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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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2
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Voorter P, McKay A, Dai J, Paravagna O, Cameron NR, Junkers T. Solvent‐Independent Molecular Weight Determination of Polymers Based on a Truly Universal Calibration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter‐Jan Voorter
- Polymer Reaction Design Group School of Chemistry Monash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Alasdair McKay
- Polymer Reaction Design Group School of Chemistry Monash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Jinhuo Dai
- Dulux Australia 1956 Dandenong Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Olga Paravagna
- Dulux Australia 1956 Dandenong Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University 22 Alliance Lane Clayton Victoria, 3800 Australia
- School of Engineering University of Warwick. Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group School of Chemistry Monash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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3
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A Short-Cut Data Mining Method for the Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Block Copolymers. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new data mining approach as a short cut method is given for the determination of the copolymer composition from mass spectra. Our method simplifies the copolymer mass spectra by reduction of the number of mass peaks. The proposed procedure, namely the selection of the mass peaks, which is based on the most abundant peak of the mass spectrum, can be performed manually or more efficiently using our recently invented Mass-remainder analysis (MARA). The considerable reduction of the MS spectra also simplifies the calculation of the copolymer quantities for instance the number- and weight-average molecular weights (Mn and Mw, respectively), polydispersity index (Đ = Mw/Mn), average molar fraction (cA) and weight fraction (wA) of the comonomer A and so on. These copolymer properties are in line with those calculated by a reference method taking into account all the mass peaks of the copolymer distribution. We also suggest a highly efficient method and template for the determination of the composition drift by processing the reduced mass spectra.
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4
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Voorter PJ, McKay A, Dai J, Paravagna O, Cameron NR, Junkers T. Solvent-Independent Molecular Weight Determination of Polymers Based on a Truly Universal Calibration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114536. [PMID: 34861091 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) allows for accurate molecular weight calibration and determination that can be corrected for solvent influences. Polystyrene and poly(ethylene glycol) standards have been used to calibrate DOSY diffusion data for a variety of solvents, showing a high correlation of data when the bulk viscosity of the solvent is accounted for following the Stokes-Einstein equation. In this way, a type of universal calibration is introduced that allows for determinations of average molecular weight that are at least as accurate as those of traditional size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), if not better. Further, we demonstrate that DOSY calibrations can be used between laboratories, hence removing the need for individual calibration of setups as currently done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Voorter
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Alasdair McKay
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jinhuo Dai
- Dulux Australia, 1956 Dandenong Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Olga Paravagna
- Dulux Australia, 1956 Dandenong Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Neil R Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,School of Engineering, University of Warwick., Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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5
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Entropic-Based Separation of Diastereomers: Size-Exclusion Chromatography with Online Viscometry and Refractometry Detection for Analysis of Blends of Mannose and Galactose Methyl-α-pyranosides at “Ideal” Size-Exclusion Conditions. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe separation of carbohydrate diastereomers by an ideal size-exclusion mechanism, i.e., in the absence of enthalpic contributions to the separation, can be considered one of the grand challenges in chromatography: Can a difference in the location of a single axial hydroxy group on a pyranose ring (e.g., the axial OH being located on carbon 2 versus on carbon 4 of the ring) sufficiently affect the solution conformational entropy of a monosaccharide in a manner which allows for members of a diastereomeric pair to be separated from each other by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)? Previous attempts at answering this question, for aqueous solutions, have been thwarted by the mutarotation of sugars in water. Here, the matter is addressed by employing the non-mutarotating methyl-α-pyranosides of d-mannose and d-galactose. We show for the first time, using SEC columns, the entropically driven separation of members of this diastereomeric pair, at a resolution of 1.2–1.3 and with only a 0.4–1% change in solute distribution coefficient over a 25 °C range, thereby demonstrating the ideality of the separation. It is also shown how the newest generation of online viscometer allows for improved sensitivity, thereby extending the range of this so-called molar-mass-sensitive detector into the monomeric regime. Detector multidimensionality is showcased via the synergism of online viscometry and refractometry, which combine to measure the intrinsic viscosity and viscometric radius of the sugars continually across the elution profiles of each diastereomer, methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside and methyl-α-d-galactopyranoside.
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6
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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7
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Musl O, Sulaeva I, Bacher M, Mahler AK, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography in 2 D Liquid Chromatography Characterization of Lignosulfonates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4595-4604. [PMID: 32441817 PMCID: PMC7540692 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignosulfonates are bulk-scale byproducts of industrial sulfite pulping. Their amphiphilic character plays a central role in their successful application in large-scale materials production. As an inherent feature of the chemical structure, this amphiphilic character poses a major analytical challenge. In this study, the amphiphilic behavior of an industrial lignosulfonate was investigated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). This technique exploits hydrophobic regions present on the surface of lignosulfonates. Extensive characterization of the obtained fractions from preparative HIC, in terms of elemental composition, functional-group content, chemical structure, and molecular weight distribution, revealed a detailed picture of the chemical composition distribution. The charge-to-size ratio, that is, differences in the degree of sulfonation, was the dominant factor governing separation in HIC. A combination of HIC with size exclusion chromatography showed good orthogonality of separation and demonstrated the power of this 2 D liquid chromatography approach for an in-depth characterization, in general, and amphiphilicity, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Musl
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| | - A. Kai Mahler
- Sappi EuropeSappi Papier Holding GmbHBruckner Strasse 218101GratkornAustria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
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8
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Retention of polypropylene stereoisomers in solvent gradient interaction chromatography on porous graphitic carbon as influenced by temperature and mobile phase composition. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Viktor Z, Pasch H. Two-dimensional fractionation of complex polymers by comprehensive online-coupled thermal field-flow fractionation and size exclusion chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1107:225-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Yang J, Zheng T, Umair A, Li L. “Dead-End” Ultrafiltration: A Powerful Technique Utilizing “Coil-to-Stretch” Transition for Polymer Separation/Fractionation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxian Yang
- Food Science and Processing Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ahmad Umair
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- Food Science and Processing Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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11
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Striegel AM, Wilson WB, Sander LC. Detection Orthogonality in Macromolecular Separations. 2: Exploring Wavelength Orthogonality and Spectroscopic Invisibility Using SEC/DRI/UV/FL. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Murima D, Pasch H. Comprehensive branching analysis of star-shaped polystyrenes using a liquid chromatography–based approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5063-5078. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Viktor Z, Farcet C, Moire C, Brothier F, Pfukwa H, Pasch H. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the characterization of acrylate-modified hyaluronic acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3321-3330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Ndiripo A, Pornwilard MM, Pathaweeisariyakul T, Pasch H. Multidimensional chromatographic analysis of carboxylic acid-functionalized polyethylene. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01191a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carboxy-functionalized polyethylene is comprehensively analysed using a multidimensional fractionation approach based on high-temperature HPLC, two-dimensional liquid chromatography and selective infrared detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- University of Stellenbosch
- South Africa
| | | | | | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- University of Stellenbosch
- South Africa
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15
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Jovic K, Nitsche T, Lang C, Blinco JP, De Bruycker K, Barner-Kowollik C. Hyphenation of size-exclusion chromatography to mass spectrometry for precision polymer analysis – a tutorial review. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate how SEC-ESI-MS can be used to analyze complex polymers, a significant challenge in contemporary polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jovic
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Tobias Nitsche
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christiane Lang
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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16
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Lee S, Choi H, Chang T, Staal B. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Polystyrene/Polybutadiene Block Copolymers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6259-6266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Heejae Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Bastiaan Staal
- Competence Center Analytics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
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17
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. A multidimensional fractionation protocol for the oligomer analysis of oxidized waxes. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:137-148. [PMID: 29866263 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized waxes possess far superior properties as compared to the alkanes they are derived from. The separation of alkane oligomers via gas chromatography (GC) becomes a challenge when polar oxygen-containing functional groups are introduced or when higher molar masses are targeted. In the present study, the separation and analysis of oligomers in oxidized and non-oxidized waxes using different liquid chromatographic techniques are investigated. Oligomers in two oxidized waxes and a non-oxidized wax from which they are derived, are separated using high-temperature solvent gradient interaction chromatography (HT-SGIC) and high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT-2D-LC). Evaporative light scattering detector conditions are tailored to provide the best detection with the solvent system at use. It is shown that oligomers in oxidized and non-oxidized waxes can be separated and identified using the mentioned techniques. It has been found that the ELSD detector response systematically decreases as the oxidation levels of the waxes increase. Coupling of HT-HPLC and high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) in a comprehensive 2D-LC setup shows a broadening of the molar mass distributions of the lower oligomer fractions as a consequence of the modification indicating changes in the oligomer chain microstructures. A preparative fractionation technique is utilized to collect specific oligomer fractions from the bulk waxes followed by hyphenation to HT-HPLC and other techniques. HPLC is shown to provide more detailed information on the oligomer composition of waxes when coupled to a pre-fractionation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa.
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18
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DesLauriers PJ, Cole N, Lamborn MC, White CG, Lavine BK. Chemometric Methods for Estimating the Strain Hardening Modulus in Polyethylene Resins. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:463-475. [PMID: 29154674 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817745327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using multiway or N-way partial least square (NPLS) methods to estimate physical properties of 1-butene and 1-hexene polyethylene (PE) copolymers directly from multidimensional data obtained from size exclusion chromatography coupled to a Fourier transform infrared detector (SEC FT-IR) was explored. Digital sample sets of horizontal slices (slabs) of two-dimensional data simulating the molecular weight distribution and the corresponding orthogonal FT-IR spectra were correlated to a particular Y-block response using NPLS. The NPLS results were compared to those obtained through separate estimations using various algorithms and exploratory response surface methods. The estimated strain hardening modulus (<Gp>) for bimodal PE-like digital structures could adequately be modeled using both the linear response surface method (RSM) and NPLS. Although different input values were used, the predicted values for <Gp > by NPLS was found to mirror both the analytical results and the expected structural effects obtained using linear RSM models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J DesLauriers
- 1 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville Research & Technology Center, Bartlesville, OK, USA
| | - Nathan Cole
- 1 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville Research & Technology Center, Bartlesville, OK, USA
| | - Mark C Lamborn
- 1 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville Research & Technology Center, Bartlesville, OK, USA
| | - Collin G White
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Barry K Lavine
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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19
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Höpfner J, Ratzsch KF, Botha C, Wilhelm M. Medium Resolution 1 H-NMR at 62 MHz as a New Chemically Sensitive Online Detector for Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC-NMR). Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700766. [PMID: 29399906 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A state-of-the-art, medium-resolution 1 H-NMR spectrometer (62 MHz) is used as a chemically sensitive online detector for size-exclusion chromatography of polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS). The method uses protonated eluents and works at typical chromatographic conditions with trace amounts of analytes (<0.5 g L-1 after separation). Strong solvent suppression, e.g., by a factor of 500, is achieved by means of T1 -filtering and mathematical subtraction methods. Substantial improvements are made with respect to previous work in terms of the sensitivity (signal-to-noise ratio up to 130:1, PMMA OCH3 ) and selectivity (peak width, full width half maximum (FWHM) 4 Hz on-flow). Typical homopolymers and a blend are investigated to deformulate their composition along the dimensions of molecular weight and NMR chemical shift. These results validate this new hyphenated chromatography method, which can greatly facilitate analysis and is much more effective than previously published results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Höpfner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Ratzsch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carlo Botha
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Morlock S, Kübel JM, Beskers TF, Lendl B, Wilhelm M. Online Detection of Functional Groups in SEC via Quantum Cascade Laser IR Spectroscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [PMID: 29094443 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of coupled techniques based on chemically sensitive detectors, such as FTIR or NMR spectrometers, for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) provides sophisticated methods for determining the molecular-weight-dependent chemical composition in polymers. However, the detection of rare functionalities such as end groups or branching points presents a challenge, especially for online coupled SEC detection, which is based on low-concentration chromatography. To address this issue, for the first time, an external cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) infrared spectrometer is coupled to an SEC. The system is evaluated using polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA) blends. The current limit of detection for the carbonyl (PMMA) stretch vibration at 1730 cm-1 with this technique is 3.5 µg PMMA on a semipreparative column (typical load of 2.5 mg polymer in total). That equals 0.15 mol% of PMMA in the PS/PMMA blend and corresponds to one carbonyl group per 70 kg mol-1 polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Morlock
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jennifer M Kübel
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo F Beskers
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Division of Environmental and Process Analytical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/16-UPA, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Grubbs RB, Grubbs RH. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Living Polymerization—Emphasizing the Molecule in Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Grubbs
- Chemistry
Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Department
of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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22
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Doncom KEB, Blackman LD, Wright DB, Gibson MI, O'Reilly RK. Dispersity effects in polymer self-assemblies: a matter of hierarchical control. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4119-4134. [PMID: 28598465 PMCID: PMC5718301 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00818f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced applications of polymeric self-assembled structures require a stringent degree of control over such aspects as functionality location, morphology and size of the resulting assemblies. A loss of control in the polymeric building blocks of these assemblies can have drastic effects upon the final morphology or function of these structures. Gaining precise control over various aspects of the polymers, such as chain lengths and architecture, blocking efficiency and compositional distribution is a challenge and, hence, measuring the intrinsic mass and size dispersity within these areas is an important aspect of such control. It is of great importance that a good handle on how to improve control and accurately measure it is achieved. Additionally dispersity of the final structure can also play a large part in the suitability for a desired application. In this Tutorial Review, we aim to highlight the different aspects of dispersity that are often overlooked and the effect that a lack of control can have on both the polymer and the final assembled structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay E B Doncom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
| | - Lewis D Blackman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
| | - Daniel B Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK. and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
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23
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Greyling G, Pasch H. Fractionation of poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(vinyl pyridine) in aqueous and organic mobile phases by multidetector thermal field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:115-123. [PMID: 28716356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multidetector thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF) is shown to be a versatile characterisation platform that can be used to characterise hydrophilic polymers in a variety of organic and aqueous solutions with various ionic strengths. It is demonstrated that ThFFF fractionates isotactic and syndiotactic poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) as well as poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) and poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) according to microstructure in organic solvents and that the ionic strength of the mobile phase has no influence on the retention behaviour of the polymers. With regard to aqueous solutions, it is shown that, despite the weak retention, isotactic and syndiotactic PMAA show different retention behaviours which can qualitatively be attributed to microstructure. Additionally, it is shown that the ionic strength of the mobile phase has a significant influence on the thermal diffusion of polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions and that the addition of an electrolyte is essential to achieve a microstructure-based separation of P2VP and P4VP in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilaume Greyling
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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24
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Atmospheric pressure photo-ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of labile end groups in poly(styrene). Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Uliyanchenko E. Applications of Hyphenated Liquid Chromatography Techniques for Polymer Analysis. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Monrabal B. Separation of Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers by Crystallization and Adsorption Mechanisms. A Journey Inside the Analytical Techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Interface-free two-dimensional heart-cutting capillary electrophoresis for the separation and stacking of anionic and neutral analytes. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2532-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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28
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Beskers TF, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. Development of a chemically sensitive online SEC detector based on FTIR spectroscopy. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new FTIR–SEC coupling method provides correlated information about the molecular weight distribution and the chemical composition and has the potential to be applied as a standard SEC detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo F. Beskers
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH
| | - Thorsten Hofe
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH
- 55120 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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29
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Pitkänen L, Urbas AA, Striegel AM. On the feasibility of determining polymer chemical heterogeneity by SEC with continuous off-line Raman detection. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00189g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Examined here is the feasibility of employing Raman spectroscopy as a detection method in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and related macromolecular separations, for the purposes of determining the chemical heterogeneity of copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Pitkänen
- Chemical Sciences Division
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | - Aaron A. Urbas
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | - André M. Striegel
- Chemical Sciences Division
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Gaithersburg
- USA
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30
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Kukusamude C, Srijaranai S, Quirino JP. Stacking and Separation of Neutral and Cationic Analytes in Interface-Free Two-Dimensional Heart-Cutting Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3159-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500090n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyapuk Kukusamude
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of
Physical Sciences—Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
- Materials Chemistry
Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials Chemistry
Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of
Physical Sciences—Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
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31
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Pretorius NO, Willemse CM, de Villiers A, Pasch H. Combined size exclusion chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of complex aliphatic polyesters. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1330:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Striegel AM. There’s plenty of gloom at the bottom: the many challenges of accurate quantitation in size-based oligomeric separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8959-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Keddie DJ, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Moad G. The reactivity of N-vinylcarbazole in RAFT polymerization: trithiocarbonates deliver optimal control for the synthesis of homopolymers and block copolymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00487b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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