed. The commercially available and low-cost t-BuONO was used as a nitro reagent. Due to mild reaction conditions, a variety of functional groups could be tolerated to give the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. Moreover, this nitration process could be scaled-up and the nitro group could be readily converted into the amino group, which may find applications in synthetic and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Changde 415000, China.
| | - Yiting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Changde 415000, China.
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Changde 415000, China.
| | - Jinglin Duan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Changde 415000, China.
| | - Biyu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Changde 415000, China.
| | - Changyuan Du
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Changde 415000, China.
| | - Yupeng He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater Reuse Technology, Changde 415000, China.
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14
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Yousif D, Vaghi L, Daniliuc CG, Po R, Papagni A, Rizzo F. Regioselectivity Control in Spirobifluorene Nitration under Mild Conditions: Explaining the Crivello's Reagent Mechanism. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5285-5290. [PMID: 37126427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The regioselective nitration of 9,9'-spirobifluorene under mild conditions is reported for the first time by operating under Menke's and Crivello's conditions. The optimized protocol allows obtaining 2-nitro and 2,2'-dinitro-9,9'-spirobifluorene in yields of 79 and 95% and, for the first time, 2,2',7-trinitro-9,9'-spirobifluorene with 66% yield. Besides, the role of dinitrate salt in Crivello's protocol has been now clarified, which opens novel scenarios in the preparation of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawod Yousif
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Vaghi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Riccardo Po
- Eni SpA─Renewables, New Energies and Material Science Research Center, Istituto Guido Donegani, Via Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Papagni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Rizzo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
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15
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Chen XH, Ma DD, Gao X, Li YM, Jiang DB, Ma C, Cui HL. Nitration of Pyrrolo[2,1- a]isoquinolines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4649-4661. [PMID: 36947692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully modified a series of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines via direct nitration under mild reaction conditions. Easily accessible nitrates including CAN, Cu(NO3)2·H2O, and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O all can serve as effective nitrating reagents for functionalizing pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines. Various nitro-bearing pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines have been efficiently prepared in acceptable to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Chen
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Ma
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Meng Li
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Da-Bo Jiang
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lei Cui
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
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16
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Wang X, Lin X, Jiang Y, Qin X, Ma N, Yao F, Dong S, Liu C, Feng Y, Jin L, Xian M, Cong Z. Engineering Cytochrome P450BM3 Enzymes for Direct Nitration of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217678. [PMID: 36660956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Applications of the peroxidase activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes in synthetic chemistry remain largely unexplored. We present herein a protein engineering strategy to increase cytochrome P450BM3 peroxidase activity for the direct nitration of aromatic compounds and terminal aryl-substituted olefins in the presence of a dual-functional small molecule (DFSM). Site-directed mutations of key active-site residues allowed the efficient regulation of steric effects to limit substrate access and, thus, a significant decrease in monooxygenation activity and increase in peroxidase activity. Nitration of several phenol and aniline compounds also yielded ortho- and para-nitration products with moderate-to-high total turnover numbers. Besides direct aromatic nitration by P450 variants using nitrite as a nitrating agent, we also demonstrated the use of the DFSM-facilitated P450 peroxidase system for the nitration of the vinyl group of styrene and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaodan Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiangquan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Nana Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuquan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Sheng Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Chuanfei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Longyi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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17
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Zou D, Wang W, Hu Y, Jia T. Nitroarenes and nitroalkenes as potential amino sources for the synthesis of N-heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2254-2271. [PMID: 36825326 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-compounds are one of the cheapest and most readily available materials in the chemical industry and are commonly utilized as versatile building blocks. Previously, the synthesis of N-heterocycles was largely based on anilines. The utilization of nitroarenes and nitroalkenes for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds can save at least one step, however, as compared to anilines. Thus, considerable attention has been paid to nitroarenes and nitroalkenes as new potential amino sources. Significant progress has been made in the reductive cyclization of nitroarenes or nitroalkenes to access various N-heterocycles in recent years. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the recent progress in the construction of N-heterocycles using nitroarenes and nitroalkenes as potential amino sources. The compatibility of the reaction substrate, its mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations in this field are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qiantang Campus, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Tingting Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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18
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Peng M, Wang CS, Chen PP, Roisnel T, Doucet H, Houk KN, Soulé JF. Merging C-H Bond Activation, Alkyne Insertion, and Rearrangements by Rh(III)-Catalysis: Oxindole Synthesis from Nitroarenes and Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4508-4516. [PMID: 36802602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
We report a Rh(III)-catalyzed ortho-C-H bond functionalization of nitroarenes with 1,2-diarylalkynes and carboxylic anhydrides. The reaction unpredictably affords 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles with the formal reduction of the nitro group under redox-neutral conditions. Besides good functional group tolerance, this transformation allows the preparation of oxindoles with a quaternary carbon stereocenter using nonsymmetrical 1,2-diarylalkynes. This protocol is facilitated by the use of a functionalized cyclopentadienyl (CpTMP*)Rh(III) [CpTMP* = 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl] catalyst we developed, which combines an electron-rich character with an elliptical shape. Mechanistic investigations, including the isolation of three rhodacyle intermediates and extensive density functional theory calculations, indicate that the reaction proceeds through nitrosoarene intermediates via a cascade of C-H bond activation─O-atom transfer─[1,2]-aryl shift─deoxygenation─N-acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Peng
- Univ Rennes, CNRS UMR6226, Rennes F-3500, France
| | | | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | | | - Henri Doucet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS UMR6226, Rennes F-3500, France
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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19
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Barrientos C, Squella JA, Moris S. The crystal structure of 4-(pyren-1-yl)butyl-4-nitrobenzoate, C 27H 21NO 4. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
C27H21NO4, triclinic,
P
1
‾
$P\overline{1}$
(no. 2), a = 7.3476(2) Å, b = 7.4894(2) Å, c = 20.5137(5) Å, α = 89.33000(10)°, β = 79.7070(10)°, γ = 67.5220(10)°, V = 1024.31(5) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0536, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.1792, T = 296.15 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Barrientos
- Instituto de ciencias quimicas aplicada , Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Talca , Chile
| | - Juan Arturo Squella
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas , Centro de Investigacion de procesos redox (CiPRex) , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Silvana Moris
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM) , Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado , Universidad Católica del Maule , Avenida San Miguel 3605 , Talca 3480112 , Chile
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20
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Li Y, Huang X, Peng S, Wang J, Lang M. NHC-catalyzed [3 + 3] cycloaddition of α-bromoenals with nitroketene aminals or nitroketene N, S-acetals: synthesis of nitro-containing dihydropyridin-2-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1399-1403. [PMID: 36723143 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed [3 + 3] cycloaddition of α-bromoenals with nitroketene aminals or nitroketene N,S-acetals has been developed. This methodology provides an efficient strategy for the construction of valuable nitro-containing heterocyclic compounds. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, easily available starting materials, broad substrate scope and easy scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarui Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China. .,International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China. .,International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Lang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China. .,International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, People's Republic of China
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21
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Capperucci A, Dalia C, Cenni A, Tanini D. Synthesis of nitroarenes and azoxyarenes through the selenium-mediated on water oxidation of aryl amines. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2023.2166044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Capperucci
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Camilla Dalia
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Cenni
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Damiano Tanini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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22
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Sepehrmansourie H, Zarei M, Zolfigol MA, Kalhor S, Shi H. Catalytic chemo and homoselective ipso-nitration under mild condition. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Yang T, Li X, Deng S, Qi X, Cong H, Cheng HG, Shi L, Zhou Q, Zhuang L. From N-H Nitration to Controllable Aromatic Mononitration and Dinitration-The Discovery of a Versatile and Powerful N-Nitropyrazole Nitrating Reagent. JACS AU 2022; 2:2152-2161. [PMID: 36186553 PMCID: PMC9516713 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatics are tremendously valuable organic compounds with a long history of being used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and explosives as well as vital intermediates to a wide variety of chemicals. Consequently, the exploration of aromatic nitration has become an important endeavor in both academia and industry. Herein, we report the identification of a powerful nitrating reagent, 5-methyl-1,3-dinitro-1H-pyrazole, from the N-nitro-type reagent library constructed using a practical N-H nitration method. This nitrating reagent behaves as a controllable source of the nitronium ion, enabling mild and scalable nitration of a broad range of (hetero)arenes with good functional group tolerance. Of note, our nitration method could be controlled by manipulating the reaction conditions to furnish mononitrated or dinitrated product selectively. The value of this method in medicinal chemistry has been well established by its efficient late-stage C-H nitration of complex biorelevant molecules. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the powerfulness and versatility of this nitrating reagent are due to the synergistic "nitro effect" and "methyl effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuang Deng
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong-Gang Cheng
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liangwei Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianghui Zhou
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- TaiKang
Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan
University, 430072 Wuhan, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
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24
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Wang H, Wan N, Miao R, He C, Chen Y, Liu Z, Zheng Y. Identification and Structure Analysis of an Unusual Halohydrin Dehalogenase for Highly Chemo‐, Regio‐ and Enantioselective Bio‐Nitration of Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205790. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China
| | - Nan‐Wei Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China
| | - Run‐Ping Miao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China
| | - Cheng‐Li He
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China
| | - Yong‐Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Yu‐Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
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25
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Mei B, Fang X, Yu Y, Xing Y, Xu L, Liu G. Solubility measurement, correlation, thermodynamic analysis and molecular simulation of 1-nitronaphthalene in twelve pure solvents. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Wang HH, Wan NW, Miao RP, He CL, Chen YZ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Identification and Structure Analysis of an Unusual Halohydrin Dehalogenase for Highly Chemo‐, Regio‐ and Enantioselective Bio‐Nitration of Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Wang
- Zunyi Medical University School of Pharmacy CHINA
| | - Nan-Wei Wan
- Zunyi Medical University School of Pharmacy CHINA
| | | | - Cheng-Li He
- Zunyi Medical University School of Pharmacy CHINA
| | | | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Chaowang Rd. 18# 3100114 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering CHINA
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27
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Iqbal Z, Joshi A, De SR. Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) Promoted Highly Chemo‐ and Regioselective Ortho‐Nitration of Anilines Under Mild Conditions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- NIT Uttarakhand: National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Chemistry INDIA
| | - Asha Joshi
- NIT Uttarakhand: National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Chemistry Srinagar GarhwalSrinagar 246174 Srinagar INDIA
| | - Saroj Ranjan De
- National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Dept. of Chemistry Srinagar Garhwal 246174 Srinagar INDIA
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Zhu H, Driver TG. Recent Advances to Mediate Reductive Processes of Nitroarenes Using Single-Electron Transfer, Organomagnesium, or Organozinc Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022; 54:3142-3161. [PMID: 39076505 PMCID: PMC11286232 DOI: 10.1055/a-1792-6579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of reductive reactions of nitroarenes using organomagnesium-, organozinc-, and single electron transfer reagents is discussed within this review. The review is divided into the following sections: IntroductionOrganomagnesium-mediated reductive reactionsOrganozinc- and zinc-mediated reductive reactionsIodine-catalyzed redox cyclizationsTitanium(III)-mediated reductive cyclizationsSulfur-mediated reductive reactionsAlkoxide-mediated reductive reactions4,4'-Bipyridine-mediated reductive reactionsVisible light-driven reductive amination reactionsElectrochemical reductive reactionsConclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60607
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60607
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29
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Sanjeam H, Kuhakarn C, Leowanawat P, Reutrakul V, Soorukram D. Nitration of N-acetyl anilides using silver(I) nitrate/persulfate combination. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hathaichanok Sanjeam
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Darunee Soorukram
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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30
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Tian X, Liu WQ, Xu H, Ji X, Liu Y, Li J. Cell-free expression of NO synthase and P450 enzyme for the biosynthesis of an unnatural amino acid L-4-nitrotryptophan. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:775-783. [PMID: 35387232 PMCID: PMC8956912 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free system has emerged as a powerful platform with a wide range of in vitro applications and recently has contributed to express metabolic pathways for biosynthesis. Here we report in vitro construction of a native biosynthetic pathway for L-4-nitrotryptophan (L-4-nitro-Trp) synthesis using an Escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system. Naturally, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase (TxtD) and a cytochrome P450 enzyme (TxtE) are responsible for synthesizing L-4-nitro-Trp, which serves as one substrate for the biosynthesis of a nonribosomal peptide herbicide thaxtomin A. Recombinant coexpression of TxtD and TxtE in a heterologous host like E. coli for L-4-nitro-Trp production has not been achieved so far due to the poor or insoluble expression of TxtD. Using CFPS, TxtD and TxtE were successfully expressed in vitro, enabling the formation of L-4-nitro-Trp. After optimization, the cell-free system was able to synthesize approximately 360 μM L-4-nitro-Trp within 16 h. Overall, this work expands the application scope of CFPS for study and synthesis of nitro-containing compounds, which are important building blocks widely used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and industrial chemicals.
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31
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Abstract
Nitro compounds are an important class of organic molecules with broad application in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Among the variety of methodologies available for their synthesis, the direct oxidation of primary amines represents an attractive alternative route. Efforts towards the development of oxidative procedures for the synthesis of nitro derivatives have spanned over the past decades, leading to a wide variety of protocols for the selective oxidative conversion of amines to nitro derivatives. Methods for the synthesis of nitroarenes via oxidation of aryl amines, with particular emphasis on recent advances in the field, are summarised in this review.
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32
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Xia D, Shen LY, Zhang Y, Yang WC. Radical spirocyclization of biaryl ynones for the construction of NO 2-containing spiro[5.5]trienones. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An efficient 6-exo-trig radical cascade reaction of biaryl ynones with NaNO2 was developed to afford nitro-functionalized spiro[5.5]trienones with yields of up to 88%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, P. R. China
| | - Liu-Yu Shen
- Guangling College and School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Guangling College and School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
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33
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Blum SP, Nickel C, Schäffer L, Karakaya T, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Nitration with Nitrite. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4936-4940. [PMID: 34583423 PMCID: PMC9298355 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic nitration has tremendous importance in organic chemistry as nitroaromatic compounds serve as versatile building blocks. This study represents the electrochemical aromatic nitration with NBu4 NO2 , which serves a dual role as supporting electrolyte and as a safe, readily available, and easy-to-handle nitro source. Stoichiometric amounts of 1,1,1-3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol (HFIP) in MeCN significantly increase the yield by solvent control. The reaction mechanism is based on electrochemical oxidation of nitrite to NO2 , which initiates the nitration reaction in a divided electrolysis cell with inexpensive graphite electrodes. Overall, the reaction is demonstrated for 20 examples with yields of up to 88 %. Scalability is demonstrated by a 13-fold scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P. Blum
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Christean Nickel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Lukas Schäffer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tarik Karakaya
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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34
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Daikopoulou V, Skliri E, Koutsouroubi ED, Armatas GS, Lykakis IN. Selective Mild Oxidation of Anilines into Nitroarenes by Catalytic Activation of Mesoporous Frameworks Linked with Gold-Loaded Mn 3 O 4 Nanoparticles. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100413. [PMID: 34709733 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis and catalytic application of mesoporous Au-loaded Mn3 O4 nanoparticle assemblies (MNAs) with different Au contents, i. e., 0.2, 0.5 and 1 wt %, towards the selective oxidation of anilines into the corresponding nitroarenes. Among common oxidants, as well as several supported gold nanoparticle platforms, Au/Mn3 O4 MNAs containing 0.5 wt % Au with an average particle size of 3-4 nm show the best catalytic performance in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as a mild oxidant. In all cases, the corresponding nitroarenes were isolated in high to excellent yields (85-97 %) and selectivity (>98 %) from acetonitrile or greener solvents, such as ethyl acetate, after simple flash chromatography purification. The 0.5 % Au/Mn3 O4 catalyst can be isolated and reused four times without a significant loss of its activity and can be applied successfully to a lab-scale reaction of p-toluidine (1 mmol) leading to the p-nitrotulene in 83 % yield. The presence of AuNPs on the Mn3 O4 surface enhances the catalytic activity for the formation of the desired nitroarene. A reasonable mechanism was proposed including the plausible formation of two intermediates, the corresponding N-aryl hydroxylamine and the nitrosoarene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Daikopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Euaggelia Skliri
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Eirini D Koutsouroubi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Gerasimos S Armatas
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Ioannis N Lykakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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35
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Novel cytotoxic amphiphilic nitro-compounds derived from a synthetic route for paraconic acids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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36
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Kharchenko AK, Fauziev RV, Zharkov MN, Kuchurov IV, Zlotin SG. Nitration of aromatics with dinitrogen pentoxide in a liquefied 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane medium. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25841-25847. [PMID: 35479456 PMCID: PMC9037121 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04536a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the sustainable development path, today, there are highly demanded chemical productions still operating that bear environmental and technological risks inherited from the previous century. The fabrication of nitro compounds, and nitroarenes in particular, is traditionally associated with acidic wastes formed in nitration reactions exploiting mixed acids. However, nitroarenes are indispensable for industrial and military applications. We faced the challenge and developed a greener, safer, and yet effective method for the production of nitroaromatics. The proposed approach comprises the application of an eco-friendly nitrating agent, namely dinitrogen pentoxide (DNP), in the medium of liquefied 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (TFE) – one of the most non-hazardous Freons. Importantly, the used TFE is not emitted into the atmosphere but is effortlessly recondensed and returned into the process. DNP is obtained via the oxidation of dinitrogen tetroxide with ozone. The elaborated method is characterized by high yields of the targeted nitro arenes, mild reaction conditions, and minimal amount of easy-to-utilize wastes. A green, safe, and economical method for the production of nitroaromatics is developed. The method comprises the use of the eco-friendly nitrating agent, dinitrogen pentoxide, and liquefied 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane as the reusable reaction medium.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr K Kharchenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ruslan V Fauziev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail N Zharkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ilya V Kuchurov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Sergei G Zlotin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russian Federation
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37
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Sharma R, Yadav MR. Recent developments in decarboxylative C(aryl)-X bond formation from (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5476-5500. [PMID: 34076025 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylative coupling reactions using readily available (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids are a highly efficient approach for the formation of new C-C and C-X bonds. These decarboxylative coupling reactions eliminate CO2 as a by-product, resulting in a greener and environmentally more benign approach than conventional coupling reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in ipso-decarboxylative C-X (X = O/N/halo/S/Se/P/CN) bond formations using (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids. Furthermore, we highlight the current limitations and future research opportunities of aryl-decarboxylative coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - M Ramu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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38
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Qian YE, Zheng L, Xiang HY, Yang H. Recent progress in the nitration of arenes and alkenes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4835-4851. [PMID: 34017966 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00384d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitro compounds are a predominant class of synthetic intermediates and building blocks for the preparation of a wide range of nitrogen-containing compounds in the chemical industry. As such, impressive progress has been currently made in the nitration of aromatics and olefins with excellent functional group tolerance and site-selectivity. In this mini review, we intend to highlight the regiospecific nitration of arenes and alkenes in various reaction systems. The involved mechanisms are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-En Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Lan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
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39
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Murray JI, Silva Elipe MV, Baucom KD, Brown DB, Quasdorf K, Caille S. Ipso Nitration of Aryl Boronic Acids Using Fuming Nitric Acid. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1977-1985. [PMID: 34101457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ipso nitration of aryl boronic acid derivatives has been developed using fuming nitric acid as the nitrating agent. This facile procedure provides efficient and chemoselective access to a variety of aromatic nitro compounds. While several activating agents and nitro sources have been reported in the literature for this synthetically useful transformation, this report demonstrates that these processes likely generate a common active reagent, anhydrous HNO3. Kinetic and mechanistic studies have revealed that the reaction order in HNO3 is >2 and indicate that the •NO2 radical is the active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Murray
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Maria V Silva Elipe
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Centre Drive, California 91320, United States
| | - Kyle D Baucom
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Derek B Brown
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Kyle Quasdorf
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Seb Caille
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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40
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Kannigadu C, N'Da DD. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Development of Nitroaromatics as Anti-Infective Drugs. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:4658-4674. [PMID: 32228417 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200331091853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases commonly occur in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The pathogens of such diseases are able to multiply in human hosts, warranting their continual survival. Infections that are commonplace include malaria, chagas, trypanosomiasis, giardiasis, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis. Malaria is known to cause symptoms, such as high fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, whereas chagas disease causes enlarged lymph glands, muscle pain, swelling and chest pain. People suffering from African trypanosomiasis may experience severe headaches, irritability, extreme fatigue and swollen lymph nodes. As an infectious disease progresses, the human host may also experience personality changes and neurologic problems. If left untreated, most of these diseases can lead to death. Parasites, microbes and bacteria are increasingly adapting and generating strains that are resistant to current clinical drugs. Drug resistance creates an urgency for the development of new drugs to treat these infections. Nitro containing drugs, such as chloramphenicol, metronidazole, tinidazole and secnidazole had been banned for use as antiparasitic agents due to their toxicity. However, recent discoveries of nitrocontaining anti-tuberculosis drugs, i.e. delamanid and pretonamid, and the repurposing of flexinidazole for use in combination with eflornithine for the treatment of human trypanosomiasis, have ignited interest in nitroaromatic scaffolds as viable sources of potential anti-infective agents. This review highlights the differences between old and new nitration methodologies. It furthermore offers insights into recent advances in the development of nitroaromatics as anti-infective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kannigadu
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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41
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Sepehrmansourie H, Zarei M, Zolfigol MA, Mehrzad A, Hafizi-Atabak HR. Application of [PVI-SO 3H]NO 3 as a novel polymeric nitrating agent with ionic tags in preparation of high-energetic materials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8367-8374. [PMID: 35423348 PMCID: PMC8695208 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00651g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, poly(vinyl imidazole) sulfonic acid nitrate [PVI-SO3H]NO3 was synthesized and fully characterized. Then, [PVI-SO3H]NO3 was applied for the preparation of energetic materials such as 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and trinitrotoluene (TNT). The major advantages of the presented methodology are mild, facile workup, high yields and short reaction times. [PVI-SO3H]NO3 is a suitable nitrating agent for in situ generation of NO2 and without using any co-catalysts of the described nitrating reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sepehrmansourie
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 6517838683 Iran +988138380709 +988138282807
| | - Mahmoud Zarei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 6517838683 Iran +988138380709 +988138282807
| | - Mohammad Ali Zolfigol
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 6517838683 Iran +988138380709 +988138282807
| | - Amin Mehrzad
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 6517838683 Iran +988138380709 +988138282807
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42
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Sypu VS, Bhaumik M, Raju K, Maity A. Nickel hydroxide nanoparticles decorated napthalene sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline nanotubes as efficient catalysts for nitroarene reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 581:979-989. [PMID: 32961349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanosize nickel hydroxide decorated 2-napthalene sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline nanotubes nanocomposites (Ni(OH)2@NSA-PANI NCs) were successfully developed for the catalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. The Ni(OH)2@NSA-PANI NCs were synthesised by depositing Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles onto 2-napthalene sulfonic acid doped PANI nanotubes surface. The resulting material was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The prepared nanocomposite showed a remarkable ability to catalytically hydrogenate aromatic nitro compounds using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as hydrogen source in aqueous medium at room temperature. Kinetic studies were performed using 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as the model substrate, using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The catalyst showed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with rate constants estimated between 0.08287 and 0.3649 min-1. Catalyst recyclability without reduced activity was demonstrated over 10 successive cycles. The optimised nanocomposite catalyst demonstrated a low activation energy barrier towards 4-NP reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhumita Bhaumik
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kumar Raju
- Energy Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Arjun Maity
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; DST/CSIR, Centre for Nanostructure and Advanced Materials (CeNAM), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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43
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Wang S, Xie X, Zhao X, Liu J, Zhao Z, Chen J, Li J, Sun K, Zhang Z. Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) enabled concerted nitration/ureation of carbodiimides to synthesize o-nitroaryl ureas. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00943e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and facile strategy to construct o-nitroaryl urea employing carbodiimides and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) with high functional group compatibility via concerted nitration/ureation has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Xiangqi Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Jixin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Ziling Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Jinchun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
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44
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Garcı́a-Cárceles J, Bahou KA, Bower JF. Recent Methodologies That Exploit Oxidative Addition of C–N Bonds to Transition Metals. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim A. Bahou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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45
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An J, Liu P, Si M, Li W, He P, Yang B, Yang G. Practical catalytic nitration directly with commercial nitric acid for the preparation of aliphatic nitroesters. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6612-6616. [PMID: 32820786 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To pursue a sustainable and efficient approach for aliphatic nitroester preparation from alcohol, europium-triflate-catalyzed nitration, which directly uses commercial nitric acid, has been successfully developed. Gram scalability with operational ease showed its practicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao An
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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46
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Abstract
Chemistry of nitro groups and nitro compounds has long been intensively studied. Despite their long history, new reactions and methodologies are still being found today. This is due to the diverse reactivity of the nitro group. The importance of nitro chemistry will continue to increase in the future in terms of elaborate synthesis. In this article, we will take a walk through the recent advances in nitro chemistry that have been made in past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagatoshi Nishiwaki
- Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
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47
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Sasaki Y, Takase M, Mori S, Uno H. Synthesis and Properties of NitroHPHAC: The First Example of Substitution Reaction on HPHAC. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112486. [PMID: 32471200 PMCID: PMC7321187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene (HPHAC) is one of the N-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in which six pyrroles are fused circularly around a benzene. Despite the recent development of HPHAC analogues, there is no report on direct introduction of functional groups into the HPHAC skeleton. This work reports the first example of nitration reaction of decaethylHPHAC. The structures of nitrodecaethylHPHAC including neutral and two oxidized species (radical cation and dication), intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character, and global aromaticity of the dication are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayoshi Takase
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (H.U.); Tel.: +81-89-927-9612 (M.T.); +81-89-927-9610 (H.U.)
| | | | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (H.U.); Tel.: +81-89-927-9612 (M.T.); +81-89-927-9610 (H.U.)
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48
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Wang CY, Teng F, Li Y, Li JH. [2 + 2 + 1] Heteroannulation of Alkenes with Enynyl Benziodoxolones and Silver Nitrite Involving C≡C bond Oxidative Cleavage: Entry to 3-Aryl-Δ 2-isoxazolines. Org Lett 2020; 22:4250-4254. [PMID: 32432890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] heteroannulation of alkenes with enynyl benziodoxolones and AgNO2 involving oxidative cleavage of the C≡C bond promoted by cooperative Zn(OTf)2, KOAc, and 4 Å MS for producing 3-aryl Δ2-isoxazolines is reported. Mechanistic studies indicate that AgNO2 serves as the N/O two-atom unit source, enabling the formation of three bonds through NO2 addition across the C≡C bond, NO-transfer, C≡C bond cleavage, and annulation cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Metal-Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials, University of Hunan Province, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008, China
| | - Fan Teng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Metal-Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials, University of Hunan Province, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008, China
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49
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Wirtanen T, Rodrigo E, Waldvogel SR. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Reduction of Substrates Involving N−O Bonds. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtanen
- epartment ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- epartment ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- epartment ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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50
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Sukhorukov AY. Catalytic Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones With Nitro Compounds: New Light on an Old Reaction. Front Chem 2020; 8:215. [PMID: 32351929 PMCID: PMC7174751 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductive amination of carbonyl compounds with primary amines is a well-established synthetic methodology for the selective production of unsymmetrically substituted secondary and tertiary amines. From the industrial and green chemistry perspective, it is attractive to combine reductive amination with the synthesis of primary amines in a single one-pot catalytic process. In this regard, nitro compounds, which are readily available and inexpensive feedstocks, received much attention as convenient precursors to primary amines in such processes. Although the direct reductive coupling of nitro compounds with aldehydes/ketones to give secondary and tertiary amines has been known since the 1940's, due to the development of highly efficient and selective non-noble metal-based catalysts a breakthrough in this area was made in the last decade. In this short overview, recent progress in the methodology of the reductive amination with nitro compounds is summarized together with applications to the synthesis of bioactive amines and heterocycles. Remaining challenges in this field are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Yu Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Organic and Metal-organic Nitrogen-Oxygen Systems, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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