1
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Okkeh M, De Vita L, Bruni G, Doveri L, Minzioni P, Restivo E, Patrini M, Pallavicini P, Visai L. Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33887-33904. [PMID: 38019993 PMCID: PMC10658660 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04398c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are among the most frequent bacteria known to cause biofilm-related infections. Pathogenic biofilms represent a global healthcare challenge due to their high tolerance to antimicrobials. In this study, water soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanospheres (28 ppm) and nanostars (15 ppm) with electrostatically adsorbed photosensitizer (PS) Toluidine Blue O (TBO) ∼4 μM were successfully synthesized and characterized as PEG-GNPs@TBO and PEG-GNSs@TBO. Both nanoconjugates and the TBO 4 μM solution showed remarkable, if similar, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) effects at 638 nm, inhibiting the formation of biofilms by two Staphylococcal strains: a clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolate and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) RP62A. Alternatively in biofilm eradication treatments, the aPDI effects of PEG-GNSs@TBO were more effective and yielded a 75% and 50% reduction in viable count of MRSA and S. epidermidis RP62A preformed biofilms, respectively and when compared with untreated samples. This reduction in viable count was even greater than that obtained through aPDI treatment using a 40 μM TBO solution. Confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of PEG-GNSs@TBO's aPDI treatments revealed significant changes in the integrity and morphology of biofilms, with fewer colony masses. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon PEG-GNSs@TBO's aPDI treatment was detected by CLSM using a specific ROS fluorescent probe, demonstrating bright fluorescence red spots across the surfaces of the treated biofilms. Our findings shine a light on the potential synergism between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and photosensitizers in developing novel nanoplatforms to target Staphylococcal biofilm related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Okkeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Lorenzo De Vita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, Center for Colloid and Surfaces Science, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Lavinia Doveri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Paolo Minzioni
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Elisa Restivo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS 27100 Pavia Italy
| | | | | | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS 27100 Pavia Italy
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2
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A review on an effect of dispersant type and medium viscosity on magnetic hyperthermia of nanoparticles. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Mitri N, Rahme K, Fracasso G, Ghanem E. Human blood biocompatibility and immunogenicity of scFvD2B PEGylated gold nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:315101. [PMID: 35417900 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac66ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Single chain variable D2B antibody fragments (scFvD2Bs) exhibit high affinity binding to prostate specific membrane antigens overexpressed in metastatic prostate cancer (PC). Conjugation of scFvD2B to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) would enhance its stability and plasma half-life circulation to shuttle theranostic agents in PC. In this study, we synthesized PEGylated scFvD2B-AuNPs (AuNPs-scFvD2B-PEG) and tested their integrity, biocompatibility, and immunogenicity in freshly withdrawn human blood. Prior to blood incubation, Zeta potential measurements, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to assess the physicochemical properties of our nano-complexes in the presence or absence of PEGylation. A surface plasmon resonance band shift of 2 and 4 nm confirmed the successful coating for AuNPs-scFvD2B and AuNPs-scFvD2B-PEG, respectively. Likewise, DLS revealed a size increase of ∼3 nm for AuNPs-scFvD2B and ∼19 nm for AuNPs-scFvD2B-PEG. Zeta potential increased from -34 to -19 mV for AuNPs-scFvD2B and reached -3 mV upon PEGylation. Similar assessment measures were applied post-incubation in human blood with additional immunogenicity tests, such as hemolysis assay, neutrophil function test, and pyridine formazan extraction. Interestingly, grafting PEG chains on AuNPs-scFvD2B precluded the binding of blood plasma proteins and reduced neutrophil activation level compared with naked AuNPs-citrate counterparts. Most likely, a hydrated negative PEG cloud shielded the NPs rendering blood compatiblility with less than 10% hemolysis. In conclusion, the biocompatible AuNPs-scFvD2B-PEG presents promising characteristics for PC targeted therapy, with minimal protein adsorption affinity, low immunorecognition, and reduced hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Mitri
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, PO Box: 72, Lebanon
| | - Kamil Rahme
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, PO Box: 72, Lebanon
| | | | - Esther Ghanem
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, PO Box: 72, Lebanon
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4
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Rawat P, Imam SS, Gupta S. Formulation of Cabotegravir Loaded Gold Nanoparticles: Optimization, Characterization to In-Vitro Cytotoxicity Study. J CLUST SCI 2022; 34:893-905. [PMID: 35493274 PMCID: PMC9044393 DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effective and preventive treatment of HIV is one of the difficult challenges worldwide. It requires the development of an effective prophylactic strategy to prevent HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to synthesize Cabotegravir (CAB)-biodegradable gold (Au) nanoparticles by using pectin as a reducer and stabilizer. CAB-GNPs were prepared by the slightly modified Turkevich method. CAB-GNPs were optimized using Box Behnken design for independent variables gold chloride (A), pectin (B) and pH range (C). The effects of independent variables were observed on particle size (Y1) and encapsulation efficiency (Y2). The results of the study revealed that the optimized nanoparticles (GLN7) had a particle size of 3.9 ± 0.1 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 97.2 ± 3.9%. TEM study showed the spherical shape particles. The in-vitro drug release revealed 62.1 ± 0.5% release of CAB in simulated gastric buffer (pH 1.2) and 45.5 ± 2.8% in physiological buffer (pH 7.4). In-vitro cytotoxicity study and antibacterial activity depicted the safety of the prepared NPs by showing lesser toxicity than pure CAB. From the results, our experimental outcomes concluded that CAB gold nanoparticles composed of pectin may constitute a preferred embodiment for the delivery of CAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Rawat
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madhya Pradesh, Indore, 453552 India
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madhya Pradesh, Indore, 453552 India
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5
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Kayani Z, Islami N, Behzadpour N, Zahraie N, Imanlou S, Tamaddon P, Salehi F, Daneshvar F, Perota G, Sorati E, Mohammadi S, Sattarahmady N. Combating cancer by utilizing noble metallic nanostructures in combination with laser photothermal and X-ray radiotherapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Synthesis, Characterization and Stability of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) in Different Buffer Systems. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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7
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Nelidova D, Morikawa RK, Cowan CS, Raics Z, Goldblum D, Scholl HPN, Szikra T, Szabo A, Hillier D, Roska B. Restoring light sensitivity using tunable near-infrared sensors. Science 2020; 368:1108-1113. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Enabling near-infrared light sensitivity in a blind human retina may supplement or restore visual function in patients with regional retinal degeneration. We induced near-infrared light sensitivity using gold nanorods bound to temperature-sensitive engineered transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. We expressed mammalian or snake TRP channels in light-insensitive retinal cones in a mouse model of retinal degeneration. Near-infrared stimulation increased activity in cones, ganglion cell layer neurons, and cortical neurons, and enabled mice to perform a learned light-driven behavior. We tuned responses to different wavelengths, by using nanorods of different lengths, and to different radiant powers, by using engineered channels with different temperature thresholds. We targeted TRP channels to human retinas, which allowed the postmortem activation of different cell types by near-infrared light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasha Nelidova
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rei K. Morikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cameron S. Cowan
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Raics
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Goldblum
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik P. N. Scholl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamas Szikra
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnold Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Hillier
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Deutsches Primatzentrum, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Roska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Synthesis of Ultrastable Gold Nanoparticles as a New Drug Delivery System. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162929. [PMID: 31412609 PMCID: PMC6720288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnologies are increasingly being developed for medical purposes. However, these nanomaterials require ultrastability for better control of their pharmacokinetics. The present study describes three types of ultrastable gold nanoparticles stabilized by thiolated polyethylene glycol groups remaining intact when subjected to some of the harshest conditions described thus far in the literature, such as autoclave sterilization, heat and freeze-drying cycles, salts exposure, and ultracentrifugation. Their stability is characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. For comparison purposes, two conventional nanoparticle types were used to assess their colloidal stability under all conditions. The ability of ultrastable gold nanoparticles to encapsulate bimatoprost, a drug for glaucoma treatment, is demonstrated. MTS assays on human corneal epithelial cells is assessed without changing cell viability. The impact of ultrastable gold nanoparticles on wound healing dynamics is assessed on tissue engineered corneas. These results highlight the potential of ultrastable gold nanoparticles as a drug delivery system in ocular therapy.
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9
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Jauffred L, Samadi A, Klingberg H, Bendix PM, Oddershede LB. Plasmonic Heating of Nanostructures. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8087-8130. [PMID: 31125213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of light by plasmonic nanostructures and their associated temperature increase are exquisitely sensitive to the shape and composition of the structure and to the wavelength of light. Therefore, much effort is put into synthesizing novel nanostructures for optimized interaction with the incident light. The successful synthesis and characterization of high quality and biocompatible plasmonic colloidal nanoparticles has fostered numerous and expanding applications, especially in biomedical contexts, where such particles are highly promising for general drug delivery and for tomorrow's cancer treatment. We review the thermoplasmonic properties of the most commonly used plasmonic nanoparticles, including solid or composite metallic nanoparticles of various dimensions and geometries. Common methods for synthesizing plasmonic particles are presented with the overall goal of providing the reader with a guide for designing or choosing nanostructures with optimal thermoplasmonic properties for a given application. Finally, the biocompatibility and biological tolerance of structures are critically discussed along with novel applications of plasmonic nanoparticles in the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akbar Samadi
- Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Henrik Klingberg
- Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Lene B Oddershede
- Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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10
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Liu S, Lämmerhofer M. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for sample preparation: A review. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2438-2461. [PMID: 31056767 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a crucial step for the reliable and accurate analysis of both small molecule and biopolymers which often involves processes such as isolation, pre-concentration, removal of interferences (purification), and pre-processing (e.g., enzymatic digestion) of targets from a complex matrix. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)-assisted sample preparation and pre-concentration has been extensively applied in many analytical procedures in recent years due to the favorable and unique properties of GNPs such as size-controlled synthesis, large surface-to-volume ratio, surface inertness, straightforward surface modification, easy separation requiring minimal manipulation of samples. This review article primarily focuses on applications of GNPs in sample preparation, in particular for bioaffinity capture and biocatalysis. In addition, their most common synthesis, surface modification and characterization methods are briefly summarized. Proper surface modification for GNPs designed in accordance to their target application directly influence their functionalities, e.g., extraction efficiencies, and catalytic efficiencies. Characterization of GNPs after synthesis and modification is worthwhile for monitoring and controlling the fabrication process to ensure proper quality and functionality. Parameters such as morphology, colloidal stability, and physical/chemical properties can be assessed by methods such as surface plasmon resonance, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential determinations, transmission electron microscopy, Taylor dispersion analysis, and resonant mass measurement, among others. The accurate determination of the surface coverage appears to be also mandatory for the quality control of functionality of the nanoparticles. Some promising applications of (functionalized) GNPs for bioanalysis and sample preparation are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Artiga Á, Serrano-Sevilla I, De Matteis L, Mitchell SG, de la Fuente JM. Current status and future perspectives of gold nanoparticle vectors for siRNA delivery. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:876-896. [PMID: 32255093 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02484g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Discovering the vast therapeutic potential of siRNA opened up new clinical research areas focussing on a number of diseases and applications; however significant problems with siRNA stability and delivery have hindered its clinical applicability. As a result, interest in the development of practical siRNA delivery systems has grown in recent years. Of the numerous siRNA delivery strategies currently on offer, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stand out thanks to their biocompatibility and capacity to protect siRNA against degradation; not to mention the versatility offered by their tuneable shape, size and optical properties. Herein this review provides a complete summary of the methodologies for functionalizing AuNPs with siRNA, paying singular attention to the AuNP shape, size and surface coating, since these key factors heavily influence cellular interaction, internalization and, ultimately, the efficacy of the hybrid particle. The most noteworthy hybridization strategies have been highlighted along with the most innovative and outstanding in vivo studies with a view to increasing clinical interest in the use of AuNPs as siRNA nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Artiga
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Zaragoza and CIBER-BBN, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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12
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Water dispersed gold nanoparticles catalyzed aerobic oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling: An efficient synthesis of α-ketoamides in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Xu X, Gao S, Chen W, Gao Z, Luo J. tert
-Butyl Hydroperoxide Promoted Pd-catalyzed Homocoupling of Arylboronic Acids. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 (P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 (P. R. China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 (P. R. China
| | - Zhanghua Gao
- Department Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Ningbo 315100 (P. R. China
| | - Junfei Luo
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 (P. R. China
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14
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Guerrini L, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Pazos-Perez N. Surface Modifications of Nanoparticles for Stability in Biological Fluids. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1154. [PMID: 29986436 PMCID: PMC6073273 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high surface: volume ratio and the extraordinary properties arising from the nanoscale (optical, electric, magnetic, etc.), nanoparticles (NPs) are excellent candidates for multiple applications. In this context, nanoscience is opening a wide range of modern technologies in biological and biomedical fields, among others. However, one of the main drawbacks that still delays its fast evolution and effectiveness is related to the behavior of nanomaterials in the presence of biological fluids. Unfortunately, biological fluids are characterized by high ionic strengths which usually induce NP aggregation. Besides this problem, the high content in biomacromolecules—such as lipids, sugars, nucleic acids and, especially, proteins—also affects NP stability and its viability for some applications due to, for example, the formation of the protein corona around the NPs. Here, we will review the most common strategies to achieve stable NPs dispersions in high ionic strength fluids and, also, antifouling strategies to avoid the protein adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guerrini
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica e Inorganica and EMaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Carrer de Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Ramon A Alvarez-Puebla
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica e Inorganica and EMaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Carrer de Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Pazos-Perez
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica e Inorganica and EMaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Carrer de Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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15
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Colorimetric and visual determination of Au(III) ions using PEGylated gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Ma N, Jiang YW, Zhang X, Wu H, Myers JN, Liu P, Jin H, Gu N, He N, Wu FG, Chen Z. Enhanced Radiosensitization of Gold Nanospikes via Hyperthermia in Combined Cancer Radiation and Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:28480-28494. [PMID: 27689441 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures as excellent candidates for nanosensitizers have shown enormous potentials in cancer radiotherapy and photothermal therapy. Clinically, a relatively low and safe radiation dose is highly desired to avoid damage to normal tissues. Therefore, the synergistic effect of the low-dosed X-ray radiation and other therapeutic approaches (or so-called "combined therapeutic strategy") is needed. Herein, we have synthesized hollow and spike-like gold nanostructures by a facile galvanic replacement reaction. Such gold nanospikes (GNSs) with low cytotoxicity exhibited high photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 50.3%) and had excellent photostability under cyclic near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiations. We have demonstrated that these GNSs can be successfully used for in vitro and in vivo X-ray radiation therapy and NIR photothermal therapy. For the in vitro study, colony formation assay clearly demonstrated that GNS-mediated photothermal therapy and X-ray radiotherapy reduced the cell survival fraction to 89% and 51%, respectively. In contrast, the cell survival fraction of the combined radio- and photothermal treatment decreased to 33%. The synergistic cancer treatment performance was attributable to the effect of hyperthermia, which efficiently enhanced the radiosensitizing effect of hypoxic cancer cells that were resistant to ionizing radiation. The sensitization enhancement ratio (SER) of GNSs alone was calculated to be about 1.38, which increased to 1.63 when the GNS treatment was combined with the NIR irradiation, confirming that GNSs are effective radiation sensitizers to enhance X-ray radiation effect through hyperpyrexia. In vivo tumor growth study indicated that the tumor growth inhibition (TGI) in the synergistically treated group reached 92.2%, which was much higher than that of the group treated with the GNS-enhanced X-ray radiation (TGI = 29.8%) or the group treated with the GNS-mediated photothermal therapy (TGI = 70.5%). This research provides a new method to employ GNSs as multifunctional nanosensitizers for synergistic NIR photothermal and X-ray radiation therapy in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - John N Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peidang Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Haizhen Jin
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Nongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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17
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Guo J, O'Driscoll CM, Holmes JD, Rahme K. Bioconjugated gold nanoparticles enhance cellular uptake: A proof of concept study for siRNA delivery in prostate cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:16-27. [PMID: 27188645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) facilitates surface modifications and thus these bioengineered NPs have been investigated as a means of delivering a variety of therapeutic cargos to treat cancer. In this study we have developed AuNPs conjugated with targeting ligands to enhance cell-specific uptake in prostate cancer cells, with a purpose of providing efficient non-viral gene delivery systems in the treatment of prostate cancer. As a consequence, two novel AuNPs were synthesised namely AuNPs-PEG-Tf (negatively charged AuNPs with the transferrin targeting ligands) and AuNPs-PEI-FA (positively charged AuNPs with the folate-receptor targeting ligands). Both bioconjugated AuNPs demonstrated low cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells. The attachment of the targeting ligand Tf to AuNPs successfully achieved receptor-mediated cellular uptake in PC-3 cells, a prostate cancer cell line highly expressing Tf receptors. The AuNPs-PEI-FA effectively complexed small interfering RNA (siRNA) through electrostatic interaction. At the cellular level the AuNPs-PEI-FA specifically delivered siRNA into LNCaP cells, a prostate cancer cell line overexpressing prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA, exhibits a hydrolase enzymic activity with a folate substrate). Following endolysosomal escape the AuNPs-PEI-FA.siRNA formulation produced enhanced endogenous gene silencing compared to the non-targeted formulation. Our results suggest both formulations have potential as non-viral gene delivery vectors in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Guo
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - Justin D Holmes
- Materials Chemistry and Analysis Group, Department of Chemistry and The Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kamil Rahme
- Materials Chemistry and Analysis Group, Department of Chemistry and The Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Science, Notre Dame University (Louaize), Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon.
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18
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Ruff J, Steitz J, Buchkremer A, Noyong M, Hartmann H, Besmehn A, Simon U. Multivalency of PEG-thiol ligands affects the stability of NIR-absorbing hollow gold nanospheres and gold nanorods. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2828-2841. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00674d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work the effect of multivalency on the stability of NIR-absorbing HAuNSs and AuNRs functionalized by mono-, bi- and tridentate polyethyleneglycol (PEG) thiol ligands is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ruff
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
| | - J. Steitz
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science
- University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
| | - A. Buchkremer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
| | - M. Noyong
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
| | - H. Hartmann
- Central Institute for Engineering
- Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3)
- Jülich
- Germany
| | - A. Besmehn
- Central Institute for Engineering
- Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3)
- Jülich
- Germany
| | - U. Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen
- Germany
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19
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McGrath AJ, Chien YH, Cheong S, Herman DAJ, Watt J, Henning AM, Gloag L, Yeh CS, Tilley RD. Gold over Branched Palladium Nanostructures for Photothermal Cancer Therapy. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12283-91. [PMID: 26549201 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanostructures show exciting potential as materials for effective photothermal hyperthermia therapy. We report the seed-mediated synthesis of palladium-gold (Pd-Au) nanostructures containing multiple gold nanocrystals on highly branched palladium seeds. The nanostructures were synthesized via the addition of a gold precursor to a palladium seed solution in the presence of oleylamine, which acts as both a reducing and a stabilizing agent. The interaction and the electronic coupling between gold nanocrystals and between palladium and gold broadened and red-shifted the localized surface plasmon resonance absorption maximum of the gold nanocrystals into the near-infrared region, to give enhanced suitability for photothermal hyperthermia therapy. Pd-Au heterostructures irradiated with an 808 nm laser light caused destruction of HeLa cancer cells in vitro, as well as complete destruction of tumor xenographs in mouse models in vivo for effective photothermal hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Hsin Chien
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chen-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
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20
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Fazio E, Scala A, Grimato S, Ridolfo A, Grassi G, Neri F. Laser light triggered smart release of silibinin from a PEGylated-PLGA gold nanocomposite. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:9023-9032. [PMID: 32263033 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work a new remotely-triggered drug delivery system based on PEG-PLGA_Au nanocomposite is proposed. Due to the optical properties of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), the nanovector allows on-demand control of the dose, the timing and the duration of the drug release, upon irradiation with red laser light. The Au NPs are synthesized by laser ablation and subsequently embedded into the PEG-PLGA copolymer via a modified emulsion-diffusion method, devised in such a way that both Au NPs and silibinin (SLB), a flavonolignan with promising anti-neoplastic effects, can be co-loaded into the polymeric system in a single step procedure. A combination of analytical techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), static and dynamic light scattering (SLS, DLS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning/transmission electron microscopies (SEM/STEM/TEM), have been used to study the structural and morphological properties of the nanocomposite. The loading efficiency and the drug content, evaluated by UV-vis absorption optical spectroscopy, are 89% and 8.8%, respectively. Upon laser irradiation the system releases the encapsulated drug with a higher efficiency (∼10%) than that without irradiation. This behaviour indicates that our nanoplatform is responsive to light and it could be considered a promising new type of light-activated drug delivery carrier applicable to the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fazio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
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21
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Rahme K, Guo J, Holmes JD, O'Driscoll CM. Evaluation of the physicochemical properties and the biocompatibility of polyethylene glycol-conjugated gold nanoparticles: A formulation strategy for siRNA delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:604-612. [PMID: 26322474 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics for cancer has received much attention; however, delivery of RNAi effectors, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), remains an obstacle to clinical translation. Non-viral delivery vectors have been used extensively to enhance siRNA delivery. Recently, the potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for transporting drugs, proteins and genetic materials has been demonstrated. Previously, our laboratory synthesised positively charged, surfactant-free AuNPs in water by the reduction of gold (III) chloride (AuCl3) using hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH·HCl) in the presence of L-cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride (HSCH2CH(NH2)COOCH3·HCl) as a capping agent. These AuNPs, which achieve higher cell viability in comparison to cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB, a surfactant)-capped counterparts, have demonstrated potential for siRNA delivery. However, it is well known that systemic administration of cationic delivery systems without biological stablising moieties causes non-specific binding with negatively charged serum proteins, resulting in particle aggregation and opsonisation. Consequently, highly stable AuNPs capped with l-cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were synthesised in this study. PEGylation enhanced the biocompatibility of the AuNPs by reducing toxicity in a range of cell types, by inhibiting interaction with serum proteins thus avoiding aggregation, and, by providing protection against degradation by nucleases. Moreover, these PEGylated AuNPs formed nanoparticles (NPs) with siRNA (which was first compacted with protamine), and had a diameter within the nanoscale range (∼ 250 nm) and a near neutral surface charge (∼ 10 mV). In the future a bifunctional PEG chain on the AuNPs (i.e., SH-PEG-NH2, SH-PEG-COOH) will be used to facilitate conjugation of a targeting ligand to enhance cell specific uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Rahme
- Materials Chemistry and Analysis Group, Department of Chemistry and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; AMBER (Advanced Materials and Biological Engineering Research Centre), CRANN (Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Science, Notre Dame University (Louaize), Lebanon
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Justin D Holmes
- Materials Chemistry and Analysis Group, Department of Chemistry and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; AMBER (Advanced Materials and Biological Engineering Research Centre), CRANN (Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Karanjit S, Ehara M, Sakurai H. Mechanism of the Aerobic Homocoupling of Phenylboronic Acid on Au₂₀⁻: A DFT Study. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:2397-403. [PMID: 26103590 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the gold nanocluster-catalyzed aerobic homocoupling of arylboronic acids has been elucidated by means of DFT calculations with Au20(-) as a model cluster for the Au:[poly(N-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one)] catalyst. We found that oxygen affects the adsorption of phenylboronic acid and, by lowering the energy barrier, a water molecule enhances dissociation of the C-B bond, which is probably the rate-determining step. The key role of oxygen is in activating the surface of the gold cluster by generating Lewis acidic sites for adsorption and activation of the phenylboronic acid, leading to the formation of biphenyl through a superoxo-like species. Moreover, the oxygen adsorbed on the Au nanocluster can act as an oxidant for phenylboronic acid, giving phenol as a byproduct. As shown by NBO analysis, the basic aqueous reaction medium facilitates the reductive elimination process by weakening the Au-C bond, thereby enhancing the formation of biphenyl. The coupling of phenyl and reductive elimination of biphenyl occur at the top or facet site with low-energy-barrier through spillover of phenyl group on Au NC. The present findings are useful for the interpretation or design of other coupling reactions with Au NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Karanjit
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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23
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Terekhin VV, Senchikhin IN, Dement’eva OV, Rudoy VM. Conjugates of gold nanoparticles and poly(ethylene glycol): Formation in hydrosol, direct transfer to organic medium, and stability of organosols. COLLOID JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x15040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Guo J, Armstrong MJ, O'Driscoll CM, Holmes JD, Rahme K. Positively charged, surfactant-free gold nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16294c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of positively charged, surfactant-free, not cytotoxic 2–200 nm gold nanoparticles in water by seeding growth method; a powerful candidate for nucleic acid delivery application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Guo
- Pharmacodelivery group
- School of Pharmacy
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
| | - Mark J. Armstrong
- Materials Chemistry and Analysis Group
- Department of Chemistry and the Tyndall National Institute
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
| | | | - Justin D. Holmes
- Materials Chemistry and Analysis Group
- Department of Chemistry and the Tyndall National Institute
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
| | - Kamil Rahme
- Materials Chemistry and Analysis Group
- Department of Chemistry and the Tyndall National Institute
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
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25
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Huang D, Yang G, Feng X, Lai X, Zhao P. Triazole-stabilized gold and related noble metal nanoparticles for 4-nitrophenol reduction. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00673b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of N-substituted triazole–polyethylene glycol-stabilized metal nanoparticles and their high catalytic activities for 4-nitrophenol reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshun Huang
- Nano Chemistry Group
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
- Mianyang 621907
- China
| | - Guiying Yang
- Nano Chemistry Group
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
- Mianyang 621907
- China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Xingwen Feng
- Nano Chemistry Group
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
- Mianyang 621907
- China
| | - Xinchun Lai
- Nano Chemistry Group
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
- Mianyang 621907
- China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- Nano Chemistry Group
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
- Mianyang 621907
- China
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26
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Dwivedi S, Bardhan S, Ghosh P, Das S. A green protocol for the Pd catalyzed ligand free homocoupling reaction of arylboronic acids under ambient conditions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05230g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, competent, green pathway has been developed for the Pd catalyzed ligand free homocoupling reaction of arylboronic acids in water under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling 734 013, India
| | - Soumik Bardhan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling 734 013, India
| | - Prasanjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling 734 013, India
| | - Sajal Das
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling 734 013, India
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27
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Angelo da Silva MG, Meneghetti MR, Denicourt-Nowicki A, Roucoux A. Tunable hydroxylated surfactants: an efficient toolbox towards anisotropic gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03550j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Size- and shape-controlled anisotropic gold nanoparticles were reported. The organisation of tunable hydroxylated surfactants providing various nanostructured materials has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Gabriella Angelo da Silva
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS, UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
- Grupo de Catálise e Reactividade Quimica GCaR
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal de Alagoas
| | - Mario Roberto Meneghetti
- Grupo de Catálise e Reactividade Quimica GCaR
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal de Alagoas
- Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Alain Roucoux
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS, UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
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