1
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Kim S, Conrad JA, Tow GM, Maginn EJ, Boatz JA, Gordon MS. Intermolecular interactions in clusters of ethylammonium nitrate and 1-amino-1,2,3-triazole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30428-30457. [PMID: 37917371 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The intermolecular interaction energies, including hydrogen bonds (H-bonds), of clusters of the ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and 1-amino-1,2,3-triazole (1-AT) based deep eutectic propellants (DeEP) are examined. 1-AT is introduced as a neutral hydrogen bond donor (HBD) to EAN in order to form a eutectic mixture. The effective fragment potential (EFP) is used to examine the bonding interactions in the DeEP clusters. The resolution of the Identity (RI) approximated second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (RI-MP2) and coupled cluster theory (RI-CCSD(T)) are used to validate the EFP results. The EFP method predicts that there are significant polarization and charge transfer effects in the EAN:1-AT complexes, along with Coulombic, dispersion and exchange repulsion interactions. The EFP interaction energies are in good agreement with the RI-MP2 and RI-CCSD(T) results. The quasi-atomic orbital (QUAO) bonding and kinetic bond order (KBO) analyses are additionally used to develop a conceptual and semi-quantitative understanding of the H-bonding interactions as a function of the size of the system. The QUAO and KBO analyses suggest that the H-bonds in the examined clusters follow the characteristic hydrogen bonding three-center four electron interactions. The strongest H-bonding interactions between the (EAN)1:(1-AT)n and (EAN)2:(1-AT)n (n = 1-5) complexes are observed internally within EAN; that is, between the ethylammonium cation [EA]+ and the nitrate anion ([NO3]-). The weakest H-bonding interactions occur between [NO3]- and 1-AT. Consequently, the average strengths of the H-bonds within a given (EAN)x:(1-AT)n complex decrease as more 1-AT molecules are introduced into the EAN monomer and EAN dimer. The QUAO bonding analysis suggests that 1-AT in (EAN)x:(1-AT)n can act as both a HBD and a hydrogen bond acceptor simultaneously. It is observed that two 1-AT molecules can form H-bonds to each other. Although the KBOs that correspond to H-bonding interactions in [EA]+:1-AT, [NO3]-:1-AT and between two 1-AT molecules are weaker than the H-bonds in EAN, those weak H-bond networks with 1-AT could be important to form a stable DeEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Justin A Conrad
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Garrett M Tow
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Jerry A Boatz
- Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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2
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Ramos-Martín M, Ríos-Lombardía N, González-Sabín J, García-Garrido SE, Concellón C, Presa Soto A, Del Amo V, García-Álvarez J. Fe III -Based Eutectic Mixtures as Multi-task and Reusable Reaction Media for Efficient and Selective Conversion of Alkynes into Carbonyl Compounds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301736. [PMID: 37439586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, simple and general protocol for the selective hydration of terminal alkynes into the corresponding methyl ketones has been developed by using a cheap, easy-to-synthesise and sustainable FeIII -based eutectic mixture [FeCl3 ⋅ 6H2 O/Gly (3 : 1)] as both promoter and solvent for the hydration reaction, working: i) under mild (45 °C) and bench-type reaction conditions (air); and ii) in the absence of ligands, co-catalysts, co-solvents or toxic, non-abundant and expensive noble transition metals (Au, Ru, Pd). When the final methyl ketones are solid/insoluble in the eutectic mixture, the hydration reaction takes place in 30 min, and the obtained methyl ketones can be isolated by simply decanting the liquid FeIII -DES, allowing the direct isolation of the desired ketones without VOC solvents. By using this straightforward and simple isolation protocol, we have been able to recycle the FeIII -based eutectic mixture system up to eight consecutive times. Furthermore, the FeIII -eutectic mixture is able to promote the selective and efficient formal oxidation of internal alkynes into 1,2-diketones, with the possibility of recycling this system up to three consecutive times. Preliminary investigations into a possible mechanism for the oxidation of the internal alkynes seem to indicate that it proceeds through the formation of the corresponding methyl ketones and α-chloroketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramos-Martín
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Nicolas Ríos-Lombardía
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
- Entrechem SL, Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier González-Sabín
- Entrechem SL, Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergio E García-Garrido
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Carmen Concellón
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Vicente Del Amo
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
| | - Joaquín García-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E33071, Oviedo, Spain)
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3
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Marset X, Guillena G. Deep Eutectic Solvents as à-la-Carte Medium for Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Organic Processes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238445. [PMID: 36500536 PMCID: PMC9736881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our society is facing a tremendous challenge to become more sustainable in every sphere of life. Regarding the chemical industry, one of the most significant issues to be addressed is the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as solvents because they are petrol-derived and most of them are toxic and flammable. Among the possible solutions, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as sustainable alternatives to VOCs in organic catalyzed transformations and other fields. The advantages of these new reaction media are not only related to their more benign physical and chemical properties and, for most of them, their renewable sources but also due to the possibility of being recycled after their use, increasing the sustainability of the catalyzed process in which they are involved. However, their use as media in catalytic transformations introduces new challenges regarding the compatibility and activity of known catalysts. Therefore, designed catalysts and "à-la-carte" DESs systems have been developed to overcome this problem, to maximize the reaction outcomes and to allow the recyclability of the catalyst/media system. Over the last decade, the popularity of these solvents has steadily increased, with several examples of efficient metal-catalyzed organic transformations, showing the efficiency of the catalysts/DES system, compared to the related transformations carried out in VOCs. Additionally, due to the inherent properties of the DES, unknown transformations can be carried out using the appropriated catalyst/DES system. All these examples of sustainable catalytic processes are compiled in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Marset
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (G.G.); Tel.: +34-965903400 (G.G.)
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4
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Hooshmand S, Kumar S, Bahadur I, Singh T, Varma RS. Deep eutectic solvents as reusable catalysts and promoter for the greener syntheses of small molecules: Recent advances. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Busato M, Tofoni A, Mannucci G, Tavani F, Del Giudice A, Colella A, Giustini M, D'Angelo P. On the Role of Water in the Formation of a Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on NiCl 2·6H 2O and Urea. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8843-8853. [PMID: 35616906 PMCID: PMC9199011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The metal-based deep
eutectic solvent (MDES) formed by NiCl2·6H2O and urea in 1:3.5 molar ratio has been
prepared for the first time and characterized from a structural point
of view. Particular accent has been put on the role of water in the
MDES formation, since the eutectic could not be obtained with the
anhydrous form of the metal salt. To this end, mixtures at different
water/MDES molar ratios (W) have been studied with
a combined approach exploiting molecular dynamics and ab initio simulations, UV–vis and near-infra-red spectroscopies, small-
and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy
measurements. In the pure MDES, a close packing of Ni2+ ion clusters forming oligomeric agglomerates is present thanks to
the mediation of bridging chloride anions and water molecules. Conversely,
urea poorly coordinates the metal ion and is mostly found in the interstitial
regions among the Ni2+ ion oligomers. This nanostructure
is disrupted upon the introduction of additional water, which enlarges
the Ni–Ni distances and dilutes the system up to an aqueous
solution of the MDES constituents. In the NiCl2·6H2O 1:3.5 MDES, the Ni2+ ion is coordinated on average
by one chloride anion and five water molecules, while water easily
saturates the metal solvation sphere to provide a hexa-aquo coordination
for increasing W values. This multidisciplinary study
allowed us to reconstruct the structural arrangement of the MDES and
its aqueous mixtures on both short- and intermediate-scale levels,
clarifying the fundamental role of water in the eutectic formation
and challenging the definition at the base of these complex systems. The metal-based deep eutectic solvent
formed by NiCl2·6H2O and urea in 1:3.5
a molar ratio was
prepared for the first time, and its aqueous mixtures were characterized
from a structural point of view, highlighting the fundamental role
of water in the eutectic formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Busato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tofoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mannucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Francesco Tavani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Colella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Mauro Giustini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Paola D'Angelo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
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Sun S, Liu S, Yu F, Zhang J, Xing W, Yu S. High–Yield and High–Efficiency Conversion of Cyclohexanone Oxime to ε-Caprolactam in a Green and Facile Reaction Process over Deep Eutectic Solvents. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Procopio D, Siciliano C, Trombino S, Dumitrescu DE, Suciu F, Di Gioia ML. Green solvents for the formation of amide linkages. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:1137-1149. [PMID: 34821895 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01814k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the amide bond is among the most commonly performed transformations in the pharmaceutical industry and the wider chemical industry. The current methods for its installation in organic compounds frequently rely on the use of large amounts of organic solvents, mainly N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and dichloromethane (DCM), which have been associated with adverse environmental and health concerns over the last decades. This fact led academia and industry to make significant efforts toward the development of synthetic routes with the aim to avoid, reduce or replace the use of hazardous solvents. The present review fits into this framework and discusses the literature existing over the past ten years on strategies for reducing and replacing hazardous solvents, focusing on the use of biobased and neoteric solvents, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents (ILs and DESs, respectively), and on the reaction media that proved to be greener alternatives for amide bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Procopio
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Carlo Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Sonia Trombino
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Denisa Elena Dumitrescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius, University Constanta, Str. Cpt. Av. Al. Serbanescu, Campus Corp C, Constanta, Romania
| | - Felicia Suciu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius, University Constanta, Str. Cpt. Av. Al. Serbanescu, Campus Corp C, Constanta, Romania
| | - Maria Luisa Di Gioia
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
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8
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Nano-construction of CuO nanorods decorated with g-C3N4 nanosheets (CuO/g-C3N4-NS) as a superb colloidal nanocatalyst for liquid phase C H conversion of aldehydes to amides. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Kaur S, Kumari M, Kashyap HK. Microstructure of Deep Eutectic Solvents: Current Understanding and Challenges. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10601-10616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Monika Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hemant K. Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Guo W, Zhang J, Yang F, Tan F, Zhao Z. Highly efficient and selective recovery of gallium achieved on an amide-functionalized cellulose. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ünlü AE, Arikaya A, Altundağ A, Takaç S. Remarkable effects of deep eutectic solvents on the esterification of lactic acid with ethanol over Amberlyst-15. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-019-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Kaur S, Malik A, Kashyap HK. Anatomy of Microscopic Structure of Ethaline Deep Eutectic Solvent Decoded through Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8291-8299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Akshay Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hemant K. Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Narendar Reddy T, Beatriz A, Jayathirtha Rao V, de Lima DP. Carbonyl Compounds′ Journey to Amide Bond Formation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:344-388. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thatikonda Narendar Reddy
- Instituto de Química (INQUI); Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; 79074-460 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Adilson Beatriz
- Instituto de Química (INQUI); Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; 79074-460 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Vaidya Jayathirtha Rao
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Dênis Pires de Lima
- Instituto de Química (INQUI); Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; 79074-460 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
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Sultana S, Borah G, Gogoi PK. Ru (III) Schiff-base complex anchored on nanosilica as an efficient and retrievable catalyst for hydration of nitriles. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samim Sultana
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh Assam India
| | - Geetika Borah
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh Assam India
| | - Pradip K. Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh Assam India
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Obst
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
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17
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Kaur S, Kashyap HK. Unusual Temperature Dependence of Nanoscale Structural Organization in Deep Eutectic Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5242-5250. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hemant K. Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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18
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Jain PU, Samant SD. A Facile One-Pot Transformation of Aromatic Aldehydes/Ketones to Amides: Fe2
O3
@SiO2
as an Environmentally Benign Core-Shell Catalyst. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prateek U. Jain
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Nathalal M. Parekh Road, Matunga Mumbai- 400019 India
| | - Shriniwas D. Samant
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Nathalal M. Parekh Road, Matunga Mumbai- 400019 India
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19
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An efficient procedure for chemoselective amidation from carboxylic acid and amine (ammonium salt) under mild conditions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-3229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kaur S, Sharma S, Kashyap HK. Bulk and interfacial structures of reline deep eutectic solvent: A molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:194507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4996644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shobha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hemant K. Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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21
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Chen X, Peng Y, Li Y, Wu M, Guo H, Wang J, Sun S. Cu-catalyzed aerobic oxidative C–CN bond cleavage of benzyl cyanide for the synthesis of primary amides. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02207g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu-catalyzed oxidative amidation of benzyl cyanide for primary amides is successfully developed. Using readily available NH4Cl and Cu/O2 catalytic oxidation system offers new opportunities for C–CN bond cleavage and primary amides bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Chen
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Life Science
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
- China
| | - Yanhong Peng
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Life Science
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
- China
| | - Yan Li
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Life Science
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
- China
| | - Minghu Wu
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Life Science
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
- China
| | - Haibing Guo
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Life Science
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
- China
| | - Jian Wang
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Life Science
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
- China
| | - Shaofa Sun
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Life Science
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
- China
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22
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Patil YP, Kore R, Kelley SP, Griffin ST, Rogers RD. Crystal structure of Zn(ZnCl4)2(Cho)2: the transformation of ions to neutral species in a deep eutectic system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5449-5452. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ions of the ZnCl2/choline chloride deep eutectic system form a neutral complex by coordination to a central metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh P. Patil
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | - Rajkumar Kore
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | | | | | - Robin D. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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23
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Mbous YP, Hayyan M, Hayyan A, Wong WF, Hashim MA, Looi CY. Applications of deep eutectic solvents in biotechnology and bioengineering-Promises and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:105-134. [PMID: 27923764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been touted recently as potential alternatives to ionic liquids (ILs). Although they possess core characteristics that are similar to those of ILs (e.g., low volatility, non-flammability, low melting points, low vapor pressure, dipolar nature, chemical and thermal stability, high solubility, and tuneability), DESs are superior in terms of the availability of raw materials, the ease of storage and synthesis, and the low cost of their starting materials. As such, they have become the subject of intensive research in various sectors, notably the chemical, electrochemical, and biological sectors. To date, the applications of DESs have shown great promise, especially in the medical and biotechnological fields. In spite of these various achievements, the safety concern for these mixtures must be sufficiently addressed. Indeed, in order to exploit the vast array of opportunities that DESs offer to the biological industry, first, they must be established as safe mixtures. Hence, the biotechnological applications of DESs only can be implemented if they are proven to have negligible or low toxicity profiles. This review is the first of its kind, and it discusses two current aspects of DES-based research. First, it describes the properties of these mixtures with ample focus on their toxicity profiles. Second, it provides an overview of the breakthroughs that have occurred and the foreseeable prospects of the use of DESs in various biotechnological and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Paul Mbous
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Maan Hayyan
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Institute of Halal Research University of Malaya (IHRUM), Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Adeeb Hayyan
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Institute of Halal Research University of Malaya (IHRUM), Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hashim
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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24
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Facile DES-mediated synthesis and antioxidant potency of benzimidazoquinazolinone motifs. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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25
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Shaabani A, Hooshmand SE, Afaridoun H. A green chemical approach: a straightforward one-pot synthesis of 2-aminothiophene derivatives via Gewald reaction in deep eutectic solvents. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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26
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Kaur S, Gupta A, Kashyap HK. Nanoscale Spatial Heterogeneity in Deep Eutectic Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6712-20. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b04187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Aditya Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hemant K. Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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27
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Alonso DA, Baeza A, Chinchilla R, Guillena G, Pastor IM, Ramón DJ. Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Organic Reaction Medium of the Century. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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Shaabani A, Hooshmand SE. Choline chloride/urea as a deep eutectic solvent/organocatalyst promoted three-component synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo-fused heterocycles via Groebke–Blackburn–Bienayme process. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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29
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García-Álvarez J. Deep Eutectic Mixtures: Promising Sustainable Solvents for Metal-Catalysed and Metal-Mediated Organic Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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30
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Bahrami K, Khodaei MM, Roostaei M. Sodium Azide as a Catalyst for the Hydration of Nitriles to Primary Amides in Water. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14296361042516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective conversion of aromatic nitriles to primary amides has been accomplished using sodium azide. The corresponding amides were obtained efficiently in excellent yields. This reaction was carried out under eco-friendly conditions using water in the absence of organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiumars Bahrami
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah 67149-67346, Iran
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center (NNRC), Razi University, Kermanshah, 67149-67346, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Roostaei
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah 67149-67346, Iran
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31
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Crochet P, Cadierno V. Catalytic synthesis of amides via aldoximes rearrangement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2495-505. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08684h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This Feature article provides a comprehensive overview of the developments achieved in the catalytic synthesis of amides via rearrangement of aldoximes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Crochet
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”
- Facultad de Química
| | - Victorio Cadierno
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”
- Facultad de Química
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32
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Cardellini F, Germani R, Cardinali G, Corte L, Roscini L, Spreti N, Tiecco M. Room temperature deep eutectic solvents of (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid and sulfobetaines: hydrogen bond-based mixtures with low ionicity and structure-dependent toxicity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03932k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation, properties and toxicity of room temperature deep eutectic solvents formed by (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid and aromatic, aliphatic and amphiphilic sulfobetaines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cardellini
- CEMIN
- Centre of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
- University of Perugia
| | - Raimondo Germani
- CEMIN
- Centre of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
- University of Perugia
| | - Gianluigi Cardinali
- CEMIN
- Centre of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
- University of Perugia
| | - Laura Corte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences – Microbiology
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Luca Roscini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences – Microbiology
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Nicoletta Spreti
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of L'Aquila
- L'Aquila
- Italy
| | - Matteo Tiecco
- CEMIN
- Centre of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
- University of Perugia
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33
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Wang A, Xing P, Zheng X, Cao H, Yang G, Zheng X. Deep eutectic solvent catalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation of electron-rich arenes with aldehydes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08950f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, six deep eutectic solvents were synthesized. Research shows that [ChCl][ZnCl2]2 can be used for catalyzing F–C alkylations of electron-rich arenes with aldehydes successfully. After five cycles, the yields remain about 89–94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- China
| | - Pengfei Xing
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- China
| | - Xueliang Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- China
- College of Bioengineering and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry
- Dalian University
| | - Hongyu Cao
- College of Bioengineering
- Dalian University
- China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- China
| | - Xuefang Zheng
- College of Bioengineering
- Dalian University
- China
- College of Bioengineering and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry
- Dalian University
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34
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Juneidi I, Hayyan M, Hashim MA. Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability for cholinium-based deep eutectic solvents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12425e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The first study investigating the toxicity of cholinium-based DESs on freshwater fish or fungi and the biodegradability of EAC-based DESs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Juneidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL)
| | - Maan Hayyan
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL)
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
- Department of Civil Engineering
| | - Mohd Ali Hashim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL)
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35
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Hu HC, Liu YH, Li BL, Cui ZS, Zhang ZH. Deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and malonic acid as an efficient and reusable catalytic system for one-pot synthesis of functionalized pyrroles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13577f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on choline chloride and malonic acid was applied as catalyst and reaction medium for synthesis of pyrroles by one-pot, four-component reaction of amines, aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and nitromethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chuan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Heng Liu
- The College of Preclinical Medicine
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- China
| | - Bao-Le Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Shui Cui
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Hui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
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36
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Liu P, Hao JW, Mo LP, Zhang ZH. Recent advances in the application of deep eutectic solvents as sustainable media as well as catalysts in organic reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), deep eutectic ionic liquids (DEILs), low-melting mixtures (LMMs) or low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs) as green media as well as catalysts in organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wu Hao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Mo
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Hui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
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37
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Jadhav VG, Bhojane JM, Nagarkar JM. Palladium on manganese ferrite: an efficient catalyst for one pot synthesis of primary amides from iodobenzene. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amidation of aryl iodide in one pot is reported using Pd–MnFe2O4 as a catalyst.
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38
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Deep Eutectic Solvents: Environmentally Friendly Media for Metal-Catalyzed Organic Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1186.ch003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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39
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Poly (N-2-aminoethylacrylamide) grafted polystyrene–Cu (II) complex catalyzed conversion of aldehydes into primary amides in water. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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40
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Singh AS, Shendage SS, Nagarkar JM. Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent as an efficient solvent for the benzylation of phenols. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Cardellini F, Tiecco M, Germani R, Cardinali G, Corte L, Roscini L, Spreti N. Novel zwitterionic deep eutectic solvents from trimethylglycine and carboxylic acids: characterization of their properties and their toxicity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10628h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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42
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Smith EL, Abbott AP, Ryder KS. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11060-82. [PMID: 25300631 DOI: 10.1021/cr300162p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2590] [Impact Index Per Article: 259.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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43
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Smirnov AS, Butukhanova ES, Bokach NA, Starova GL, Gurzhiy VV, Kuznetsov ML, Kukushkin VY. Novel (cyanamide)ZnIIcomplexes and zinc(ii)-mediated hydration of the cyanamide ligands. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:15798-811. [PMID: 25220287 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01812e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ZnII-mediated hydration of cyanamides does not require any co-catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S. Smirnov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S. Butukhanova
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda A. Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Galina L. Starova
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav V. Gurzhiy
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim L. Kuznetsov
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Complexo I
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
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