1
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Pawlik V, Zhou S, Zhou S, Qin D, Xia Y. Silver Nanocubes: From Serendipity to Mechanistic Understanding, Rational Synthesis, and Niche Applications. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3427-3449. [PMID: 37181675 PMCID: PMC10173382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silver has long been interwoven into human history, and its uses have evolved from currency and jewelry to medicine, information technology, catalysis, and electronics. Within the last century, the development of nanomaterials has further solidified the importance of this element. Despite this long history, there was essentially no mechanistic understanding or experimental control of silver nanocrystal synthesis until about two decades ago. Here we aim to provide an account of the history and development of the colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes, as well as some of their major applications. We begin with a description of the first accidental synthesis of silver nanocubes that spurred subsequent investigations into each of the individual components of the protocol, revealing piece by piece parts of the mechanistic puzzle. This is followed by a discussion of the various obstacles inherent to the original method alongside mechanistic details developed to optimize the synthetic protocol. Finally, we discuss a range of applications enabled by the plasmonic and catalytic properties of silver nanocubes, including localized surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, metamaterials, and ethylene epoxidation, as well as further derivatization and development of size, shape, composition, and related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pawlik
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department
of Nanoscience and Biomedical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Siyu Zhou
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dong Qin
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Younan Xia
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- The
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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2
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Kusada K, Kitagawa H. Continuous-flow syntheses of alloy nanoparticles. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:547-558. [PMID: 34812460 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alloy nanoparticles (NPs), including core-shell, segregated and solid-solution types, show a variety of attractive properties such as catalytic and optical properties and are used in a wide range of applications. Precise control and good reproducibility in the syntheses of alloy NPs are highly demanded because these properties are tunable by controlling alloy structures, compositions, particle sizes, and so on. To improve the efficiency and reproducibility of their syntheses, continuous-flow syntheses with various types of reactors have recently been developed instead of the current mainstream approach, batch syntheses. In this review, we focus on the continuous-flow syntheses of alloy NPs and first overview the flow syntheses of NPs, especially of alloy NPs. Subsequently, the details of flow reactors and their chemistry to synthesize core-shell, segregated, solid-solution types of alloy NPs, and high-entropy alloy NPs are introduced. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kusada
- The Hakubi Centre for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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3
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Toro-González M, Clifford DM, Molina MC, Castano CE, Rojas JV. New concept of radiolytic synthesis of gold nanoparticles in continuous flow. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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4
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Ranadive P, Blanchette Z, Spanos A, Medlin JW, Brunelli N. Scalable synthesis of selective hydrodeoxygenation inverted Pd@TiO2 nanocatalysts. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Lau KS, Tan ST, Ginting RT, Khiew PS, Chin SX, Chia CH. A mechanistic study of silver nanostructure incorporating reduced graphene oxide via a flow synthesis approach. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04881b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An improved capacitive behaviour of reduced graphene oxide with the incorporation of silver nanoparticles and silver nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Sheng Lau
- Materials Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- 43600 Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Sin Tee Tan
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- 43400 UPM Serdang
- Malaysia
| | - Riski Titian Ginting
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- Universitas Prima Indonesia
- Medan 20118
- Indonesia
| | - Poi Sim Khiew
- Center of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
- Semenyih
- Malaysia
| | - Siew Xian Chin
- Materials Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- 43600 Bangi
- Malaysia
- ASASIpintar Program, Pusat PERMATApintar®
| | - Chin Hua Chia
- Materials Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- 43600 Bangi
- Malaysia
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6
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Ranadive P, Parulkar A, Brunelli NA. Jet-mixing reactor for the production of monodisperse silver nanoparticles using a reduced amount of capping agent. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00152b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The jet-mixing reactor can continuously produce monodisperse silver nanoparticles using limited amounts of capping agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Ranadive
- The Ohio State University
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Aamena Parulkar
- The Ohio State University
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Nicholas A. Brunelli
- The Ohio State University
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Columbus
- USA
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7
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LaGrow AP, Besong TMD, AlYami NM, Katsiev K, Anjum DH, Abdelkader A, Costa PMFJ, Burlakov VM, Goriely A, Bakr OM. Trapping shape-controlled nanoparticle nucleation and growth stages via continuous-flow chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:2495-2498. [PMID: 28184392 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow chemistry is used to trap the nucleation and growth stages of platinum-nickel nano-octahedra with second time resolution and high throughputs to probe their properties ex situ. The growth starts from poorly crystalline particles (nucleation) at 5 seconds, to crystalline 1.5 nm particles bounded by the {111}-facets at 7.5 seconds, followed by truncation and further growth to octahedral nanoparticles at 20 seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec P LaGrow
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. and York Nanocentre, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Tabot M D Besong
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Noktan M AlYami
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khabiboulakh Katsiev
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), SABIC Corporate Research and Innovation Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalaver H Anjum
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Imaging and Characterization Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdelkader
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Pedro M F J Costa
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Osman M Bakr
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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8
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Thiele M, Knauer A, Malsch D, Csáki A, Henkel T, Köhler JM, Fritzsche W. Combination of microfluidic high-throughput production and parameter screening for efficient shaping of gold nanocubes using Dean-flow mixing. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1487-1495. [PMID: 28327746 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles and their special optical properties, the so-called localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), facilitate many applications in various fields. Due to the strong dependency of the LSPR on particle geometry, their synthesis is a challenging and time-consuming procedure especially for non-spherical shapes. In contrast, micromixers offer new experimental approaches and therefore enable the simplification of several processes. By using a zigzag micromixer (Dean-Flow-Mixer, DFM) that induces Dean-flow secondary flow patterns, we theoretically and experimentally show the mixing efficiency. Thus, we highlight the advantages of using it in the multistep synthesis of Au nanoparticles. Based on a narrow size distribution of Au nanocubes and an increased yield in combination with higher reproducibility, we depict the need for and advantage of the DFM to control the incubation times during the growth process. We further show that, by using the DFM, easy and very fast Au nanocube edge length tuning (53 nm, 58 nm, 70 nm and 75 nm) is possible by simultaneously reducing the consumption of the materials by up to 95%. We finally demonstrate the versatile abilities by using the DFM for parameter screening on examples of different halides and accessible bromide in the growth solutions. Therefore, we highlight the optimal concentration for the different growth regimes and the influences on the Au nanoparticle morphology (spheres, cubes and rods) and their defined shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Thiele
- Dept. of Nano Biophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany. andrea.csaki(at)ipht-jena.de
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9
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Cazorla C, Billamboz M, Bricout H, Monflier E, Len C. Green and Scalable Palladium-on-Carbon-Catalyzed Tsuji-Trost Coupling Reaction Using an Efficient and Continuous Flow System. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cazorla
- Sorbonne Universités; Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu; CS 60 319 60203 Compiègne Cedex France
| | - Muriel Billamboz
- Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale; 1 allée du Réseau Jean-Marie Buckmaster 60200 Compiègne France
| | - Hervé Bricout
- Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS); UMR 8181; Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Centrale Lille; École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille, Université Lille; Université d′Artois; 62300 Lens France
| | - Eric Monflier
- Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS); UMR 8181; Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Centrale Lille; École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille, Université Lille; Université d′Artois; 62300 Lens France
| | - Christophe Len
- Sorbonne Universités; Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu; CS 60 319 60203 Compiègne Cedex France
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10
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AlYami NM, LaGrow AP, Joya KS, Hwang J, Katsiev K, Anjum DH, Losovyj Y, Sinatra L, Kim JY, Bakr OM. Tailoring ruthenium exposure to enhance the performance of fcc platinum@ruthenium core–shell electrocatalysts in the oxygen evolution reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16169-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable and active core–shell bimetallic nanoparticles for the oxygen evolution reaction are rapidly tailored in a scalable continuous-flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noktan M. AlYami
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Alec P. LaGrow
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurram S. Joya
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- Leiden
- The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jinyeon Hwang
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- KIST
- Seongbuk-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Khabiboulakh Katsiev
- SABIC Corporate Research and Development Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalaver H. Anjum
- Imaging and Characterization Lab
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lutfan Sinatra
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- KIST
- Seongbuk-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Osman M. Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
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11
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Helmlinger J, Sengstock C, Groß-Heitfeld C, Mayer C, Schildhauer TA, Köller M, Epple M. Silver nanoparticles with different size and shape: equal cytotoxicity, but different antibacterial effects. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of silver nanoparticle morphology on their dissolution kinetics in ultrapure water as well as their biological effect on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Helmlinger
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - C. Sengstock
- Bergmannsheil University Hospital/Surgical Research
- Ruhr-University of Bochum
- 44789 Bochum
- Germany
| | - C. Groß-Heitfeld
- Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - C. Mayer
- Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - T. A. Schildhauer
- Bergmannsheil University Hospital/Surgical Research
- Ruhr-University of Bochum
- 44789 Bochum
- Germany
| | - M. Köller
- Bergmannsheil University Hospital/Surgical Research
- Ruhr-University of Bochum
- 44789 Bochum
- Germany
| | - M. Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
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12
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Quinsaat JEQ, Nüesch FA, Hofmann H, Opris DM. Hydrophobization of silver nanoparticles through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07397b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-coated Ag@SiO2core–shell particles with enhanced dispersibility in non-polar solvents were synthesized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Enrico Q. Quinsaat
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers
- Dübendorf
- Switzerland
| | - Frank A. Nüesch
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers
- Dübendorf
- Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Hofmann
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Institut des Matériaux
- Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Dorina M. Opris
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers
- Dübendorf
- Switzerland
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Jia P, Chang J, Wang J, Zhang P, Cao B, Geng Y, Wang X, Pan K. Fabrication and Formation Mechanism of Ag Nanoplate-Decorated Nanofiber Mats and Their Application in SERS. Chem Asian J 2015; 11:86-92. [PMID: 26395245 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a new simple method to fabricate a highly active SERS substrate consisting of poly-m-phenylenediamine/polyacrylonitrile (PmPD/PAN) decorated with Ag nanoplates. The formation mechanism of Ag nanoplates is investigated. The synthetic process of the Ag nanoplate-decorated PmPD/PAN (Ag nanoplates@PmPD/PAN) nanofiber mats consists of the assembly of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of PmPD/PAN nanofibers as crystal nuclei followed by in situ growth of Ag nanoparticles exclusively into nanoplates. Both the reducibility of the polymer and the concentration of AgNO3 are found to play important roles in the formation and the density of Ag nanoplates. The optimized Ag nanoplates@PmPD/PAN nanofiber mats exhibit excellent activity and reproducibility in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) with a detection limit of 10(-10) m, making the Ag nanoplates@PmPD/PAN nanofiber mats a promising substrate for SERS detection of chemical molecules. In addition, this work also provides a design and fabrication process for a 3D SERS substrate made of a reducible polymer with noble metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- Key laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiao Chang
- Key laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- Key laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Key laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bing Cao
- Key laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuting Geng
- Key laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- Key laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kai Pan
- Key laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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14
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Glasnov T. Highlights from the Flow Chemistry Literature 2013 (Part 4). J Flow Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Pan J, El-Ballouli AO, Rollny L, Voznyy O, Burlakov VM, Goriely A, Sargent EH, Bakr OM. Automated synthesis of photovoltaic-quality colloidal quantum dots using separate nucleation and growth stages. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10158-66. [PMID: 24131473 DOI: 10.1021/nn404397d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As colloidal quantum dot (CQD) optoelectronic devices continue to improve, interest grows in the scaled-up and automated synthesis of high-quality materials. Unfortunately, all reports of record-performance CQD photovoltaics have been based on small-scale batch syntheses. Here we report a strategy for flow reactor synthesis of PbS CQDs and prove that it leads to solar cells having performance similar to that of comparable batch-synthesized nanoparticles. Specifically, we find that, only when using a dual-temperature-stage flow reactor synthesis reported herein, are the CQDs of sufficient quality to achieve high performance. We use a kinetic model to explain and optimize the nucleation and growth processes in the reactor. Compared to conventional single-stage flow-synthesized CQDs, we achieve superior quality nanocrystals via the optimized dual-stage reactor, with high photoluminescence quantum yield (50%) and narrow full width-half-maximum. The dual-stage flow reactor approach, with its versatility and rapid screening of multiple parameters, combined with its efficient materials utilization, offers an attractive path to automated synthesis of CQDs for photovoltaics and, more broadly, active optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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