1
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Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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2
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Liu Y, Russell TP. Electroactive Ionenes: Efficient Interlayer Materials in Organic Photovoltaics. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1097-1108. [PMID: 35188380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusOrganic photovoltaics (OPVs) have the advantages of being lightweight, mechanically flexible, and solution-processable over large areas, and for decades, they have been the focus of the academic and industrial communities. Recent progress in the design of high-performance organic semiconductors and device optimization has promoted solar cell efficiencies of up to 19%, showing great promise for commercialization. Optimally designed OPVs are achieved using a bicontinuous interpenetrating network of donor and acceptor materials in between two charge-collecting electrodes. Charge extraction and transport between metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are crucial to device operation. The energy-level mismatch when metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are in contact usually induces additional energy barriers and resultant inefficient charge transport and collection, leading to charge carrier recombination at the interface and inferior device performance. To align energy levels at the interface, interlayer materials and their integration into devices have emerged as a widely used strategy to promote the performance of solar cell devices. Interlayer materials have the ability to modify the work functions (WFs) of metal electrodes, holding the potential to enhance the built-in electrostatic field (Vbi) of the devices and suppress the charge recombination loss, which is beneficial to improving the open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current density (JSC), and fill factor (FF) of the solar cells.Organic interlayer materials have recently come into focus for fundamental study and practical development because of their diverse molecular design and superior solution processability. Tremendous effort has been devoted to exploring novel organic interlayer materials to achieve all-solution-processed multilayer solar cells. Such interlayer materials usually have orthogonal solubilities relative to the photoactive layer materials, working as multifunctional interfacial layers to manipulate the mechanical and electrical contacts in solar cell devices. Ionenes are a unique class of polyelectrolytes wherein the ionic species reside within the polymer backbone rather than as pendant groups. In ionenes, the charge density is high in comparison to that of other polyelectrolytes, and the periodicity of the charges is easily controlled, providing a tunable density of dipole moments. Ionenes can be readily synthesized from 3° diamines and α,ω-dihaloalkanes to generate polymer chains of ammonium cations connected by flexible hydrocarbon linkages with mobile anions. However, the requisite building blocks of ionenes are not limited to such molecules. Recent advances in combining ionenes with conjugated molecules to generate electroactive ionenes have catalyzed a great amount of interest in such polymers for organic electronic devices.In this Account, we first introduce the molecular design and synthesis of electroactive ionenes. Following this, we will discuss the mechanism and effect of ionenes on the modification of metal electrodes. We then review the strategies for controlling the morphology of ionene interlayers. Finally, we compare the doping effect, conductivity, and charge transport of some representative ionenes and their performance as interlayers in solar cell devices. We present our current understanding based on recent progress and outstanding issues of interlayer materials in OPVs and to propose future directions and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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3
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Tuning conformational structures of imidazolium ionenes with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid solvents. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Barbosa GD, Turner CH. Martini Coarse-Grained Model for Poly(alkylimidazolium) Ionenes and Applications in Aromatic Compound Extraction. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D. Barbosa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - C. Heath Turner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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5
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Deng G, Schoch TD, Cavicchi KA. Systematic Modification of the Glass Transition Temperature of Ion-Pair Comonomer Based Polyelectrolytes and Ionomers by Copolymerization with a Chemically Similar Cationic Monomer. Gels 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 33924350 PMCID: PMC8167584 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion-pair comonomers (IPCs) where both the anion and cation contain polymerizable functional groups offer a route to prepare polyampholyte, ion-containing polymers. Polymerizing vinyl functional groups by free-radical polymerization produces bridging ion-pairs that act as non-covalent crosslinks between backbone segments. In particular the homopolymerization of the IPC vinyl benzyl tri-n-octylphosphonium styrene sulfonate produces a stiff, glassy polymer with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 191 °C, while copolymerization with a non-ionic acrylate produces microphase separates ionomers with ion-rich and ion-poor domains. This work investigates the tuning of the Tg of the polyelectrolyte or ion-rich domains of the ionomers by copolymerizing with vinyl benzyl tri-n-octylphosphonium p-toluene sulfonic acid. This chemically similar repeat unit with pendant rather than bridging ion-pairs lowers the Tg compared to the polyelectrolyte or ionomer containing only the IPC segments. Rheological measurements were used to characterize the thermomechanical behavior and Tg of different copolymers. The Tg variation in the polyelectrolyte vs. weight fraction IPC could be fit with either the Gordon-Taylor or Couchman-Karasz equation. Copolymerization of IPC with a chemically similar cationic monomer offers a viable route to systematically vary the Tg of the resulting polymers useful for tailoring the material properties in applications such as elastomers or shape memory polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Deng
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (G.D.); (T.D.S.)
- Promerus LLC., 225 W Bartges St, Akron, OH 44307, USA
| | - Timothy D. Schoch
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (G.D.); (T.D.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kevin A. Cavicchi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (G.D.); (T.D.S.)
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6
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Li X, Yu H, Kang X, Chen G, Zhu M, Xu J. Effect of injection molding on structure and properties of poly(styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene) and its nanocomposite with functionalized montmorillonite. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xiong Kang
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ming Zhu
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department Technology and Characterization DSM Materials Science Center Geleen The Netherlands
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7
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O'Harra KE, Bara JE. Toward controlled functional sequencing and hierarchical structuring in imidazolium ionenes. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E O'Harra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
| | - Jason E Bara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
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8
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Banerjee P, Anas M, Jana S, Mandal TK. Recent developments in stimuli-responsive poly(ionic liquid)s. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Designing Imidazolium Poly(amide-amide) and Poly(amide-imide) Ionenes and Their Interactions with Mono- and Tris(imidazolium) Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061254. [PMID: 32486156 PMCID: PMC7362236 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we introduce the synthesis and thermal properties of a series of sophisticated imidazolium ionenes with alternating amide-amide or amide-imide backbone functionality, and investigate the structural effects of mono(imidazolium) and unprecedented tris(imidazolium) ionic liquids (ILs) in these ionenes. The new set of poly(amide-amide) (PAA) and poly(amide-imide) (PAI) ionenes represent the intersection of conventional high-performance polymers with the ionene archetype-presenting polymers with alternating functional and ionic elements precisely sequenced along the backbone. The effects of polymer composition on the thermal properties and morphology were analyzed. Five distinct polymer backbones were synthesized and combined with a stoichiometric equivalent of the IL 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([Bnmim][Tf2N]), which were studied to probe the self-assembly, structuring, and contributions of intermolecular forces when IL is added. Furthermore, three polyamide (PA) or polyimide (PI) ionenes with simpler xylyl linkages were interfaced with [Bnmim][Tf2N] as well as a novel amide-linked tris(imidazolium) IL, to demonstrate the structural changes imparted by the inclusion of functional, ionic additives dispersed within the ionene matrix. This work highlights the possibilities for utilizing concepts from small molecules which exhibit supramolecular self-assembly to guide creative design and manipulate the structuring of ionenes.
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10
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Bara JE, O'Harra KE. Recent Advances in the Design of Ionenes: Toward Convergence with High‐Performance Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Bara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487‐0203 USA
| | - Kathryn E. O'Harra
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487‐0203 USA
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11
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Kammakakam I, O'Harra KE, Dennis GP, Jackson EM, Bara JE. Self‐healing imidazolium‐based ionene‐polyamide membranes: an experimental study on physical and gas transport properties. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Kammakakam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
| | - Kathryn E O'Harra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
| | - Grayson P Dennis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
| | | | - Jason E Bara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
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12
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Sims SM, Bontrager NC, Whittaker RE, Miller KM. Correlating structure with ionic conductivity in bis(phosphonium)‐containing [NTf
2
] thiol–ene networks. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Sims
- Department of Chemistry Murray State University Murray KY USA
| | | | | | - Kevin M Miller
- Department of Chemistry Murray State University Murray KY USA
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13
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Bara JE, O'Harra KE, Durbin MM, Dennis GP, Jackson EM, Thomas B, Odutola JA. Synthesis and Characterization of Ionene-Polyamide Materials as Candidates for New Gas Separation Membranes. MRS ADVANCES 2018; 3:3091-3102. [PMID: 30298102 PMCID: PMC6172657 DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A new family of six ionenes containing aromatic amide linkages has been synthesized from ready available starting materials at scales up to ~50 g. These ionene-polyamides are all constitutional isomers and vary only in the regiochemistry of the amide linkages (para, meta) and xylyl linkages (ortho, meta, para) which are present in the polymer backbone. This paper details the synthesis of these ionenes and associated characterizations. Ionene-polyamides exhibit relatively low melting points (~150 oC) allowing them to be readily processed into films and other objects. These ionene-polyamide materials are being developed for further study as polymer membranes for the separations of gases such as CO2, N2, CH4 and H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Bara
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203 USA
| | - Kathryn E O'Harra
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203 USA
| | - Marlow M Durbin
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203 USA
| | - Grayson P Dennis
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203 USA
| | | | - Brian Thomas
- Alabama A&M University, Department of Chemistry, Normal, AL 35762
| | - Jamiu A Odutola
- Alabama A&M University, Department of Chemistry, Normal, AL 35762
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14
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Wilts EM, Herzberger J, Long TE. Addressing water scarcity: cationic polyelectrolytes in water treatment and purification. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Wilts
- Department of Chemistry; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg USA
| | - Jana Herzberger
- Department of Chemistry; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- Department of Chemistry; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg USA
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15
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Texter J, Kuriakose N, Shendre S, Lewis K, Venkatraman S, Gupta H. Stimuli-responsively porating gels by condensation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:503-506. [PMID: 29261191 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06408j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A polyurethane (PU) resin derived from glycerol and hexamethylene diisocyanate and an imidazolium bromide ionic liquid chain terminator yield a stimuli-responsive resin that reversibly porates as a solvation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Texter
- Coatings Research Institute, School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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16
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Kizas O, Moiseev S, Chaschin I, Godovikov I, Dolgushin F, Nikolaev A, Nikitin L, Khokhlov A. Phosphonium salts derived from α-ferrocenylvinyl cation in situ generated in sc -CO 2 from ethynylferrocene by Nafion film. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Cole MD, Sheri M, Bielicki C, Emrick T. Perylene Diimide-Based Ionene and Zwitterionic Polymers: Synthesis and Solution Photophysical Properties. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D. Cole
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Chelsea Bielicki
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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18
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Temperature-stable anion-exchange materials from cyclopolymerization of quaternary ammonium halides. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Wu F, Xie S, Chen J, Chen S, Wu G, Wang Y. Regulating the crystallizing and rheological behaviors of poly(butylene succinate) by incorporating novel macromolecular ionomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco‐Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610064 China
| | - Si‐Yu Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco‐Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610064 China
| | - Jun‐Hong Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco‐Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610064 China
| | - Si‐Chong Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco‐Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610064 China
| | - Gang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco‐Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610064 China
| | - Yu‐Zhong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco‐Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610064 China
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20
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Wan W, Yang X, Smith RC. Convenient synthetic route to tetraarylphosphonium polyelectrolytes via palladium-catalyzed P-C coupling of aryl triflates and diphenylphosphine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wan
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies; Clemson University; Anderson South Carolina 29634
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21
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Jourdain A, Antoniuk I, Serghei A, Espuche E, Drockenmuller E. 1,2,3-Triazolium-based linear ionic polyurethanes. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and detailed characterization of a series of ionic polyurethanes issued from the polyaddition of a 1,2,3-triazolium-functionalized diol monomer having a bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide counter-anion with four aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic commercial diisocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Jourdain
- Univ Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- UMR 5223
| | - Iurii Antoniuk
- Univ Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- UMR 5223
| | - Anatoli Serghei
- Univ Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- UMR 5223
| | - Eliane Espuche
- Univ Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- UMR 5223
| | - Eric Drockenmuller
- Univ Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- UMR 5223
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22
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Jangu C, Schultz AR, Wall CE, Esker AR, Long TE. Diphenylphosphino Styrene-Containing Homopolymers: Influence of Alkylation and Mobile Anions on Physical Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1212-7. [PMID: 27229183 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional free radical polymerization and post-alkylation of 4-diphenylphosphino styrene (DPPS) generate a new class of high-molecular-weight phosphonium-containing homopolymers with tunable thermal, viscoelastic, and wetting properties. Post-alkylation and subsequent anion exchange provide an effective method for tuning Tg values and thermal stability as a function of alkyl chain length and counteranion selection (X(-) , BF4 (-) , TfO(-) , and Tf2 N(-) ). Rheological characterization facilitates the generation of time-temperature-superposition (TTS) pseudomaster curves and subsequent analysis of frequency sweeps at various temperatures reveals two relaxation modes corresponding to long-range segmental motion and the onset of viscous flow. Contact angle measurements reveal the influence of counteranion selection on wetting properties, revealing increased contact angles for homopolymers containing nucleophilic counteranions. These investigations provide fundamental insight into phosphonium-containing polymers, aiming to guide future research and applications involving electro-active polymeric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chainika Jangu
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute (MII), Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0212, USA
| | - Alison R Schultz
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute (MII), Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0212, USA
| | - Candace E Wall
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute (MII), Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0212, USA
| | - Alan R Esker
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute (MII), Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0212, USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute (MII), Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0212, USA
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23
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Papakonstantinou P, Deimede V. Self-cross-linked quaternary phosphonium based anion exchange membranes: assessing the influence of quaternary phosphonium groups on alkaline stability. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24102f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Self cross-linked phosphonium functionalized poly(aryl ether sulfone)s have been synthesized and show excellent alkaline stability and improved mechanical properties.
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Guterman R, Gillies ER, Ragogna PJ. Phosphane-ene chemistry: the reactivity of air-stable primary phosphines and their compatibility with the thiol-ene reaction. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15664-70. [PMID: 26250862 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02364e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Air-sensitive and air-stable primary phosphines (RPH2) were compared for their ability to undergo photoinitiated phosphane-ene chemistry with 1-hexene. Despite their increased air-stability, the primary phosphines displayed equal to or greater reactivity when compared to air-sensitive alkyl or aryl analogues. The phosphane-ene reaction was also performed in the presence of 1-octanethiol to determine whether thiol-ene and phosphane-ene chemistries could proceed simultaneously. It was determined that the phosphane-ene process takes precedence over thiol-ene as P-H bond conversion was independent of thiol concentration. Tertiary phosphine (R3P) and some secondary phosphine (R2PH) products were found to react with thiols under experimental conditions to create phosphine-sulfides (P-S), but this chemistry only proceeded at low P-H bond concentrations. These results suggests that hydrogen transfer reactions take precedence over P-S formation and demonstrate the unique relationship between phosphane-ene and thiol-ene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Guterman
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5B7.
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25
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Lv L, Wu F, Chen SC, Wang YZ, Zeng JB. Properties regulation of poly(butylene succinate) ionomers through their ionic group distribution. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Conrad CA, Bedford MS, Buelt AA, Galabura Y, Luzinov I, Smith RC. Phosphonium polyelectrolytes: influence of diphosphine spacer on layer-by-layer assembly with anionic conjugated polymers. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Conrad
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Monte S Bedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Ashley A Buelt
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Yuriy Galabura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Rhett C Smith
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29634 USA
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27
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Ruan C, Chen L, Yang R, Zhong HY, Wang YZ. Main-chain liquid crystalline ionomers with a nonplanar ionic segment. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08448b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
At the presence of the physical crosslinking of ionic groups, tensile properties of the liquid crystalline ionomer were improved greatly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ruan
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Rong Yang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Hai-Yi Zhong
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
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28
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Bedford MS, Yang X, Jolly KM, Binnicker RL, Cramer SB, Keen CE, Mairena CJ, Patel AP, Rivenbark MT, Galabura Y, Luzinov I, Smith RC. Tetraarylphosphonium polyelectrolyte chromophores: synthesis, stability, photophysics, film morphology and critical surface energy. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromophore-modified polymers with tetraarylphosphonium units in the main chain have been prepared by a Ni-catalysed P–C bond-forming reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S. Bedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Kara M. Jolly
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | | | - Samuel B. Cramer
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Caitlin E. Keen
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Connor J. Mairena
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Amar P. Patel
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | | | - Yuriy Galabura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry
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29
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Schultz AR, Lambert PM, Chartrain NA, Ruohoniemi DM, Zhang Z, Jangu C, Zhang M, Williams CB, Long TE. 3D Printing Phosphonium Ionic Liquid Networks with Mask Projection Microstereolithography. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:1205-1209. [PMID: 35610826 DOI: 10.1021/mz5006316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymerization coupled with mask projection microstereolithography successfully generated various 3D printed phosphonium polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) with low UV light intensity requirements and high digital resolution. Varying phosphonium monomer concentration, diacrylate cross-linking comonomer, and display images enabled precise 3D design and polymeric properties. The resulting cross-linked phosphonium PIL objects exhibited a synergy of high thermal stability, tunable glass transition temperature, optical clarity, and ion conductivity, which are collectively well-suited for emerging electro-active membrane technologies. Ion conductivity measurements on printed objects revealed a systematic progression in conductivity with ionic liquid monomer content, and thermal properties and solvent extraction demonstrated the formation of a polymerized ionic liquid network, with gel fractions exceeding 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R. Schultz
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and ‡Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Philip M. Lambert
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and ‡Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Chartrain
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and ‡Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - David M. Ruohoniemi
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and ‡Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and ‡Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chainika Jangu
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and ‡Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Musan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and ‡Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Christopher B. Williams
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and ‡Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and ‡Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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30
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31
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Wu F, Huang CL, Zeng JB, Li SL, Wang YZ. Synthesis and characterization of segmented poly(butylene succinate) urethane ionenes containing secondary amine cation. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Hemp ST, Hudson AG, Allen MH, Pole SS, Moore RB, Long TE. Solution properties and electrospinning of phosphonium gemini surfactants. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3970-3977. [PMID: 24733359 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00271g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bis(diphenylphosphino)alkanes quantitatively react with excess 1-bromododecane to prepare novel phosphonium gemini surfactants with spacer lengths ranging from 2 to 4 methylenes (12-2/3/4-12P). Dodecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (DTPP), a monomeric surfactant analog, was readily water soluble, however, in sharp contrast, phosphonium gemini surfactants were poorly soluble in water due to two hydrophobic tails and relatively hydrophobic cationic head groups containing phenyl substituents. Isothermal titration calorimetry did not reveal a measurable critical micelle concentration for the 12-2-12P phosphonium gemini surfactant in water at 25 °C. Subsequent studies in 50/50 v/v water-methanol at 25 °C showed a CMC of 1.0 mM for 12-2-12P. All phosphonium gemini surfactants effectively complexed nucleic acids, but failed to deliver nucleic acids in vitro to HeLa cells. The solution behavior of phosphonium gemini surfactants was investigated in chloroform, which is an organic solvent where reverse micellar structures are favored. Solution rheology in chloroform explored the solution behavior of the phosphonium gemini surfactants compared to DTPP. The 12-2-12P and 12-3-12P gemini surfactants were successfully electrospun from chloroform to generate uniform fibers while 12-4-12P gemini surfactant and DTPP only electrosprayed to form droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Hemp
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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33
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Zhang M, Hemp ST, Zhang M, Allen MH, Carmean RN, Moore RB, Long TE. Water-dispersible cationic polyurethanes containing pendant trialkylphosphoniums. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01779f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water-dispersible, cationic polyurethanes containing pendant trialkylphosphoniums demonstrated desirable properties in broad applications from thermoplastic elastomers to nucleic acid delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg, USA
| | - Sean T. Hemp
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg, USA
| | - Mingqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg, USA
| | - Michael H. Allen
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg, USA
| | - Richard N. Carmean
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg, USA
| | - Robert B. Moore
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg, USA
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg, USA
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