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Miao J, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang L. Organoboron molecules and polymers for organic solar cell applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:153-187. [PMID: 34851333 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00974e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) are emerging as a new photovoltaic technology with the great advantages of low cost, light-weight, flexibility and semi-transparency. They are promising for portable energy-conversion products and building-integrated photovoltaics. Organoboron chemistry offers an important toolbox to design novel organic/polymer optoelectronic materials and to tune their optoelectronic properties for OSC applications. At present, organoboron small molecules and polymers have become an important class of organic photovoltaic materials. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 16% and 14% have been realized with organoboron polymer electron donors and electron acceptors, respectively. In this review, we summarize the research progress in various kinds of organoboron photovoltaic materials for OSC applications, including organoboron small molecular electron donors, organoboron small molecular electron acceptors, organoboron polymer electron donors and organoboron polymer electron acceptors. This review also discusses how to tune their opto-electronic properties and active layer morphology for enhancing OSC device performance. We also offer our insight into the opportunities and challenges in improving the OSC device performance of organoboron photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Yinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
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Lu P, Chung KY, Stafford A, Kiker M, Kafle K, Page ZA. Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) in polymer chemistry. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01513j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present review provides both a summary and outlook on the exciting field of BODIPYs in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Kun-You Chung
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Alex Stafford
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Meghan Kiker
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Kristina Kafle
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
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3
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Zhang Z, Yuan D, Liu X, Kim MJ, Nashchadin A, Sharapov V, Yu L. BODIPY-Containing Polymers with Ultralow Band Gaps and Ambipolar Charge Mobilities. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dafei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Limited, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andriy Nashchadin
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Valerii Sharapov
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Luping Yu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Dhindsa JS, Melenbacher A, Barbon SM, Stillman MJ, Gilroy JB. Altering the optoelectronic properties of boron difluoride formazanate dyes via conjugation with platinum(ii)-acetylides. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16133-16142. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03417j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The absorption, emission, and electrochemical properties of conjugates of boron difluoride formazanate dyes and Pt(ii)-acetylides are systematically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S. Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
| | - Adyn Melenbacher
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Stephanie M. Barbon
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
| | | | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
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5
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Ho D, Ozdemir R, Kim H, Earmme T, Usta H, Kim C. BODIPY-Based Semiconducting Materials for Organic Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Transistors. Chempluschem 2018; 84:18-37. [PMID: 31950740 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of organic (opto)electronics as a promising alternative to conventional (opto)electronics has been achieved through the design and development of novel π-conjugated systems. Among various semiconducting structural platforms, 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) π-systems have recently attracted attention for use in organic thin-films transistors (OTFTs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). This Review article provides an overview of the developments in the past 10 years on the structural design and synthesis of BODIPY-based organic semiconductors and their application in OTFT/OPV devices. The findings summarized and discussed here include the most recent breakthroughs in BODIPYs with record-high charge carrier mobilities and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). The most up-to-date design rationales and discussions providing a strong understanding of structure-property-function relationships in BODIPY-based semiconductors are presented. Thus, this review is expected to inspire new research for future materials developments/applications in this family of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Ho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Resul Ozdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Hyungsug Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeshik Earmme
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakan Usta
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Choongik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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Haque A, Al-Balushi RA, Al-Busaidi IJ, Khan MS, Raithby PR. Rise of Conjugated Poly-ynes and Poly(Metalla-ynes): From Design Through Synthesis to Structure-Property Relationships and Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8474-8597. [PMID: 30112905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) constitute an important class of new materials with potential application in various domains of science. The key factors responsible for the diverse usage of these materials is their intriguing and tunable chemical and photophysical properties. This review highlights fascinating advances made in the field of conjugated organic poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) incorporating group 4-11 metals. This includes several important aspects of conjugated poly-ynes viz. synthetic protocols, bonding, electronic structure, nature of luminescence, structure-property relationships, diverse applications, and concluding remarks. Furthermore, we delineated the future directions and challenges in this particular area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rayya A Al-Balushi
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Idris Juma Al-Busaidi
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Paul R Raithby
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
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Kyeong M, Lee J, Lee K, Hong S. BODIPY-Based Conjugated Polymers for Use as Dopant-Free Hole Transporting Materials for Durable Perovskite Solar Cells: Selective Tuning of HOMO/LUMO Levels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:23254-23262. [PMID: 29916246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as an excellent photovoltaic device owing to the outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE). Nevertheless, device instability remains a critical issue in this field. To overcome device instability without deteriorating PCE, dopant-free hole transporting materials (HTMs) are needed to separate the air-sensitive perovskite layer from extrinsic factors, which induce its degradation. Herein, we developed novel conjugate polymers of benzo[1,2- b:4,5- b']dithiophene (BDT) and 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3 a,4 a-diaza- s-indacene (BODIPY) for use as HTMs without dopants. The pBDT-BODIPY polymer allows individual "dialing" of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels with small modifications to the molecular structure, enabling study of the impact of the frontier molecular orbital on PSC performance. Different alkyl chains on BDT can minutely adjust the HOMO level, and meso-substituents on BODIPYs can selectively set the LUMO level of the resulting polymers. Application of BODIPY-containing polymer into the perovskite solar cell as an HTM leads to a high PCE value (16.02%) and exceptional solar cell stability shown by the fact that over 80% of its original PCE value was maintained after 10 days under ambient air conditions.
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Dhindsa JS, Maar RR, Barbon SM, Olivia Avilés M, Powell ZK, Lagugné-Labarthet F, Gilroy JB. A π-conjugated inorganic polymer constructed from boron difluoride formazanates and platinum(ii) diynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6899-6902. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A π-conjugated inorganic polymer comprised of boron difluoride formazanate and platinum(ii) diyne repeat units with unusual redox properties and a narrow optical band gap of ca. 1.4 eV is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S. Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Ryan R. Maar
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Stephanie M. Barbon
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - María Olivia Avilés
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Zachary K. Powell
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - François Lagugné-Labarthet
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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Liu W, Yao J, Zhan C. A Novel BODIPY-Based Low-Band-Gap Small-Molecule Acceptor for Efficient Non-fullerene Polymer Solar Cells. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chuanlang Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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10
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He W, Livshits MY, Dickie DA, Zhang Z, Mejiaortega LE, Rack JJ, Wu Q, Qin Y. “Roller-Wheel”-Type Pt-Containing Small Molecules and the Impact of “Rollers” on Material Crystallinity, Electronic Properties, and Solar Cell Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14109-14119. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan He
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Maksim Y. Livshits
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Luis E. Mejiaortega
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Rack
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Qin Wu
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Squeo BM, Gregoriou VG, Avgeropoulos A, Baysec S, Allard S, Scherf U, Chochos CL. BODIPY-based polymeric dyes as emerging horizon materials for biological sensing and organic electronic applications. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Tailoring the photophysical and photovoltaic properties of boron-difluorodipyrromethene dimers. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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He W, Livshits MY, Dickie DA, Yang J, Quinnett R, Rack JJ, Wu Q, Qin Y. A "roller-wheel" Pt-containing small molecule that outperforms its polymer analogs in organic solar cells. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5798-5804. [PMID: 30034718 PMCID: PMC6021780 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00513f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel Pt-bisacetylide small molecule (Pt-SM) featuring "roller-wheel" geometry was synthesized and characterized. When compared with conventional Pt-containing polymers and small molecules having "dumbbell" shaped structures, Pt-SM displays enhanced crystallinity and intermolecular π-π interactions, as well as favorable panchromatic absorption behaviors. Organic solar cells (OSCs) employing Pt-SM achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 5.9%, the highest reported so far for Pt-containing polymers and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan He
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , MSC03 2060, 1 UNM , Albuquerque , NM 87131 , USA .
| | - Maksim Y Livshits
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , MSC03 2060, 1 UNM , Albuquerque , NM 87131 , USA .
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , MSC03 2060, 1 UNM , Albuquerque , NM 87131 , USA .
| | - Jianzhong Yang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , MSC03 2060, 1 UNM , Albuquerque , NM 87131 , USA .
| | - Rachel Quinnett
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , 1005 Durland Hall , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA
| | - Jeffrey J Rack
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , MSC03 2060, 1 UNM , Albuquerque , NM 87131 , USA .
| | - Qin Wu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , PO Box 5000 , Upton , NY 11973 , USA
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , MSC03 2060, 1 UNM , Albuquerque , NM 87131 , USA .
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Xu L, Yang HB. Our Expedition in Linear Neutral Platinum-Acetylide Complexes: The Preparation of Micro/nanostructure Materials, Complicated Topologies, and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1274-97. [PMID: 27097565 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, the construction of various kinds of platinum-acetylide complexes has attracted considerable attention, because of their wide applications in photovoltaic cells, non-linear optics, and bio-imaging materials. Among these platinum-acetylide complexes, the linear neutral platinum-acetylide complexes, due to their attractive properties, such as well-defined linear geometry, synthetic accessibility, and intriguing photoproperties, have emerged as a rising star in this field. In this personal account, we will discuss how we entered the field of linear neutral platinum-acetylide chemistry and what we found in this field. The preparation of various types of linear neutral platinum-acetylide complexes and their applications in the areas of micro/nanostructure materials, complicated topologies, and dye-sensitized solar cells will be summarized in this account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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Liu W, Yao J, Zhan C. Performance enhancement of BODIPY dimer-based small-molecule solar cells using a visible-photon-capturing diketopyrrolopyrrole π-bridge. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of the visible-photon-capturing DPP instead of the BDT π-bridge leads to a 70% increase in the photocurrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Chuanlang Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
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Liu W, Tang A, Chen J, Wu Y, Zhan C, Yao J. Photocurrent enhancement of BODIPY-based solution-processed small-molecule solar cells by dimerization via the meso position. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:22496-22505. [PMID: 25427221 DOI: 10.1021/am506585u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indancene (BODIPY)-based small molecule donors H-T-BO, Br-T-BO, and DIMER were synthesized and fully characterized. Although modification at the meso position has a subtle influence on the light-harvesting ability, energy levels, and phase sizes, it has a striking effect on the packing behavior in solid film as two-dimension grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (2D GIXRD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirm. Br-T-BO exhibits better packing ordering than H-T-BO in pristine film, which is beneficial from reinforced intermolecular interaction from halogen atoms. However, when [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) is blended, no diffraction patterns corresponding to the monomeric donor can be seen from the XRD data and both H-T-BO- and Br-T-BO-based blend films give a slightly blue-shifting absorption peak with respect to their neat ones, both of which imply destruction of the crystalline structure. As for DIMER, the enhancement of the intermolecular interaction arises not only from the expansion of the backbone but the "steric pairing effect" brought on by its twisted structure. When blended with PC71BM, the diffraction patterns of DIMER are, however, kept well and the absorption peak position remains unchanged, which indicates the ordered packing of DIMER is held well in blend film. In coincidence with the fact that packing ordering improves from H-T-BO to Br-T-BO and DIMER in pristine films and the ordered packing of DIMER even in blend film, DIMER-based devices show the highest and most balanced hole/electron mobility of 1.16 × 10(-3)/0.90 × 10(-3) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)with respect to Br-T-BO (4.71 × 10(-4)/2.09 × 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) and H-T-BO (4.27 × 10(-5)/1.00 × 10(-5) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) based ones. The short-circuit current density of the three molecule-based cells follows the same trend from H-T-BO (6.80) to Br-T-BO (7.62) and then to DIMER (11.28 mA cm(-2)). Finally, the H-T-BO-, Br-T-BO-, and DIMER-based optimal device exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 1.56%, 1.96%, and 3.13%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, §CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, and ∥State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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