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Asahina Y, Ando T, Hojo H. Toward the chemical syntheses of fucosylated peptides: A combination of protecting groups for the hydroxy groups of fucose. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asahina
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
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2
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Yan B, Li W, Hackenberger CPR. A silyl ether-protected building block for O-GlcNAcylated peptide synthesis to enable one-pot acidic deprotection. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8014-8017. [PMID: 34596198 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00510c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we introduce a novel building block for Fmoc/tBu solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of β-linked O-GlcNAcylated peptides. This building block carries acid labile silyl ether protecting groups, which are fully removed under TFA-mediated peptide cleavage conditions from the resin, thus requiring fewer synthetic steps and no intermediate purification as compared to other acid or base labile protecting group strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjia Yan
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenyi Li
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Vibhute AM, Komura N, Tanaka HN, Imamura A, Ando H. Advanced Chemical Methods for Stereoselective Sialylation and Their Applications in Sialoglycan Syntheses. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3194-3223. [PMID: 34028159 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid is an important component of cell surface glycans, which are responsible for many vital body functions and should therefore be thoroughly studied to understand their biological roles and association with disorders. The difficulty of isolating large quantities of homogenous-state sialoglycans from natural sources has inspired the development of the corresponding chemical synthesis methods affording acceptable purities, yields, and amounts. However, the related syntheses are challenging because of the difficulties in α-glycosylation of sialic acid, which arises from its certain structural features such as the absence of a stereodirecting group at the C3 position and presence of carboxyl group at the anomeric position. Moreover, the structural complexities of sialoglycans with diverse numbers and locations of sialic acid on the glycan chains pose additional barriers. Thus, efficient α-stereoselective routes to sialosides remain highly sought after, although various types of sialyl donors/acceptors have been developed for the straightforward synthesis of α-sialosides. Herein, we review the latest progress in the α-stereoselective synthesis of sialosides and their applications in the preparation of gangliosides and other sialoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol M Vibhute
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Naoko Komura
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hide-Nori Tanaka
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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4
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Rodríguez-Mayor AV, Peralta-Camacho GJ, Cárdenas-Martínez KJ, García-Castañeda JE. Development of Strategies for Glycopeptide Synthesis: An Overview on the Glycosidic Linkage. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200701121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and glycopeptides are an interesting focus of research, because of
their potential use as therapeutic agents, since they are related to carbohydrate-carbohydrate,
carbohydrate-protein, and carbohydrate-lipid interactions, which are commonly involved in
biological processes. It has been established that natural glycoconjugates could be an important
source of templates for the design and development of molecules with therapeutic applications.
However, isolating large quantities of glycoconjugates from biological sources
with the required purity is extremely complex, because these molecules are found in heterogeneous
environments and in very low concentrations. As an alternative to solving this
problem, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates has been developed. In this context,
several methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides in solution and/or solid-phase have been
reported. In most of these methods, glycosylated amino acid derivatives are used as building
blocks for both solution and solid-phase synthesis. The synthetic viability of glycoconjugates is a critical parameter
for allowing their use as drugs to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance and/or cancer. However, the
chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is a challenge, because these molecules possess multiple reaction sites and
have a very specific stereochemistry. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement synthetic routes, which
may involve various protection schemes but can be stereoselective, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding.
This review focuses on glycopeptide synthesis by recapitulating the progress made over the last 15 years.
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5
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Tanaka T, Shiraishi M, Matsuda A, Mizuno M. Efficient synthesis of N- and O-linked glycopeptides using acid-labile Boc groups for the protection of carbohydrate moieties. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Asahina Y, Kawakami T, Hojo H. Glycopeptide Synthesis Based on a TFA-Labile Protection Strategy and One-Pot Four-Segment Ligation for the Synthesis of O-Glycosylated Histone H2A. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asahina
- Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toru Kawakami
- Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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7
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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8
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Takeda N, Takei T, Asahina Y, Hojo H. Sialyl Tn Unit with TFA‐Labile Protection Realizes Efficient Synthesis of Sialyl Glycoprotein. Chemistry 2018; 24:2593-2597. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takeda
- Institute for Protein Research Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiki Takei
- Institute for Protein Research Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuya Asahina
- Institute for Protein Research Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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9
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An N-protection free ligation of the peptide thioester and the peptide with an N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxyamino group at its N-terminus. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Takei T, Andoh T, Takao T, Hojo H. One-Pot Four-Segment Ligation Using Seleno- and Thioesters: Synthesis of Superoxide Dismutase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15708-15711. [PMID: 29048715 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a peptide selenoester was efficiently carried out by the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) method using N-alkylcysteine, at the C-terminus of the peptide, as the N-to-S acyl shift device. The selenoester selectively reacted with the terminal amino group of the peptide aryl thioester in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine and dipyridyldisulfide, thus leaving the aryl thioester intact. Combined with silver-ion-promoted and silver-ion-free thioester activation methods, a one-pot four-segment ligation was realized. The method was successfully used to assemble the entire sequence of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is composed of 153 amino-acid residues, in one pot. After the folding reaction, the fully active SOD was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Takei
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoshige Andoh
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takao
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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11
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One-Pot Four-Segment Ligation Using Seleno- and Thioesters: Synthesis of Superoxide Dismutase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Asahina Y, Kawakami T, Hojo H. One-pot native chemical ligation by combination of two orthogonal thioester precursors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2114-2117. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc10243c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a one-pot peptide ligation method using two orthogonal thioester precursors and a protecting group for the ligation reaction between Asp and Cys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asahina
- Institute for Protein Research
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Toru Kawakami
- Institute for Protein Research
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
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13
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Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. The road to the synthesis of "difficult peptides". Chem Soc Rev 2015; 45:631-54. [PMID: 26612670 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a renaissance of peptides as drugs. This progress, together with advances in the structural behavior of peptides, has attracted the interest of the pharmaceutical industry in these molecules as potential APIs. In the past, major peptide-based drugs were inspired by sequences extracted from natural structures of low molecular weight. In contrast, nowadays, the peptides being studied by academic and industrial groups comprise more sophisticated sequences. For instance, they consist of long amino acid chains and show a high tendency to form aggregates. Some researchers have claimed that preparing medium-sized proteins is now feasible with chemical ligation techniques, in contrast to medium-sized peptide syntheses. The complexity associated with the synthesis of certain peptides is exemplified by the so-called "difficult peptides", a concept introduced in the 80's. This refers to sequences that show inter- or intra-molecular β-sheet interactions significant enough to form aggregates during peptide synthesis. These structural associations are stabilized and mediated by non-covalent hydrogen bonds that arise on the backbone of the peptide and-depending on the sequence-are favored. The tendency of peptide chains to aggregate is translated into a list of common behavioral features attributed to "difficult peptides" which hinder their synthesis. In this regard, this manuscript summarizes the strategies used to overcome the inherent difficulties associated with the synthesis of known "difficult peptides". Here we evaluate several external factors, as well as methods to incorporate chemical modifications into sequences, in order to describe the strategies that are effective for the synthesis of "difficult peptides". These approaches have been classified and ordered to provide an extensive guide for achieving the synthesis of peptides with the aforementioned features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Paradís-Bas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Katayama H. Facile preparation of the N-acetyl-glucosaminylated asparagine derivative with TFA-sensitive protecting groups useful for solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2015. [PMID: 26200326 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel N-acetyl-glucosaminylated asparagine derivative was developed. This derivative carried TFA-sensitive protecting groups and was derived from commercially available compounds only in three steps. It was applicable to the ordinary 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) method, and the protecting groups on the carbohydrate moiety could be removed by a single step of TFA cocktail treatment generally used for the final deprotection step in Fmoc-SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
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15
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Asahina Y, Komiya S, Ohagi A, Fujimoto R, Tamagaki H, Nakagawa K, Sato T, Akira S, Takao T, Ishii A, Nakahara Y, Hojo H. Chemical Synthesis of O-Glycosylated Human Interleukin-2 by the Reverse Polarity Protection Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Asahina Y, Komiya S, Ohagi A, Fujimoto R, Tamagaki H, Nakagawa K, Sato T, Akira S, Takao T, Ishii A, Nakahara Y, Hojo H. Chemical Synthesis of O-Glycosylated Human Interleukin-2 by the Reverse Polarity Protection Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8226-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Kawakami T, Yoshikawa R, Fujiyoshi Y, Mishima Y, Hojo H, Tajima S, Suetake I. Synthesis of histone proteins by CPE ligation using a recombinant peptide as the C-terminal building block. J Biochem 2015; 158:403-11. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Asahina Y, Nabeshima K, Hojo H. Peptidyl N-alkylcysteine as a peptide thioester surrogate in the native chemical ligation. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Sato K, Kitakaze K, Nakamura T, Naruse N, Aihara K, Shigenaga A, Inokuma T, Tsuji D, Itoh K, Otaka A. The total chemical synthesis of the monoglycosylated GM2 ganglioside activator using a novel cysteine surrogate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9946-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02967h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel peptide ligation/desulfurization strategy using a β-mercapto-N-glycosylated asparagine derivative. The strategy is successfully applied to the total chemical synthesis of GM2 ganglioside activator protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sato
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Keisuke Kitakaze
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Naoto Naruse
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Keisuke Aihara
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Tsubasa Inokuma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuji
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
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20
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Recent progress in the field of glycoconjugates. Carbohydr Res 2015; 402:124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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Asahina Y. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycoprotein Using the Peptide Ligation Chemistry (Jpn. Ed.). TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1414.4j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asahina
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University
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22
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Asahina Y. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycoprotein Using the Peptide Ligation Chemistry. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1414.4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asahina
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University
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23
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Asahina Y, Fujimoto R, Suzuki A, Hojo H. Synthesis of Fmoc-Thr Unit Carrying Core 1O-Linked Sugar With Acid-SensitiveO-Protecting Group and Its Application to the Synthesis of Glycosylated Peptide Thioester. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.977909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Recent progress in the chemical synthesis of proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 26:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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