1
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Wang Z, Deuss PJ. The isolation of lignin with native-like structure. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108230. [PMID: 37558187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Searching for renewable alternatives for fossil carbon resources to produce chemicals, fuels and materials is essential for the development of a sustainable society. Lignin, a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, is an abundant renewable source of aromatics and is currently underutilized as it is often burned as an undesired side stream in the production of paper and bioethanol. This lignin harbors great potential as source of high value aromatic chemicals and materials. Biorefinery schemes focused on lignin are currently under development with aim of acquiring added value from lignin. However, the performance of these novel lignin-focused biorefineries is closely linked with the quality of extracted lignin in terms of the level of degradation and modification. Thus, the reactivity including the degradation pathways of the native lignin contained in the plant material needs to be understood in detail to potentially achieve higher value from lignin. Undegraded native-like lignin with an as close as possible structure to native lignin contained in the lignocellulosic plant material serves as a promising model lignin to support detailed studies on the structure and reactivity of native lignin, yielding key understanding for the development of lignin-focused biorefineries. The aim of this review is to highlight the different methods to attain "native-like" lignins that can be valuable for such studies. This is done by giving a basic introduction on what is known about the native lignin structure and the techniques and methods used to analyze it followed by an overview of the fractionation and isolation methods to isolate native-like lignin. Finally, a perspective on the isolation and use of native-like lignin is provided, showing the great potential that this type of lignin brings for understanding the effect of different biomass treatments on the native lignin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Tian D, Huang L, Zhang Z, Tian Z, Ge S, Wang C, Hu Y, Wang Y, Yang J. A novel approach for quantitative determination of cellulose content in tobacco via 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 2023; 526:108790. [PMID: 36933368 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an important component of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cell walls, which can be precursors for many harmful compounds in smoke. Traditional cellulose content analysis methods involve sequential extraction and separation steps, which are time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. In this study, a novel method was first introduced to analyze cellulose content in tobacco via two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. The method was based on derivatization approach to allow the dissolution of insoluble polysaccharide fractions of tobacco cell walls in DMSO‑d6/pyridine-d5 (4:1 v/v) for NMR analysis. The NMR results suggested that besides the main NMR signals of cellulose, partial signals of hemicellulose including mannopyranose, arabinofuranose, and galactopyranose units could also be identified. In addition, the utilization of relaxation reagents has proved to be an effective way to improve the sensitivity of 2D NMR spectroscopy, which was beneficial for quantification of biological samples with limited quantities. To overcome the limitations of quantification using 2D NMR, the calibration curve of cellulose with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as internal reference was constructed and thus the accurate measurement of cellulose in tobacco was achieved. Compared with the chemical method, the interesting method was simple, reliable, and environmentally friendly, which provided a new insight for quantitative determination and structure analysis of plant macromolecules in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Huang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Tian
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolin Ge
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Rinken R, Posthuma D, Rinaldi R. Lignin Stabilization and Carbohydrate Nature in H-transfer Reductive Catalytic Fractionation: The Role of Solvent Fractionation of Lignin Oil in Structural Profiling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201875. [PMID: 36469562 PMCID: PMC10108069 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reductive Catalytic Fractionation (RCF) of lignocellulosic materials produces lignin oil rich in monomer products and high-quality cellulosic pulps. RCF lignin oil also contains lignin oligomers/polymers and hemicellulose-derived carbohydrates. The variety of components makes lignin oil a complex matrix for analytical methods. As a result, the signals are often convoluted and overlapped, making detecting and quantifying key intermediates challenging. Therefore, to investigate the mechanisms underlining lignin stabilization and elucidate the structural features of carbohydrates occurring in the RCF lignin oil, fractionation methods reducing the RCF lignin oil complexity are required. This report examines the solvent fractionation of RCF lignin oil as a facile method for producing lignin oil fractions for advanced characterization. Solvent fractionation uses small volumes of environmentally benign solvents (methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate) to produce multigram lignin fractions comprising products in different molecular weight ranges. This feature allows the determination of structural heterogeneity across the entire molecular weight distribution of the RCF lignin oil by high-resolution HSQC NMR spectroscopy. This study provides detailed insight into the role of the hydrogenation catalyst (Raney Ni) in stabilizing lignin fragments and defining the structural features of hemicellulose-derived carbohydrates in lignin oil obtained by the H-transfer RCF process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Rinken
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusSW7 2AZLondonUK
| | - Dean Posthuma
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusSW7 2AZLondonUK
| | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusSW7 2AZLondonUK
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4
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Qin D, Liu Y, Yang R, Li J, Hu C. Complete Low-Temperature Transformation and Dissolution of the Three Main Components in Corn Straw. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200247. [PMID: 36722831 PMCID: PMC9891121 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of biomass faces the challenge of mass and heat transfer, as well as the exertion of heterogeneous catalyst, because raw biomass exists usually in solid state. In this work, the simultaneous transformation and dissolution of the three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin) in corn straw were achieved in ethanol/ valerolactone (GVL)/H2 O (10 : 10 : 40, v/v/v) co-solvent system. With the assistance of AlCl3 ⋅ 6H2 O, the conversion of hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose was >96 % at 170 °C. The conversion of solid biomass into fluid, overcoming the mass transfer restrictions between solid biomass and solid catalysts, provides new raw materials to further upgrading. H2 O could penetrate inside the crystalline cellulose to swell even dissolve it, while ethanol and GVL acted as media to dissolve especially the G unit in lignin. The H+ derived from AlCl3 ⋅ 6H2 O hydrolysis could break the linkages of lignin-hemicellulose and glycosidic bond in saccharides, and aluminum chloride promoted the next degradation of polysaccharides to small molecules. Consequently, as high as 33.2 % yield of levulinic acid and 42.2 % yield of furfural were obtained. The cleavage of β-O-4 and Cβ -Cγ bonds in lignin produced large amounts of lignin-derived dimers and trimers. The total yield of monomeric phenols is up to 8 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology Ministry of Education College of ChemistrySichuan University ChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
| | - Yancheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology Ministry of Education College of ChemistrySichuan University ChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
| | - Ruofeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology Ministry of Education College of ChemistrySichuan University ChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology Ministry of Education College of ChemistrySichuan University ChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology Ministry of Education College of ChemistrySichuan University ChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
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5
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Serk H, Nilsson MB, Figueira J, Krüger JP, Leifeld J, Alewell C, Schleucher J. Organochemical Characterization of Peat Reveals Decomposition of Specific Hemicellulose Structures as the Main Cause of Organic Matter Loss in the Acrotelm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17410-17419. [PMID: 36399683 PMCID: PMC9730845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands store carbon in the form of dead organic residues. Climate change and human impact impose risks on the sustainability of the peatlands carbon balance due to increased peat decomposition. Here, we investigated molecular changes in the upper peat layers (0-40 cm), inferred from high-resolution vertical depth profiles, from a boreal peatland using two-dimensional 1H-13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and comparison to δ13C, δ15N, and carbon and nitrogen content. Effects of hydrological conditions were investigated at respective sites: natural moist, drainage ditch, and natural dry. The molecular characterization revealed preferential degradation of specific side-chain linkages of xylan-type hemicelluloses within 0-14 cm at all sites, indicating organic matter losses up to 25%. In contrast, the xylan backbone, galactomannan-type hemicelluloses, and cellulose were more resistant to degradation and accumulated at the natural moist and drainage site. δ13C, δ15N, and carbon and nitrogen content did not correlate with specific hemicellulose structures but reflected changes in total carbohydrates. Our analysis provides novel insights into peat carbohydrate decomposition and indicates substantial organic matter losses in the acrotelm due to the degradation of specific hemicellulose structures. This suggests that variations in hemicellulose content and structure influence peat stability, which may have important implications with respect to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Serk
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats B. Nilsson
- Department
of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - João Figueira
- Department
of Chemistry, SciLife Lab, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Paul Krüger
- UDATA
GmbH − Umwelt und Bildung, Hindenburgstrasse 1, 67433 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
- Departement
Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität
Basel, Bernoullistrasse
30, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Leifeld
- Departement
Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität
Basel, Bernoullistrasse
30, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Agroscope,
Climate and Agriculture Group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Alewell
- Departement
Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität
Basel, Bernoullistrasse
30, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Schleucher
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Mengistie E, Alayat AM, Sotoudehnia F, Bokros N, DeBolt S, McDonald AG. Evaluation of Cell Wall Chemistry of Della and Its Mutant Sweet Sorghum Stalks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1689-1703. [PMID: 35099962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall compositional (lignin and polysaccharides) variation of two sweet sorghum varieties, Della (D) and its variant REDforGREEN (RG), was evaluated at internodes (IN) and nodes (N) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The stalks were grown in 2018 (D1 and RG1) and 2019 (D2 and RG2) seasons. In RG1, Klason lignin reductions by 16-44 and 2-26% were detected in IN and N, respectively. The analyses also revealed that lignin from the sorghum stalks was enriched in guaiacyl units and the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio was increased in RG1 and RG2, respectively, by 96% and more than 2-fold at IN and 61 and 23% at N. The glucan content was reduced by 23-27% for RG1 and by 17-22% for RG2 at internodes. Structural variations due to changes in both cellulose- and hemicellulose-based sugars were detected. The nonacylated and γ-acylated β-O-4 linkages were the main interunit linkages detected in lignin. These results indicate compositional variation of stalks due to the RG variation, and the growing season could influence their mechanical and lodging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalkachew Mengistie
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
| | - Abdulbaset M Alayat
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
| | - Farid Sotoudehnia
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
| | - Norbert Bokros
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Armando G McDonald
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
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7
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Zhao M, Fujisawa S, Saito T. Distribution and Quantification of Diverse Functional Groups on Phosphorylated Nanocellulose Surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5214-5222. [PMID: 34855397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated cellulose nanofiber (CNF) is attracting attention as a newly emerged CNF with high functionality. However, many structural aspects of phosphorylated CNF remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the chemical structures and distribution of ionic functional groups on the phosphorylated CNF surfaces via liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of colloidal dispersion. In addition to the monophosphate group, polyphosphate groups and cross-linked phosphate groups were introduced in the phosphorylated CNFs. The proportion of polyphosphate groups increased as the phosphorylation time increased, reaching ∼30% of all phosphate groups. Only a small amount of cross-linked phosphate groups existed in the phosphorylated CNF after a prolonged reaction time. Furthermore, phosphorylation of cellulose using urea and phosphoric acid was found to be regioselective at the C2 and C6 positions. There existed no significant difference between the surface degrees of substitution at the C2 and C6 positions of the phosphorylated CNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Zhao
- CNF R&D Center, Innovation Promotion Division, Oji Holdings Corporation, 1-10-6 Shinonome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8558, Japan.,Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuji Fujisawa
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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8
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Wang Z, Deuss PJ. Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Lignin: The Influence of Minor Units and Saccharides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5186-5198. [PMID: 34398518 PMCID: PMC9293178 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The precise elucidation of native lignin structures plays a vital role for the development of "lignin first" strategies such as reductive catalytic fractionation. The structure of lignin and composition of the starting material has a major impact on the product yield and distribution. Here, the differences in structure of lignin from birch, pine, reed, and walnut shell were investigated by combining detailed analysis of the whole cell wall material, residual enzyme lignin, and milled wood lignin. The results of the 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR analysis could be correlated to the product from Ru/C-catalyzed hydrogenolysis if monomeric products from ferulate and p-coumaryl and its analogous units were also appropriately considered. Notably, residual polysaccharide constituents seemed to influence the selectivity towards hydroxy-containing monomers. The results reinforced the importance of adequate structural characterization and compositional analysis of the starting materials as well as distinct (dis)advantages of specific types of structural characterization and isolation methods for guiding valorization potential of different biomass feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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9
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Wang ZK, Huang C, Zhong JL, Wang Y, Tang L, Li B, Sheng JJ, Chen L, Sun S, Shen X. Valorization of Chinese hickory shell as novel sources for the efficient production of xylooligosaccharides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:226. [PMID: 34838122 PMCID: PMC8626943 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hickory shell, a by-product of the food industry, is still not utilized and urgent to develop sustainable technologies for its valorization. This research focuses on the systematical evaluation of degraded products and xylooligosaccharide production with high yield from the shell via hydrothermal process. The pretreatment was carried out in a bath pressurized reactor at 140-220 °C for 0.5-2 h. The results indicated that the pretreatment condition strongly affected the chemical structures and compositions of the liquid fraction. The maximum yield of XOS (55.3 wt%) with limitation of by-products formation was achieved at 160 °C for 2 h. High temperature (220 °C) and short time (0.5 h) contributed to hydrolysis of xylooligosaccharide with high DP to yield 37.5 wt% xylooligosaccharide with DP from 2 to 6. Xylooligosaccharide obtained mainly consisted of xylan with branches according to the HSQC NMR analysis. Overall, the production of XOS with a high yield from food waste will facilitate the valorization of food waste in the biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jun-Lei Zhong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lv Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Sheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shaolong Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - XiaoJun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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10
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Chen T, Liu H, Liu J, Li J, An Y, Zhu M, Chen B, Liu F, Liu R, Si C, Zhang M. Carboxymethylation of polysaccharide isolated from Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulping (APMP) waste liquor and its bioactivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:211-220. [PMID: 33771550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the biological activity of polysaccharides and their derivatives has been widely studied. However, in addition to the natural polysaccharides directly extracted from plants and animals, there are rich polysaccharides in the pulping waste liquor that have not been fully utilized. The extracted polysaccharide from eucalyptus Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulping (APMP) waste liquor was used as a raw material. For the production of carboxymethyl polysaccharide, the effects of temperature (T), the amount of alkali (NaOH) and the amount of etherifying agent (ClCH2COOH) on the degree of substitution (DS) were investigated, the optimal preparation conditions are: reaction time 2 h, temperature 75 °C, and the molar ratio of polysaccharide, NaOH and ClCH2COOH is 1:1:2, the highest DS is 1.47; FT-IR, NMR and GPC were used to characterize the structure and Molecular weight, the results show that the polysaccharide of APMP waste liquor is rich in xylan, and it was proved that the carboxymethyl substitution was successful and the positions of the substituent group were determined. The characterization and biological activity research of xylan polysaccharide (XP) and carboxymethyl xylan polysaccharide (CMXP), such as antioxidation, moisture absorption/retention, bacteriostatic action and cytotoxicity were discussed. CMXP shows better effects compared with XP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Papermaking and Biorefinery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Haitang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Papermaking and Biorefinery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Papermaking and Biorefinery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Papermaking and Biorefinery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yongzhen An
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Papermaking and Biorefinery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China; College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- School of Biological Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Chuanling Si
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Papermaking and Biorefinery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Meiyun Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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11
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Liu X, Zhu R, Chen T, Song P, Lu F, Xu F, Ralph J, Zhang X. Mild Acetylation and Solubilization of Ground Whole Plant Cell Walls in EmimAc: A Method for Solution-State NMR in DMSO- d6. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13101-13109. [PMID: 32885955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of polysaccharides and lignin. The complexity and diversity of the plant cell wall polymers makes it difficult to isolate the components in pure form for characterization. Many current approaches to analyzing the structure of lignocellulose, which involve sequential extraction and characterization of the resulting fractions, are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The present study describes a new and facile system for rationally derivatizing and dissolving coarsely ground plant cell wall materials. Using ionic liquids (EmimAc) and dichloroacetyl chloride as a solvent/reagent produced mildly acetylated whole cell walls without significant degradation. The acetylated products were soluble in DMSO-d6 from which they can be characterized by solution-state two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectrometry. A distinct advantage of the procedure is that it realizes the dissolution of whole lignocellulosic materials without requiring harsh ball milling, thereby allowing the acquisition of high-resolution 2D NMR spectra to revealing structural details of the main components (lignin and polysaccharides). The method is therefore beneficial to understanding the composition and structure of biomass aimed at its improved utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Tianying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Fachuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.,Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
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12
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Jiang X, Narron RH, Han Q, Park S, Chang HM, Jameel H. Tracing Sweetgum Lignin's Molecular Properties through Biorefinery Processing. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4613-4623. [PMID: 32452146 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes to the molecular properties of lignin over the course of biorefinery processing were investigated by using sweetgum as a feedstock. Hydrothermal pretreatment has been used because it is an economically attractive, green process. Three representative biorefinery lignin preparations were obtained, with about 70 % yield based on raw lignin. The three fractions included soluble lignin adsorbed on resin (XADL), solvent-extracted lignin (HTCELp), and an additional ball-milled residual lignin (HTRELp). By comparing the raw and biorefinery lignin preparations, it can be concluded that lignin undergoes both degradation and condensation throughout the various stages of the hydrothermal-based biorefinery process. The two fractions made soluble by biorefinery processing, XADL and HTCELp, were found to be low-molecular-weight degradation products enriched with free phenolic hydroxyl groups. In addition, about 15 % of noncondensed phenolic units were involved in condensation reactions. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that at least about 28 % of β-O-4' substructures were cleaved. Hibbert's ketones were identified in XADL and HTRELp, which provided evidence of lignin undergoing acidolysis. The contents of β-5' and β-β' did not change significantly upon biorefinery processing. Finally, episyringaresinol was detected in XADL and HTCELp. It is hoped that these findings will help to further demonstrate the specific effects of biorefinery processing on lignin in hardwood and facilitate its utilization to improve biorefinery economics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Robert H Narron
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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13
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Ndukwe IE, Black I, Heiss C, Azadi P. Evaluating the Utility of Permethylated Polysaccharide Solution NMR Data for Characterization of Insoluble Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13221-13228. [PMID: 32794693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall polysaccharide analysis encompasses the utilization of a variety of analytical tools, including gas and liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These methods provide complementary data, which enable confident structural proposals of the many complex polysaccharide structures that exist in the complex matrices of plant cell walls. However, cell walls contain fractions of varying solubilities, and a few techniques are available that can analyze all fractions simultaneously. We have discovered that permethylation affords the complete dissolution of both soluble and insoluble polysaccharide fractions of plant cell walls in organic solvents such as chloroform or acetonitrile, which can then be analyzed by a number of analytical techniques including MS and NMR. In this work, NMR structure analysis of 10 permethylated polysaccharide standards was undertaken to generate chemical shift data providing insights into spectral changes that result from permethylation of polysaccharide residues. This information is of especial relevance to the structure analysis of insoluble polysaccharide materials that otherwise are not easily investigated by solution-state NMR methodologies. The preassigned NMR chemical shift data is shown to be vital for NMR structure analysis of minor polysaccharide components of plant cell walls that are particularly difficult to assign by NMR correlation data alone. With the assigned chemical shift data, we analyzed the permethylated samples of destarched, alcohol-insoluble residues of switchgrass and poplar by two-dimensional NMR spectral profiling. Thus, we identified, in addition to the major polysaccharide components, two minor polysaccharides, namely, <5% 3-linked arabinoxylan (switchgrass) and <2% glucomannan (poplar). In particular, the position of the arabinose residue in the arabinoxylan of the switchgrass sample was confidently assigned based on chemical shift values, which are highly sensitive to local chemical environments. Furthermore, the high resolution afforded by the 1H NMR spectra of the permethylated switchgrass and poplar samples allowed facile relative quantitative analysis of their polysaccharide composition, utilizing only a few milligrams of the cell wall material. The concepts herein developed will thus facilitate NMR structure analysis of insoluble plant cell wall polysaccharides, more so of minor cell wall components that are especially challenging to analyze with current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna E Ndukwe
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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14
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Liang Y, Duan W, An X, Qiao Y, Tian Y, Zhou H. Novel betaine-amino acid based natural deep eutectic solvents for enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 310:123389. [PMID: 32335347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel natural deep eutectic solvent (NDES) with water content ranging from 65 to 93 wt%, in which betaine (Bet) acts as the cation and amino acids (AAs) as the anions, was prepared by a simple and green chemical route. [Bet][AA] NDES showed excellent xylan and lignin solubility, however, scare cellulose solubility. A mild and facile pretreatment process with [Bet][AA] NDES was carried out at 60 °C for 5 h. The enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose and corncob was significantly improved. Detailed characterization showed that the enhancement of cellulose digestibility derived mainly from xylan and lignin removal. Xylan and lignin removal for [Bet][Lys]-W87 was 47.68 and 49.06%, while it was 42.20% and 57.01% for [Bet][Arg]-W82, respectively. FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and HSQC NMR studies confirmed the effectiveness and mechanism of [Bet][Lys]-W87 and [Bet][Arg]-W82 on biomass pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 277590, China
| | - Wenjing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 277590, China
| | - Xiaoxi An
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 277590, China
| | - Yingyun Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yuanyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 277590, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 277590, China.
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15
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Gerbin E, Frapart YM, Marcuello C, Cottyn B, Foulon L, Pernes M, Crônier D, Molinari M, Chabbert B, Ducrot PH, Baumberger S, Aguié-Béghin V, Kurek B. Dual Antioxidant Properties and Organic Radical Stabilization in Cellulose Nanocomposite Films Functionalized by In Situ Polymerization of Coniferyl Alcohol. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3163-3175. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gerbin
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Yves-Michel Frapart
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques—UMR CNRS 8601, Université de Paris, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Betty Cottyn
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Laurence Foulon
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Miguel Pernes
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - David Crônier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Michael Molinari
- CBMN UMR CNRS 5248, Université de Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Paul-Henri Ducrot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Stéphanie Baumberger
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | - Bernard Kurek
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
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16
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Berchem T, Schmetz Q, Lepage T, Richel A. Single and Mixed Feedstocks Biorefining: Comparison of Primary Metabolites Recovery and Lignin Recombination During an Alkaline Process. Front Chem 2020; 8:479. [PMID: 32582644 PMCID: PMC7292014 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sp. and Euphorbia sp. are potential candidates as indoor culture for the extraction of their high value-added metabolites for pharmaceutical applications. Both residual lignocellulosic materials recovered after extraction are studied in the present article as single or mixed feedstocks for a closed-loop bioprocesses cascade. An alkaline process (NaOH 3%, 30 min 160°C) is performed to separate the studied biomasses into their main components: lignin and cellulose. Results highlight the advantages of the multi-feedstocks approach over the single biomass in term of lignin yield and purity. Since the structural characteristics of lignin affect the potential applications, a particular attention is drawn on the comprehension of lignin structure alteration and the possible interaction between them during single or mixed feedstocks treatment. FTIR and 2D-NMR spectra revealed similar profiles in term of chemical functions and structure rather than novel chemical bonds formation inexistent in the original biomasses. In addition, thermal properties and molecular mass distribution are conserved whether hemp or euphorbia are single treated or in combination. A second treatment was applied to investigate the effect of prolonged treatment on extracted lignins and the possible interactions. Aggregation, resulting in higher molecular mass, is observed whatever the feedstocks combination. However, mixing biomass does not affect chemical structures of the end product. Therefore, our paper suggests the possibility of gathering lignocellulosic residues during alkali process for lignin extraction and valorization, allowing to forecast lignin structure and make assumptions regarding potential valorization pathway.
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17
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Wang X, Chen H, Feng X, Zhang Q, Labbé N, Kim K, Huang J, Ragauskas AJ, Wang S, Zhang Y. Isolation and characterization of lignocellulosic nanofibers from four kinds of organosolv-fractionated lignocellulosic materials. WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:503-517. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-020-01167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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18
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Abbas M, Peszlen I, Shi R, Kim H, Katahira R, Kafle K, Xiang Z, Huang X, Min D, Mohamadamin M, Yang C, Dai X, Yan X, Park S, Li Y, Kim SH, Davis M, Ralph J, Sederoff RR, Chiang VL, Li Q. Involvement of CesA4, CesA7-A/B and CesA8-A/B in secondary wall formation in Populus trichocarpa wood. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:73-89. [PMID: 31211386 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase A genes (CesAs) are responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in plant cell walls. In this study, functions of secondary wall cellulose synthases PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7-A/B and PtrCesA8-A/B were characterized during wood formation in Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). CesA RNAi knockdown transgenic plants exhibited stunted growth, narrow leaves, early necrosis, reduced stature, collapsed vessels, thinner fiber cell walls and extended fiber lumen diameters. In the RNAi knockdown transgenics, stems exhibited reduced mechanical strength, with reduced modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). The reduced mechanical strength may be due to thinner fiber cell walls. Vessels in the xylem of the transgenics were collapsed, indicating that water transport in xylem may be affected and thus causing early necrosis in leaves. A dramatic decrease in cellulose content was observed in the RNAi knockdown transgenics. Compared with wildtype, the cellulose content was significantly decreased in the PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7 and PtrCesA8 RNAi knockdown transgenics. As a result, lignin and xylem contents were proportionally increased. The wood composition changes were confirmed by solid-state NMR, two-dimensional solution-state NMR and sum-frequency-generation vibration (SFG) analyses. Both solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and SFG analyses demonstrated that knockdown of PtrCesAs did not affect cellulose crystallinity index. Our results provided the evidence for the involvement of PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7-A/B and PtrCesA8-A/B in secondary cell wall formation in wood and demonstrated the pleiotropic effects of their perturbations on wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Abbas
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ilona Peszlen
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Rui Katahira
- National Bioenergy Center, NREL, Golden, Co, USA
| | - Kabindra Kafle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Douyong Min
- Light Industry and Food Engineering College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Makarem Mohamadamin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chenmin Yang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark Davis
- National Bioenergy Center, NREL, Golden, Co, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Ronald R Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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19
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Hossain A, Rahaman MS, Lee D, Phung TK, Canlas CG, Simmons BA, Renneckar S, Reynolds W, George A, Tulaphol S, Sathitsuksanoh N. Enhanced Softwood Cellulose Accessibility by H 3PO 4 Pretreatment: High Sugar Yield without Compromising Lignin Integrity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Hossain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Mohammad Shahinur Rahaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - David Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Thanh Khoa Phung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Christian G. Canlas
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Laboratories, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- College of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William Reynolds
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anthe George
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Sarttrawut Tulaphol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- Department of Chemistry, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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20
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Lahtinen MH, Valoppi F, Juntti V, Heikkinen S, Kilpeläinen PO, Maina NH, Mikkonen KS. Lignin-Rich PHWE Hemicellulose Extracts Responsible for Extended Emulsion Stabilization. Front Chem 2019; 7:871. [PMID: 31921786 PMCID: PMC6927942 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood hemicelluloses have an excellent capacity to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions. Galactoglucomannans (GGM) from spruce and glucuronoxylans (GX) from birch provide multifunctional protection against physical breakdown and lipid oxidation in emulsions. Phenolic residues, coextracted with hemicelluloses using the pressurized hot water (PHWE) process, seem to further enhance emulsion stability. According to hypothesis, phenolic residues associated with hemicelluloses deliver and anchor hemicelluloses at the emulsion interface. This study is the first to characterize the structure of the phenolic residues in both GGM- and GX-rich wood extracts and their role in the stabilization of emulsions. PHWE GGM and GX were fractionated by centrifugation to obtain concentrated phenolic residues as one fraction (GGM-phe and GX-phe) and partially purified hemicelluloses as the other fraction (GGM-pur and GX-pur). To evaluate the role of each fraction in terms of physical and oxidative stabilization, rapeseed oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using GGM, GX, GGM-pur, and GX-pur as stabilizers. Changes in droplet-size distribution and peroxide values were measured during a 3-month accelerated storage test. The results for fresh emulsions indicated that the phenolic-rich fractions in hemicelluloses take part in the formation of emulsions. Furthermore, results from the accelerated storage test indicated that phenolic structures improve the long-term physical stability of emulsions. According to measured peroxide values, all hemicelluloses examined inhibited lipid oxidation in emulsions, GX being the most effective. This indicates that phenolic residues associated with hemicelluloses act as antioxidants in emulsions. According to chemical characterization using complementary methods, the phenolic fractions, GGM-phe and GX-phe, were composed mainly of lignin. Furthermore, the total carbohydrate content of the phenolic fractions was clearly lower compared to the starting hemicelluloses GGM and GX, and the purified fractions GGM-pur and GX-pur. Apparently, the phenolic structures were enriched in the GGM-phe and GX-phe fractions, which was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy as well as by other characterization methods. The frequency of the main bonding pattern in lignins, the β-O-4 structure, was clearly very high, suggesting that extracted lignin remains in native form. Furthermore, the lignin carbohydrate complex of γ-ester type was found, which could explain the excellent stabilizing properties of PHWE hemicelluloses in emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit H Lahtinen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fabio Valoppi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Venla Juntti
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ndegwa H Maina
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi S Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Guo X, Hansen BØ, Moeller SR, Harholt J, Mravec J, Willats W, Petersen BL, Ulvskov P. Extensin arabinoside chain length is modulated in elongating cotton fibre. Cell Surf 2019; 5:100033. [PMID: 32743148 PMCID: PMC7388976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton fibre provides a unicellular model system for studying cell expansion and secondary cell wall deposition. Mature cotton fibres are mainly composed of cellulose while the walls of developing fibre cells contain a variety of polysaccharides and proteoglycans required for cell expansion. This includes hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) comprising the subgroup, extensins. In this study, extensin occurrence in cotton fibres was assessed using carbohydrate immunomicroarrays, mass spectrometry and monosaccharide profiling. Extensin amounts in three species appeared to correlate with fibre quality. Fibre cell expression profiling of the four cotton cultivars, combined with extensin arabinoside chain length measurements during fibre development, demonstrated that arabinoside side-chain length is modulated during development. Implications and mechanisms of extensin side-chain length dynamics during development are discussed.
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Key Words
- AGPs, arabinogalactan proteins
- CoMPP
- CoMPP, comprehensive microarray polymer profiling
- Cotton fibre
- Cotton fibre quality
- CrRLK1L, Catharanthus roseus receptor-like1-like kinase
- DPA, days post anthesis
- EXTs, extensins
- ExAD, arabinosyltransferase named after the mutant Extensin Arabinose Deficient
- Extensin arabinoside metabolism
- GH, glycoside hydrolase
- HPAT, hydroxyproline arabinosyltransferase
- HRGP
- HRGPs, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins
- Hyp-Aran, extensin side-chain of length n
- LRX, leucine-rich repeat extensins
- PCW, primary cell wall
- RRA, arabinosyltransferase named after the mutant Reduced Residual Arabinose
- SCW, secondary cell wall
- SGT, serine galactosyltransferase
- Transcriptomics
- XEG113, arabinosyltransferase named after the mutant Xyloglucan Endo-Glucanase resistant mutant 113
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Øst Hansen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Svenning Rune Moeller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - William Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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22
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Ceramic membrane filtration of factory sugarcane juice: Effect of pretreatment on permeate flux, juice quality and fouling. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Chen WJ, Zhao BC, Cao XF, Yuan TQ, Shi Q, Wang SF, Sun RC. Structural Features of Alkaline Dioxane Lignin and Residual Lignin from Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:968-974. [PMID: 30580517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, lignin from eucalyptus was extracted with 80% alkaline dioxane (0.05 M NaOH) from ball-milled wood and subsequently fractionated by gradient acid precipitation from the filtrate. Meanwhile, the residual lignin was prepared by a double enzymatic hydrolysis process. The yield of the lignin extracted by alkaline dioxane (LA-2) was 29.5%. The carbohydrate contents and molecular weights of the gradient acid precipitated lignin fractions gradually decreased from 4.90 to 1.36% and from 7770 to 5510 g/mol, respectively, with the decline of the pH value from 6 to 2. Results from two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 31P NMR spectroscopy showed an evident reduction of β- O-4 ' linkages with the pH value decrease, while the contents of aliphatic -OH, phenolic -OH, and carboxylic groups displayed an increasing trend. Moreover, the residual lignin exhibited the highest molecular weight (11690 g/mol), the most abundant β- O-4 ' linkages (71.1%), and the highest S/G ratio (4.68).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Bao-Cheng Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
- Power Dekor (JiangSu) Wood Research Co., Ltd. , Dare Industrial Park , Economic and Technological Development Zone, Danyang City 212300 , China
| | - Xue-Fei Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Quentin Shi
- Jining Mingsheng New Materials Co., Ltd , Xinglong Industrial Park , Jining 272000 , China
| | - Shuang-Fei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , No. 100 Daxue East Road , Nanning 530000 , China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
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24
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Li M, Yoo CG, Pu Y, Biswal AK, Tolbert AK, Mohnen D, Ragauskas AJ. Downregulation of pectin biosynthesis gene GAUT4 leads to reduced ferulate and lignin-carbohydrate cross-linking in switchgrass. Commun Biol 2019; 2:22. [PMID: 30675520 PMCID: PMC6336719 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockdown (KD) expression of GAlactUronosylTransferase 4 (GAUT4) in switchgrass improves sugar yield and ethanol production from the biomass. The reduced recalcitrance of GAUT4-KD transgenic biomass is associated with reduced cell wall pectic homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan II content and cross-linking, and the associated increases in accessibility of cellulose to enzymatic deconstruction. To further probe the molecular basis for the reduced recalcitrance of GAUT4-KD biomass, potential recalcitrance-related factors including the physicochemical properties of lignin and hemicellulose are investigated. We show that the transgenic switchgrass have a lower abundance of ferulate and lignin-carbohydrate complex cross-linkages, reduced amounts of residual arabinan and xylan in lignin-enriched fractions after enzymatic hydrolysis, and greater coalescence and migration of lignin after hydrothermal pretreatment in comparison to the wild-type switchgrass control. The results reveal the roles of both decreased lignin-polymer and pectin cross-links in the reduction of recalcitrance in PvGAUT4-KD switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, ORNL, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, ORNL, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, ORNL, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Present Address: Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210-2781 USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, ORNL, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, ORNL, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Ajaya K. Biswal
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, ORNL, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Allison K. Tolbert
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, ORNL, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, ORNL, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, ORNL, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 2506 Jacob Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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25
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Daly P, López SC, Peng M, Lancefield CS, Purvine SO, Kim Y, Zink EM, Dohnalkova A, Singan VR, Lipzen A, Dilworth D, Wang M, Ng V, Robinson E, Orr G, Baker SE, Bruijnincx PCA, Hildén KS, Grigoriev IV, Mäkelä MR, de Vries RP. Dichomitus squalens
partially tailors its molecular responses to the composition of solid wood. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4141-4156. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Daly
- Fungal Physiology Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sara Casado López
- Fungal Physiology Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Samuel O. Purvine
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Young‐Mo Kim
- Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Erika M. Zink
- Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Alice Dohnalkova
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | | | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Walnut Creek CA USA
| | - David Dilworth
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Walnut Creek CA USA
| | - Mei Wang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Walnut Creek CA USA
| | - Vivian Ng
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Walnut Creek CA USA
| | - Errol Robinson
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Scott E. Baker
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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26
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Chen T, Li Z, Zhang X, Min D, Wu Y, Wen J, Yuan T. Effects of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on the Structural Characteristics of Organosolv Lignin from Triarrhena lutarioriparia. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1157. [PMID: 30961082 PMCID: PMC6403627 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of hydrothermal pretreatment (170⁻180 °C, 30⁻60 min) on the structural characteristics of enzymatic and extracted lignin from Triarrhena lutarioriparia (TL) during the integrated delignification process have been comprehensively investigated. Ion chromatography and NMR characterization showed that liquid products after mild hydrothermal process (170 °C, 30 min) were mainly composed of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) with different degrees of polymerization (DP ≥ 2). In addition, the structural changes of lignin during hydrothermal pretreatment and organic acid delignification process have been demonstrated by quantitative 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D-HSQC) and 31P-NMR techniques. Results showed that the structural changes of lignin (e.g., cleavage of β-O-4 linkages) induced by the hydrothermal pretreatment will facilitate the subsequent organic acid delignification process, and acetylated lignin could be obtained with a considerable yield, which can be used in lignin-based composite and candidate feedstock for catalytic upgrading of lignin. In short, the proposed process facilitates the producing of XOS and acetylated lignin for lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Douyong Min
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Yuying Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jialong Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tongqi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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27
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Completely amorphous cellulose biosynthesized in agitated culture at low temperature. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:967-973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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NMR and ESI–MS spectrometry characterization of autohydrolysis xylo-oligosaccharides separated by gel permeation chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:303-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dou J, Kim H, Li Y, Padmakshan D, Yue F, Ralph J, Vuorinen T. Structural Characterization of Lignins from Willow Bark and Wood. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7294-7300. [PMID: 29932676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the chemical structure of lignin in willow bark is an indispensable step to design how to separate its fiber bundles. The whole cell wall and enzyme lignin preparations sequentially isolated from ball-milled bark, inner bark, and wood were comparatively investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and three classical degradative methods, i.e., alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, derivatization followed by reductive cleavage, and analytical thioacidolysis. All results demonstrated that the guaiacyl (G) units were predominant in the willow bark lignin over syringyl (S) and minor p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units. Moreover, the monomer yields and S/G ratio rose progressively from bark to inner bark and wood, indicating that lignin may be more condensed in bark than in other tissues. Additionally, major interunit linkage substructures (β-aryl ethers, phenylcoumarans, and resinols) together with cinnamyl alcohol end groups were relatively quantitated by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Bark and inner bark were rich in pectins and proteins, which were present in large quantities and also in the enzyme lignin preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Dou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , Post Office Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Yanding Li
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Dharshana Padmakshan
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Fengxia Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Tapani Vuorinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , Post Office Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
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30
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Shakeri Yekta S, Hedenström M, Stehr JE, Dario M, Hertkorn N, Björn A. Pretreatment of anaerobic digester samples by hydrochloric acid for solution-state 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:201-209. [PMID: 29438947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment of anaerobic digester samples by hydrochloric acid (HCl) resulted in removal of Fe-based mineral and coordination compounds, attenuating their interferences with solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic characterization of the solid phase organic matter. Substrate (influent) and digestate (effluent) samples from two full-scale anaerobic digesters, designated CD (co-digester) and SSD (sewage sludge digester), were investigated. Pretreatment of CD samples with 0.2-2.0 mol l-1 HCl and pretreatment of SSD samples with 1.0-3.0 mol l-1 HCl removed 96-100% and 76-80% of total Fe, respectively. Pretreatment declined overall paramagnetic characteristics of digestate samples, manifested by 50% (CD) and 70% (SSD) decrease in electron paramagnetic resonance signal intensities. As a result, meaningful solution-state 1H,13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence and 1H NMR spectra of DMSO-d6 soluble organic matter could be acquired. Sample pretreatment with the lowest concentration of HCl resulted in alteration of C:N ratios in solid phase, likely due to removal of labile organic and inorganic C- and N-containing compounds, while elevating the HCl concentration did not further change the C:N ratios. Furthermore, sample pretreatment increased the solubility of carbohydrates and proteins in DMSO-d6, enabling the detection of NMR resonances from certain structural units of carbohydrates (e.g. anomeric O2CH) and proteins (e.g. CHα in amino acids). Both attenuation of the paramagnetic matrix as well as an enhanced solubility of carbohydrate and protein fractions of the samples in DMSO-d6 solvent contributed to an improved molecular characterization of anaerobic digester samples by solution-state NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Shakeri Yekta
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change and Biogas Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | - Jan Eric Stehr
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mårten Dario
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change and Biogas Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annika Björn
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change and Biogas Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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31
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Hatfield RD, Jung H, Marita JM, Kim H. Cell Wall Characteristics of a Maize Mutant Selected for Decreased Ferulates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2018.93034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Sporck D, Reinoso FAM, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, del Rio JC, Ferraz A, Milagres AMF. Xylan extraction from pretreated sugarcane bagasse using alkaline and enzymatic approaches. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:296. [PMID: 29234463 PMCID: PMC5719793 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New biorefinery concepts are necessary to drive industrial use of lignocellulose biomass components. Xylan recovery before enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucan component is a way to add value to the hemicellulose fraction, which can be used in papermaking, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Hemicellulose removal can also facilitate subsequent cellulolytic glucan hydrolysis. RESULTS Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with an alkaline-sulfite chemithermomechanical process to facilitate subsequent extraction of xylan by enzymatic or alkaline procedures. Alkaline extraction methods yielded 53% (w/w) xylan recovery. The enzymatic approach provided a limited yield of 22% (w/w) but produced the xylan with the lowest contamination with lignin and glucan components. All extracted xylans presented arabinosyl side groups and absence of acetylation. 2D-NMR data suggested the presence of O-methyl-glucuronic acid and p-coumarates only in enzymatically extracted xylan. Xylans isolated using the enzymatic approach resulted in products with molecular weights (Mw) lower than 6 kDa. Higher Mw values were detected in the alkali-isolated xylans. Alkaline extraction of xylan provided a glucan-enriched solid readily hydrolysable with low cellulase loads, generating hydrolysates with a high glucose/xylose ratio. CONCLUSIONS Hemicellulose removal before enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic fraction proved to be an efficient manner to add value to sugarcane bagasse biorefining. Xylans with varied yield, purity, and structure can be obtained according to the extraction method. Enzymatic extraction procedures produce high-purity xylans at low yield, whereas alkaline extraction methods provided higher xylan yields with more lignin and glucan contamination. When xylan extraction is performed with alkaline methods, the residual glucan-enriched solid seems suitable for glucose production employing low cellulase loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sporck
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Felipe A. M. Reinoso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - José C. del Rio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - André Ferraz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Adriane M. F. Milagres
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810 Brazil
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33
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Direct spectroscopic detection of binding formation by kneading of biomass filler and acid-modified resin. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Yang Y, Yoo CG, Winkeler KA, Collins CM, Hinchee MAW, Jawdy SS, Gunter LE, Engle NL, Pu Y, Yang X, Tschaplinski TJ, Ragauskas AJ, Tuskan GA, Chen JG. Overexpression of a Domain of Unknown Function 231-containing protein increases O-xylan acetylation and cellulose biosynthesis in Populus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:311. [PMID: 29299061 PMCID: PMC5744390 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domain of Unknown Function 231-containing proteins (DUF231) are plant specific and their function is largely unknown. Studies in the model plants Arabidopsis and rice suggested that some DUF231 proteins act in the process of O-acetyl substitution of hemicellulose and esterification of pectin. However, little is known about the function of DUF231 proteins in woody plant species. RESULTS This study provides evidence supporting that one member of DUF231 family proteins in the woody perennial plant Populus deltoides (genotype WV94), PdDUF231A, has a role in the acetylation of xylan and affects cellulose biosynthesis. A total of 52 DUF231-containing proteins were identified in the Populus genome. In P. deltoides transgenic lines overexpressing PdDUF231A (OXPdDUF231A), glucose and cellulose contents were increased. Consistent with these results, the transcript levels of cellulose biosynthesis-related genes were increased in the OXPdDUF231A transgenic lines. Furthermore, the relative content of total acetylated xylan was increased in the OXPdDUF231A transgenic lines. Enzymatic saccharification assays revealed that the rate of glucose release increased in OXPdDUF231A transgenic lines. Plant biomass productivity was also increased in OXPdDUF231A transgenic lines. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PdDUF231A affects cellulose biosynthesis and plays a role in the acetylation of xylan. PdDUF231A is a promising target for genetic modification for biofuel production because biomass productivity and compositional quality can be simultaneously improved through overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongil Yang
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | | | | | | | - Sara S. Jawdy
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Lee E. Gunter
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Nancy L. Engle
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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Li M, Cao S, Meng X, Studer M, Wyman CE, Ragauskas AJ, Pu Y. The effect of liquid hot water pretreatment on the chemical-structural alteration and the reduced recalcitrance in poplar. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:237. [PMID: 29213308 PMCID: PMC5707831 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrothermal pretreatment using liquid hot water (LHW) is capable of substantially reducing the cell wall recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass. It enhances the saccharification of polysaccharides, particularly cellulose, into glucose with relatively low capital required. Due to the close association with biomass recalcitrance, the structural change of the components of lignocellulosic materials during the pretreatment is crucial to understand pretreatment chemistry and advance the bio-economy. Although the LHW pretreatment has been extensively applied and studied, the molecular structural alteration during pretreatment and its significance to reduced recalcitrance have not been well understood. RESULTS We investigated the effects of LHW pretreatment with different severity factors (log R0) on the structural changes of fast-grown poplar (Populus trichocarpa). With the severity factor ranging from 3.6 to 4.2, LHW pretreatment resulted in a substantial xylan solubilization by 50-77% (w/w, dry matter). The molecular weights of the remained hemicellulose in pretreated solids also have been significantly reduced by 63-75% corresponding to LHW severity factor from 3.6 to 4.2. In addition, LHW had a considerable impact on the cellulose structure. The cellulose crystallinity increased 6-9%, whereas its degree of polymerization decreased 35-65% after pretreatment. We found that the pretreatment severity had an empirical linear correlation with the xylan solubilization (R2 = 0.98, r = + 0.99), hemicellulose molecular weight reduction (R2 = 0.97, r = - 0.96 and R2 = 0.93, r = - 0.98 for number-average and weight-average degree of polymerization, respectively), and cellulose crystallinity index increase (R2 = 0.98, r = + 0.99). The LHW pretreatment also resulted in small changes in lignin structure such as decrease of β-O-4' ether linkages and removal of cinnamyl alcohol end group and acetyl group, while the S/G ratio of lignin in LHW pretreated poplar residue remained no significant change compared with the untreated poplar. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the solubilization of xylan, the reduction of hemicellulose molecular weights and cellulose degree of polymerization, and the cleavage of alkyl-aryl ether bonds in lignin resulted from LHW pretreatment are critical factors associated with reduced cell wall recalcitrance. The chemical-structural changes of the three major components, cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, during LHW pretreatment provide useful and fundamental information of factors governing feedstock recalcitrance during hydrothermal pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- Biosciences Division, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Shilin Cao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
- Present Address: College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Michael Studer
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
- Present Address: Laboratory for Bioenergy and Biochemicals, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- Biosciences Division, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- Biosciences Division, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN USA
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Homogeneous esterification mechanism of bagasse modified with phthalic anhydride in ionic liquid. Part 2: Reactive behavior of hemicelluloses. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:1365-1373. [PMID: 27987844 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The phthalation of bagasse was comparatively investigated with the isolated three main components in 1-allyl-3-methylidazium chloride (AmimCl) to reveal the reaction behavior of bagasse. In the present study, the reaction behavior of hemicelluloses during the homogeneous phthalation was extensively explored. The phthalation degree of hemicellulosic samples ranged from 16.37% to 52.14%. The reaction priority on the main and side chains of hemicelluloses were revealed by the changes of monosaccharide contents upon phthalation. The results indicated that side-chains of hemicelluloses were more easily phthalated than main-chains, and the phthalation of secondary hydroxyl groups on uronic acids was more difficult than that on neutral sugars. 13C NMR and HSQC analyses suggested the similar reactivity of the secondary hydroxyls at C-2 and C-3 positions in anhydroxylose units. These results provide more detailed understanding of the homogenous modification of lignocellulose.
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Poovaiah CR, Bewg WP, Lan W, Ralph J, Coleman HD. Sugarcane transgenics expressing MYB transcription factors show improved glucose release. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:143. [PMID: 27429646 PMCID: PMC4946106 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane, a tropical C4 perennial crop, is capable of producing 30-100 tons or more of biomass per hectare annually. The lignocellulosic residue remaining after sugar extraction is currently underutilized and can provide a significant source of biomass for the production of second-generation bioethanol. RESULTS MYB31 and MYB42 were cloned from maize and expressed in sugarcane with and without the UTR sequences. The cloned sequences were 98 and 99 % identical to the published nucleotide sequences. The inclusion of the UTR sequences did not affect any of the parameters tested. There was little difference in plant height and the number of internodes of the MYB-overexpressing sugarcane plants when compared with controls. MYB transgene expression determined by qPCR exhibited continued expression in young and maturing internodes. MYB31 downregulated more genes within the lignin biosynthetic pathway than MYB42. MYB31 and MYB42 expression resulted in decreased lignin content in some lines. All MYB42 plants further analyzed showed significant increases in glucose release by enzymatic hydrolysis in 72 h, whereas only two MYB31 plants released more glucose than control plants. This correlated directly with a significant decrease in acid-insoluble lignin. Soluble sucrose content of the MYB42 transgenic plants did not vary compared to control plants. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the use of MYB transcription factors to improve the production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse remaining after sugar extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William P. Bewg
- />Center for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Wu Lan
- />US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726 USA
- />Department of Biological System Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - John Ralph
- />US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726 USA
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726 USA
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Wang ZW, Zhu MQ, Li MF, Wang JQ, Wei Q, Sun RC. Comprehensive evaluation of the liquid fraction during the hydrothermal treatment of rapeseed straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:142. [PMID: 27418947 PMCID: PMC4944426 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The requirement for efficient and green conversion technologies has prompted hydrothermal processing as a promising treatment option for sustainable biorefinery industry. The treatment has been applied to process plenty of lignocellulose materials, yielding abundant high value-degraded products, especially the products in the liquid fraction. Therefore, it is essential to systematically evaluate the degraded products in aqueous fraction by comprehensive analysis and structural characterization during the treatment. RESULTS Rapeseed straw was hydrothermally treated at temperature ranging from 145 to 205 °C for various retention time (15, 30, 60 and 120 min), and the degraded polysaccharides and lignin products in aqueous phase were systematically evaluated by comprehensive analysis and structural characterization. Results showed that with an increase of severity, the polymers were gradually depolymerized resulting in a decrease of the molecular weight from 8430 (log R 0 3.26) to 2130 g/mol (log R 0 5.08), an increase of oligosaccharides from 19.44 (log R 0 2.88) to 99.94 g/kg (log R 0 4.32) and an increase of monosaccharides from 0.91 (log R 0 2.88) to 30.43 g/kg (log R 0 4.37). With the increase of monosaccharide degradation components (8.26 to 125.68 g/kg), the saccharides gradually decreased after its maximum value. The maximum yield of oligosaccharides (99.94 g/kg) accompanying a relatively low level of monosaccharides (17.77 g/kg) was obtained at a high temperature (190 °C) for a short reaction time (15 min). The degraded polysaccharides had a linear backbone of (1 → 4)-linked β-d-xylopyranosyl xylan decorated with branches based on 2D NMR spectra analysis. Lignin was strongly condensed with a decrease of S/G ratio as the severity increased. The yields of the degraded constitutions have a incomplete linear correlation with the treatment severity. CONCLUSIONS The liquid fractions obtained from hydrothermal treatment were subjected to comprehensive analysis and structural characterization. Results indicated that hydrothermal treatment had a significant influence on the composition and structure of the polysaccharides and lignin in the aqueous phase. The treatment could be adopted to obtain XOS-rich fraction with limited formation of by-products. In addition, the result was expected to further reveal the mechanisms of hydrothermal treatment on rapeseed straw and to facilitate the value-added applications of agricultural residues in the biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Wang
- />College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhu
- />College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ming-Fei Li
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jun-Qi Wang
- />College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Qin Wei
- />College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
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Ha CM, Escamilla-Trevino L, Yarce JCS, Kim H, Ralph J, Chen F, Dixon RA. An essential role of caffeoyl shikimate esterase in monolignol biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:363-75. [PMID: 27037613 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and genetic analyses have previously identified caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) as an enzyme in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana, although the generality of this finding has been questioned. Here we show the presence of CSE genes and associated enzyme activity in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula, dicot, Leguminosae), poplar (Populus deltoides, dicot, Salicaceae), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum, monocot, Poaceae). Loss of function of CSE in transposon insertion lines of M. truncatula results in severe dwarfing, altered development, reduction in lignin content, and preferential accumulation of hydroxyphenyl units in lignin, indicating that the CSE enzyme is critical for normal lignification in this species. However, the model grass Brachypodium distachyon and corn (Zea mays) do not possess orthologs of the currently characterized CSE genes, and crude protein extracts from stems of these species exhibit only a weak esterase activity with caffeoyl shikimate. Our results suggest that the reaction catalyzed by CSE may not be essential for lignification in all plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Man Ha
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Luis Escamilla-Trevino
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Serrani Yarce
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1522 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1522 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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Yoo CG, Pu Y, Li M, Ragauskas AJ. Elucidating Structural Characteristics of Biomass using Solution-State 2 D NMR with a Mixture of Deuterated Dimethylsulfoxide and Hexamethylphosphoramide. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1090-5. [PMID: 27116696 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments of NMR methods for characterization of lignocellulosic biomass allow improved understanding of plant cell-wall structures with minimal deconstruction and modification of biomass. This study introduces a new NMR solvent system composed of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO-d6 ) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA-d18 ). HMPA as a co-solvent enhanced swelling and mobility of the biomass samples; thereby it allowed enhancing signals of NMR spectra. The structural information of biomass was successfully analyzed by the proposed NMR solvent system (DMSO-d6 /HMPA-d18 ; 4:1, v/v) with different biomass. The proposed bi-solvent system does not require derivatization or isolation of biomass, facilitating a facile sample preparation and involving with no signals overlapping with biomass peaks. It also allows analyzing biomass with a room-temperature NMR probe instead of cryo-probes, which are traditionally used for enhancing signal intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Geun Yoo
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Mi Li
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Li Y, Akiyama T, Yokoyama T, Matsumoto Y. NMR Assignment for Diaryl Ether Structures (4-O-5 Structures) in Pine Wood Lignin. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1921-9. [PMID: 27077315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 4-O-5-tetramer lignin model compound carrying β-O-4 linkages on each of the side-chain moieties was synthesized, as well as 4-O-5-coupled dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol. By comparison with their NMR data, two cross-signals in the HSQC spectrum of pine milled wood lignin recorded in DMSO-d6 were assigned to H2/C2 and H6/C6 correlations on the aromatic rings of 4-O-5-linked units. Although the H2/C2 correlation peak appeared in the same region as syringyl units, nitrobenzene oxidation of the pine lignin did not yield any syringyl-type product, but did release a 4-O-5-type product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanding Li
- Wood Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takuya Akiyama
- Wood Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yokoyama
- Wood Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumoto
- Wood Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Holding AJ, Mäkelä V, Tolonen L, Sixta H, Kilpeläinen I, King AWT. Solution-State One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy of High-Molecular-Weight Cellulose. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:880-92. [PMID: 27010664 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High-molecular-weight celluloses (which even include bacterial cellulose) can be dissolved fully in methyltrioctylphosphonium acetate/[D6 ]DMSO solutions to allow the measurement of resonance-overlap-free 1 D and 2 D NMR spectra. This is achieved by a simple and non-destructive dissolution method, without solvent suppression, pre-treatment or deuteration of the ionic component. We studied a range of cellulose samples by using various NMR experiments to make an a priori assignment of the cellulose resonances. Chain-end resonances are also visible in the (1) H NMR spectrum. This allows the rough determination of the degree of polymerisation (DP) of a sample for low-DP celluloses by the integration of non-reducing chain ends C1 versus polymeric cellobiose C1. Low-DP celluloses show a good agreement with the gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) values, but high-DP pulps show more deviation. For high-purity pulps (pre-hydrolysis kraft and sulfite), residual xyloses and mannoses can also be identified from the (1) H-(13) C heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra. Resonances are thus assigned for the common polymeric polysaccharides found in chemical pulps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Holding
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 (Chemicum), PL 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valtteri Mäkelä
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 (Chemicum), PL 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Tolonen
- Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 (Chemicum), PL 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Alistair W T King
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 (Chemicum), PL 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland.
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Fernández-Fueyo E, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, López-Lucendo MF, Pérez-Boada M, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Pisabarro AG, Ramírez L, Martínez AT. A secretomic view of woody and nonwoody lignocellulose degradation by Pleurotus ostreatus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:49. [PMID: 26933449 PMCID: PMC4772462 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pleurotus ostreatus is the second edible mushroom worldwide, and a model fungus for delignification applications, with the advantage of growing on woody and nonwoody feedstocks. Its sequenced genome is available, and this gave us the opportunity to perform proteomic studies to identify the enzymes overproduced in lignocellulose cultures. RESULTS Monokaryotic P. ostreatus (PC9) was grown with poplar wood or wheat straw as the sole C/N source and the extracellular proteins were analyzed, together with those from glucose medium. Using nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry of whole-protein hydrolyzate, over five-hundred proteins were identified. Thirty-four percent were unique of the straw cultures, while only 15 and 6 % were unique of the glucose and poplar cultures, respectively (20 % were produced under the three conditions, and additional 19 % were shared by the two lignocellulose cultures). Semi-quantitative analysis showed oxidoreductases as the main protein type both in the poplar (39 % total abundance) and straw (31 %) secretomes, while carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys) were only slightly overproduced (14-16 %). Laccase 10 (LACC10) was the main protein in the two lignocellulose secretomes (10-14 %) and, together with LACC2, LACC9, LACC6, versatile peroxidase 1 (VP1), and manganese peroxidase 3 (MnP3), were strongly overproduced in the lignocellulose cultures. Seven CAZys were also among the top-50 proteins, but only CE16 acetylesterase was overproduced on lignocellulose. When the woody and nonwoody secretomes were compared, GH1 and GH3 β-glycosidases were more abundant on poplar and straw, respectively and, among less abundant proteins, VP2 was overproduced on straw, while VP3 was only found on poplar. The treated lignocellulosic substrates were analyzed by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR), and a decrease of lignin relative to carbohydrate signals was observed, together with the disappearance of some minor lignin substructures, and an increase of sugar reducing ends. CONCLUSIONS Oxidoreductases are strongly induced when P. ostreatus grows on woody and nonwoody lignocellulosic substrates. One laccase occupied the first position in both secretomes, and three more were overproduced together with one VP and one MnP, suggesting an important role in lignocellulose degradation. Preferential removal of lignin vs carbohydrates was shown by 2D NMR, in agreement with the above secretomic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- />Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marta Pérez-Boada
- />Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- />Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, PO Box 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- />Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, PO Box 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio G. Pisabarro
- />Department of Agrarian Production, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucía Ramírez
- />Department of Agrarian Production, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- />Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Reaction Behavior of Cellulose in the Homogeneous Esterification of Bagasse Modified with Phthalic Anhydride in Ionic Liquid 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazium Chloride. INT J POLYM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/2361284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to elucidate the reaction behavior of cellulose component in bagasse, the homogeneous phthalation of bagasse was investigated comparatively with the isolated cellulose in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazium chloride (AmimCl) with phthalic anhydride (PA) at the dosage of 10–50 mmol/g. The phthalation degrees of bagasse and the isolated cellulose were in the range of 5.66% to 22.71% and 11.61% to 44.11%, respectively. A phthalation degree increase of cellulose was proportional to phthalic anhydride dosage due to its regular macromolecular structure and followed the equationyPDI=0.004x-0.02. FT-IR and 2D HSQC NMR analyses confirmed the attachment of phthaloyl group. The phthalation reactivity of the three hydroxyls in the isolated cellulose followed the order of C-6 > C-2 > C-3, and the more selective phthalation to C-6 position was found in the cellulose component in bagasse. These results provide detailed understanding of the homogenous modification mechanism of lignocellulose.
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Hernandez-Gomez MC, Runavot JL, Guo X, Bourot S, Benians TAS, Willats WGT, Meulewaeter F, Knox JP. Heteromannan and Heteroxylan Cell Wall Polysaccharides Display Different Dynamics During the Elongation and Secondary Cell Wall Deposition Phases of Cotton Fiber Cell Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1786-97. [PMID: 26187898 PMCID: PMC4562070 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The roles of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in cotton fiber development are poorly understood. Combining glycan microarrays and in situ analyses with monoclonal antibodies, polysaccharide linkage analyses and transcript profiling, the occurrence of heteromannan and heteroxylan polysaccharides and related genes in developing and mature cotton (Gossypium spp.) fibers has been determined. Comparative analyses on cotton fibers at selected days post-anthesis indicate different temporal and spatial regulation of heteromannan and heteroxylan during fiber development. The LM21 heteromannan epitope was more abundant during the fiber elongation phase and localized mainly in the primary cell wall. In contrast, the AX1 heteroxylan epitope occurred at the transition phase and during secondary cell wall deposition, and localized in both the primary and the secondary cell walls of the cotton fiber. These developmental dynamics were supported by transcript profiling of biosynthetic genes. Whereas our data suggest a role for heteromannan in fiber elongation, heteroxylan is likely to be involved in the regulation of cellulose deposition of secondary cell walls. In addition, the relative abundance of these epitopes during fiber development varied between cotton lines with contrasting fiber characteristics from four species (G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. herbaceum), suggesting that these non-cellulosic polysaccharides may be involved in determining final fiber quality and suitability for industrial processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes C Hernandez-Gomez
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jean-Luc Runavot
- Bayer CropScience NV-Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent, Belgium These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stéphane Bourot
- Bayer CropScience NV-Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Thomas A S Benians
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- Bayer CropScience NV-Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Araya F, Troncoso E, Mendonça RT, Freer J. Condensed lignin structures and re-localization achieved at high severities in autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus globulus wood and their relationship with cellulose accessibility. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1783-91. [PMID: 25851426 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus globulus wood was subjected to autohydrolysis pretreatment at different severity factors. The pretreated materials were enzymatically saccharified at a substrate load of 10% (w/v) using a cellulase enzyme complex. Around 82-95% of original glucans were retained in the pretreated material, and the enzymatic hydrolysis yields ranged from 58% to 90%. The chemical and structural changes in the pretreated materials were investigated by microscopic (SEM, LSCM) and spectroscopic (2D-HSQC NMR and FT-IR) techniques. 2D-NMR results showed a reduction in the amounts of β-O-4 aryl-ether linkages and suggested the presence of newly condensed structures of lignin in the biomass pretreated at the more severe conditions. Furthermore, the microscopic analysis showed that lignin migrates out of the cell wall and re-deposits in certain regions of the fibers at the more severe conditions to form droplet-like structures and expose the cellulose surface. These changes improved the glucose yield up to 69%, on dry wood basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Araya
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. .,Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Troncoso
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Regis Teixeira Mendonça
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juanita Freer
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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NMR characterization of cellulose acetate: Chemical shift assignments, substituent effects, and chemical shift additivity. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 118:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zeng J, Singh D, Gao D, Chen S. Effects of lignin modification on wheat straw cell wall deconstruction by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:161. [PMID: 25516769 PMCID: PMC4266972 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key focus in sustainable biofuel research is to develop cost-effective and energy-saving approaches to increase saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Numerous efforts have been made to identify critical issues in cellulose hydrolysis. Aerobic fungal species are an integral part of the carbon cycle, equip the hydrolytic enzyme consortium, and provide a gateway for understanding the systematic degradation of lignin, hemicelluloses, and cellulose. This study attempts to reveal the complex biological degradation process of lignocellulosic biomass by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in order to provide new knowledge for the development of energy-efficient biorefineries. RESULTS In this study, we evaluated the performance of a fungal biodegradation model, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, in wheat straw through comprehensive analysis. We isolated milled straw lignin and cellulase enzyme-treated lignin from fungal-spent wheat straw to determine structural integrity and cellulase absorption isotherms. The results indicated that P. chrysosporium increased the total lignin content in residual biomass and also increased the cellulase adsorption kinetics in the resulting lignin. The binding strength increased from 117.4 mL/g to 208.7 mL/g in milled wood lignin and from 65.3 mL/g to 102.4 mL/g in cellulase enzyme lignin. A detailed structural dissection showed a reduction in the syringyl lignin/guaiacyl lignin ratio and the hydroxycinnamate/lignin ratio as predominant changes in fungi-spent lignin by heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy. CONCLUSION P. chrysosporium shows a preference for degradation of phenolic terminals without significantly destroying other lignin components to unzip carbohydrate polymers. This is an important step in fungal growth on wheat straw. The phenolics presumably locate at the terminal region of the lignin moiety and/or link with hemicellulose to form the lignin-carbohydrate complex. Findings may inform the development of a biomass hydrolytic enzyme combination to enhance lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis and modify the targets in plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijiao Zeng
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Bioprocessing and Bioproduct Engineering Laboratory (BBEL), Washington State University, L.J. Smith 213, Pullman, Washington 99163 USA
| | - Deepak Singh
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Bioprocessing and Bioproduct Engineering Laboratory (BBEL), Washington State University, L.J. Smith 213, Pullman, Washington 99163 USA
| | - Difeng Gao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Bioprocessing and Bioproduct Engineering Laboratory (BBEL), Washington State University, L.J. Smith 213, Pullman, Washington 99163 USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Bioprocessing and Bioproduct Engineering Laboratory (BBEL), Washington State University, L.J. Smith 213, Pullman, Washington 99163 USA
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Liu Y, Chen L, Wang T, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Ma L, Liao Y, Shi N. Direct conversion of cellulose into C6 alditols over Ru/C combined with H+-released boron phosphate in an aqueous phase. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10834e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-edible cellulose has considerable attention to be converted into valuable platform chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lungang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Tiejun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Longlong Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuhe Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ning Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Gierlinger N. Revealing changes in molecular composition of plant cell walls on the micron-level by Raman mapping and vertex component analysis (VCA). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:306. [PMID: 25071792 PMCID: PMC4074855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
At the molecular level the plant cell walls consist of a few nanometer thick semi-crystalline cellulose fibrils embedded in amorphous matrix polymers such as pectins, hemicelluloses, and lignins. The arrangement of these molecules within the cell wall in different plant tissues, cells and cell wall layers is of crucial importance for a better understanding and thus optimized utilization of plant biomass. During the last years Confocal Raman microscopy evolved as a powerful method in plant science by revealing the different molecules in context with the microstructure. In this study two-dimensional spectral maps have been acquired of micro-cross-sections of spruce (softwood) and beech (hardwood). Raman images have been derived by using univariate (band integration, height ratios) and multivariate methods [vertex component analysis (VCA)]. While univariate analysis only visualizes changes in selected band heights or areas, VCA separates anatomical regions and cell wall layers with the most different molecular structures. Beside visualization of the distinguished regions and features the underlying molecular structure can be derived based on the endmember spectra. VCA revealed that the lumen sided S3 layer has a similar molecular composition as the pit membrane, both revealing a clear change in lignin composition compared to all other cell wall regions. Within the S2 layer a lamellar structure was visualized, which was elucidated to derive from slight changes in lignin composition and content and might be due to successive but not uniform lignification during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life ScienceVienna, Austria
- Institute for Building Materials, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ZurichZurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Research Laboratory, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and ResearchDuebendorf, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Notburga Gierlinger, Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Peter-Jordan Street 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria e-mail:
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