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Jan N, Bostanudin MF, Moutraji SA, Kremesh S, Kamal Z, Hanif MF. Unleashing the biomimetic targeting potential of platelet-derived nanocarriers on atherosclerosis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 240:113979. [PMID: 38823339 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the primary mechanism underlying the development of many cardiovascular illnesses, continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Platelet (PLT), which are essential for maintaining body homeostasis, have been strongly linked to the onset of atherosclerosis at various stages due to their inherent tendency to bind to atherosclerotic lesions and show an affinity for plaques. Therefore, mimicking PLT's innate adhesive features may be necessary to effectively target plaques. PLT-derived nanocarriers have emerged as a promising biomimetic targeting strategy for treating atherosclerosis due to their numerous advantages. These advantages include excellent biocompatibility, minimal macrophage phagocytosis, prolonged circulation time, targeting capability for impaired vascular sites, and suitability as carriers for anti-atherosclerotic drugs. Herein, we discuss the role of PLT in atherogenesis and propose the design of nanocarriers based on PLT-membrane coating and PLT-derived vesicles. These nanocarriers can target multiple biological elements relevant to plaque development. The review also emphasizes the current challenges and future research directions for the effective utilization of PLT-derived nanocarriers in treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrullah Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Chenab, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammad F Bostanudin
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sedq A Moutraji
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sedra Kremesh
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zul Kamal
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Dir Upper 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Hanif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan; Bahawalpur College of Pharmacy, BMDC Complex Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
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Luo T, Zhang Z, Xu J, Liu H, Cai L, Huang G, Wang C, Chen Y, Xia L, Ding X, Wang J, Li X. Atherosclerosis treatment with nanoagent: potential targets, stimulus signals and drug delivery mechanisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1205751. [PMID: 37404681 PMCID: PMC10315585 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1205751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) is the first killer of human health, and it caused up at least 31% of global deaths. Atherosclerosis is one of the main reasons caused CVDs. Oral drug therapy with statins and other lipid-regulating drugs is the conventional treatment strategies for atherosclerosis. However, conventional therapeutic strategies are constrained by low drug utilization and non-target organ injury problems. Micro-nano materials, including particles, liposomes, micelles and bubbles, have been developed as the revolutionized tools for CVDs detection and drug delivery, specifically atherosclerotic targeting treatment. Furthermore, the micro-nano materials also could be designed to intelligently and responsive targeting drug delivering, and then become a promising tool to achieve atherosclerosis precision treatment. This work reviewed the advances in atherosclerosis nanotherapy, including the materials carriers, target sites, responsive model and treatment results. These nanoagents precisely delivery the therapeutic agents to the target atherosclerosis sites, and intelligent and precise release of drugs, which could minimize the potential adverse effects and be more effective in atherosclerosis lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanxiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunbin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingzhong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xunshi Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu Affiliated to Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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MRI Contrast Agents in Glycobiology. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238297. [PMID: 36500389 PMCID: PMC9735696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition involving glycoprotein-mediated interactions is ubiquitous in both normal and pathological natural processes. Therefore, visualization of these interactions and the extent of expression of the sugars is a challenge in medical diagnosis, monitoring of therapy, and drug design. Here, we review the literature on the development and validation of probes for magnetic resonance imaging using carbohydrates either as targeting vectors or as a target. Lectins are important targeting vectors for carbohydrate end groups, whereas selectins, the asialoglycoprotein receptor, sialic acid end groups, hyaluronic acid, and glycated serum and hemoglobin are interesting carbohydrate targets.
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Fucoidan-based nanoparticles: Preparations and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:652-667. [PMID: 35841962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based therapy has gained much attention in the pharmaceutical industry. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide naturally derived from marine brown algae and is widely used for medical applications. We explore preparation of fucoidan-based nanoparticles and their biomedical applications in the current review. The fucoidan-based nanoparticles have been synthesized using microwave, emulsion, solvent evaporation, green synthesis, polyelectrolyte self-assembly, precipitation, and ultrasonication methods. The synthesized nanoparticles have particle sizes ranging from 100 to 400 nm. Therefore, fucoidan-based nanoparticles have a variety of potential therapeutic applications, including drug delivery, cancer therapies, tissue engineering, antimicrobial applications, magnetic resonance imaging contrast, and atherothrombosis imaging. For example, fucoidan nanoparticles have been used to deliver curcumin, dextran, gentamicin, epigallocatechin gallate, and cisplatin for cancer therapies. Furthermore, fucoidan nanoparticles coupled with metal nanoparticles have been used to target and recognize clinical conditions for diagnostic purposes. Hence, fucoidan-based nanoparticles have been helpful for biomedical applications.
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Yao Y, Yim EKF. Fucoidan for cardiovascular application and the factors mediating its activities. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118347. [PMID: 34364596 PMCID: PMC10429693 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide with various bioactivities. The application of fucoidan in cancer treatment, wound healing, and food industry has been extensively studied. However, the therapeutic value of fucoidan in cardiovascular diseases has been less explored. Increasing number of investigations in the past years have demonstrated the effects of fucoidan on cardiovascular system. In this review, we will focus on the bioactivities related to cardiovascular applications, for example, the modulation functions of fucoidan on coagulation system, inflammation, and vascular cells. Factors mediating those activities will be discussed in detail. Current therapeutic strategies and future opportunities and challenges will be provided to inspire and guide further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Genevière AM, Derelle E, Escande ML, Grimsley N, Klopp C, Ménager C, Michel A, Moreau H. Responses to iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in echinoderm embryos and microalgae: uptake, growth, morphology, and transcriptomic analysis. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:1342-1361. [PMID: 33078975 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1827074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the toxicity of Iron oxide and Zinc oxide engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) on Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos and three species of microalgae. Morphological responses, internalization, and potential impacts of Fe2O3 and ZnO ENPs on physiology and metabolism were assessed. Both types of ENPs affected P. lividus larval development, but ZnO ENPs had a much stronger effect. While growth of the alga Micromonas commoda was severely impaired by both ENPs, Ostreococcus tauri or Nannochloris sp. were unaffected. Transmission electron microscopy showed the internalization of ENPs in sea urchin embryonic cells while only nanoparticle interaction with external membranes was evidenced in microalgae, suggesting that marine organisms react in diverse ways to ENPs. Transcriptome-wide analysis in P. lividus and M. commoda showed that many different physiological pathways were affected, some of which were common to both species, giving insights about the mechanisms underpinning toxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Genevière
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Evelyne Derelle
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzane, France
| | - Marie-Line Escande
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nigel Grimsley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- INRA, Plateforme Bioinformatique Toulouse, Midi Pyrenees UBIA, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Christine Ménager
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, Paris, France
| | - Aude Michel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Moreau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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7
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Bhattacharya DS, Svechkarev D, Bapat A, Patil P, Hollingsworth MA, Mohs AM. Sulfation modulates the targeting properties of hyaluronic acid to P-selectin and CD44. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3585-3598. [PMID: 32617404 PMCID: PMC7331950 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many targeting strategies can be employed to direct nanoparticles to tumors for imaging and therapy. However, tumors display a dynamic, heterogeneous microenvironment that undergoes spatiotemporal changes, including the expression of targetable cell-surface biomarkers. Here, we develop a nanoparticle system to effectively target two receptors overexpressed in the microenvironment of aggressive tumors. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was regioselectivity modified using a multi-step synthetic approach to alter binding specificities for CD44 and P-selectin to tumor cell interaction. The dual-targeting strategy utilizes sulfate modifications on HA that targets P-selectin, in addition to native targeting of CD44, which exploits spatiotemporal alterations in the expression patterns of these two receptors in cancer sites. Using biophysical characterization and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that modified HA nanoparticles effectively targets both P-selectin+ and CD44+ cells, which lays the groundwork for future in vivo biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep S. Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Denis Svechkarev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Aishwarya Bapat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Prathamesh Patil
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Michael A. Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Aaron M. Mohs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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8
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Suprunchuk VE. Low-molecular-weight fucoidan: Chemical modification, synthesis of its oligomeric fragments and mimetics. Carbohydr Res 2019; 485:107806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Nguyen H, Tinet E, Chauveau T, Geinguenaud F, Lalatonne Y, Michel A, Aid-Launais R, Journé C, Lefèbvre C, Simon-Yarza T, Motte L, Jouini N, Tualle JM, Chaubet F. Bimodal Fucoidan-Coated Zinc Oxide/Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles for the Imaging of Atherothrombosis. Molecules 2019; 24:E962. [PMID: 30857260 PMCID: PMC6429451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyol method was used to obtain ultrasmall ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) doped with iron ions and coated with a low molecular weight fucoidan in order to perform in vivo MR and ex vivo fluorescence imaging of athrothrombosis. During the synthesis, the early elimination of water by azeotropic distillation with toluene allowed us to produce NPs which size, determined by XRD and TEM, decreased from 7 nm to 4 nm with the increase of iron/zinc ratios from 0.05 to 0.50 respectively. For the highest iron content (NP-0.50) NPs were evidenced as a mixture of nanocrystals made of wurtzite and cubic phase with a molar ratio of 2.57:1, although it was not possible to distinguish one from the other by TEM. NP-0.50 were superparamagnetic and exhibited a large emission spectrum at 470 nm when excited at 370 nm. After surface functionalization of NP-0.50 with fucoidan (fuco-0.50), the hydrodynamic size in the physiological medium was 162.0 ± 0.4 nm, with a corresponding negative zeta potential of -48.7 ± 0.4 mV, respectively. The coating was evidenced by FT-IR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. Aqueous suspensions of fuco-0.50 revealed high transverse proton relaxivities (T₂) with an r₂ value of 173.5 mM-1 s-1 (300 K, 7.0 T) and remained stable for more than 3 months in water or in phosphate buffer saline without evolution of the hydrodynamic size and size distribution. No cytotoxic effect was observed on human endothelial cells up to 48 h with these NPs at a dose of 0.1 mg/mL. After injection into a rat model of atherothrombosis, MR imaging allowed the localization of diseased areas and the subsequent fluorescence imaging of thrombus on tissue slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Nguyen
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm U1148, Institut Galilée-Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR CNRS 7538, Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Eric Tinet
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR CNRS 7538, Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Thierry Chauveau
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, UPR CNRS 3407, Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Frédéric Geinguenaud
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm U1148, Institut Galilée-Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Yoann Lalatonne
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm U1148, Institut Galilée-Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Avicenne Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-93009 Bobigny, France.
| | - Aude Michel
- Laboratoire Phénix, UMR 8234, UPMC, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Rachida Aid-Launais
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm U1148, Institut Galilée-Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
- Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie multimodalité (FRIM), UMS 34, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Clément Journé
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm U1148, Institut Galilée-Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
- Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie multimodalité (FRIM), UMS 34, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Caroline Lefèbvre
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Service d'Analyse Physico-Chimique, Direction à la Recherche, Rue du Dr Schweitzer, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne cedex, France.
| | - Teresa Simon-Yarza
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm U1148, Institut Galilée-Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Laurence Motte
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm U1148, Institut Galilée-Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Noureddine Jouini
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, UPR CNRS 3407, Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Tualle
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR CNRS 7538, Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Frédéric Chaubet
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm U1148, Institut Galilée-Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
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Geskovski N, Sazdovska SD, Goracinova K. Macroalgal Polysaccharides in Biomimetic Nanodelivery Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1265-1289. [PMID: 31020934 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190423155116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imitating nature in the design of bio-inspired drug delivery systems resulted in several success stories. However, the practical application of biomimicry is still largely unrealized owing to the fact that we tend to copy the shape more often than the whole biology. Interesting chemistry of polysaccharides provides endless possibilities for drug complex formation and creation of delivery systems with diverse morphological and surface properties. However, the type of biological response, which may be induced by these systems, remains largely unexploited. METHODS Considering the most current research for the given topic, in this review, we will try to present the integrative approaches for the design of biomimetic DDS's with improved therapeutic or theranostic effects based on different algal polysaccharides that exert multiple biological functions. RESULTS Algal polysaccharides may provide building blocks for bioinspired drug delivery systems capable of supporting the mechanical properties of nanomedicines and mimicking various biological processes by molecular interactions at the nanoscale. Numerous research studies demonstrate the efficacy and safety of multifunctional nanoparticles integrating several functions in one delivery system, composed of alginate, carrageenan, ulvan, fucoidan and their derivatives, intended to be used as bioartificial microenvironment or for diagnosis and therapy of different diseases. CONCLUSION Nanodimensional structure of polysaccharide DDS's shows substantial influence on the bioactive motifs potential availability for interaction with a variety of biomolecules and cells. Evaluation of the nano dimensional structure-activity relationship is crucial for unlocking the full potential of the future application of polysaccharide bio-mimicking DDS in modern diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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11
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Shah A, Dobrovolskaia MA. Immunological effects of iron oxide nanoparticles and iron-based complex drug formulations: Therapeutic benefits, toxicity, mechanistic insights, and translational considerations. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:977-990. [PMID: 29409836 PMCID: PMC5899012 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers several advantages for drug delivery. However, there is the need for addressing potential safety concerns regarding the adverse health effects of these unique materials. Some such effects may occur due to undesirable interactions between nanoparticles and the immune system, and they may include hypersensitivity reactions, immunosuppression, and immunostimulation. While strategies, models, and approaches for studying the immunological safety of various engineered nanoparticles, including metal oxides, have been covered in the current literature, little attention has been given to the interactions between iron oxide-based nanomaterials and various components of the immune system. Here we provide a comprehensive review of studies investigating the effects of iron oxides and iron-based nanoparticles on various types of immune cells, highlight current gaps in the understanding of the structure-activity relationships of these materials, and propose a framework for capturing their immunotoxicity to streamline comparative studies between various types of iron-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD.
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12
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Montiel Schneider MG, Lassalle VL. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as novel and efficient tools for atherosclerosis diagnosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1098-1115. [PMID: 28738519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications derivate from atherosclerosis are the main cause of death in western world. An early detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques is primordial for a better care of patients suffering the pathology. In this context nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool to achieve this goal. Nanoparticles based on magnetic iron oxide (MNPs) have been extensively studied in cardiovascular diseases diagnosis, as well as in the treatment and diagnostic of other pathologies. The present review aims to describe and analyze the most current literature regarding to this topic, offering the level of detail required to reproduce the experimental tasks providing a critical input of the latest available reports. The current diagnostic features are presented and compared, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Information on novel technology intended to this purpose is also recompiled and in deep analyzed. Special emphasis is placed in magnetic nanotechnology, remarking the possibility to assess selective and multifunctional systems to the early detection of artherosclerotic pathologies. Finally, in view of the state of the art, the future perspectives about the trends on MNPs in artherosclerorsis diagnostic and treatment have also been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Leticia Lassalle
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Li B, Juenet M, Aid-Launais R, Maire M, Ollivier V, Letourneur D, Chauvierre C. Development of Polymer Microcapsules Functionalized with Fucoidan to Target P-Selectin Overexpressed in Cardiovascular Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27943662 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New tools for molecular imaging and targeted therapy for cardiovascular diseases are still required. Herein, biodegradable microcapsules (MCs) made of polycyanoacrylate and polysaccharide and functionalized with fucoidan (Fuco-MCs) are designed as new carriers to target arterial thrombi overexpressing P-selectin. Physicochemical characterizations demonstrated that microcapsules have a core-shell structure and that fucoidan is present onto the surface of Fuco-MCs. Furthermore, their sizes range from 2 to 6 µm and they are stable on storage over 30 d at 4 °C. Flow cytometry experiments evidenced the binding of Fuco-MCs for human activated platelets as compared to MCs (mean fluorescence intensity: 12 008 vs. 9, p < 0.001) and its absence for nonactivated platelets (432). An in vitro flow adhesion assay showed high specific binding efficiency of Fuco-MCs to P-selectin and to activated platelet aggregates under arterial shear stress conditions. Moreover, both types of microcapsules reveal excellent compatibility with 3T3 cells in cytotoxicity assay. One hour after intravenous injection of microcapsules, histological analysis revealed that Fuco-MCs are localized in the rat abdominal aortic aneurysm thrombotic wall and that the binding in the healthy aorta is low. In conclusion, these microcapsules appear as promising carriers for targeting of tissues characterized by P-selectin overexpression and for their molecular imaging or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- INSERM; U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; CHU X. Bichat; Paris Diderot University; 46 rue H. Huchard 75018 Paris France
- Institut Galilée; Paris 13 University; 99 av JB Clément 93430 Villetaneuse France
| | - Maya Juenet
- INSERM; U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; CHU X. Bichat; Paris Diderot University; 46 rue H. Huchard 75018 Paris France
- Institut Galilée; Paris 13 University; 99 av JB Clément 93430 Villetaneuse France
| | - Rachida Aid-Launais
- INSERM; U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; CHU X. Bichat; Paris Diderot University; 46 rue H. Huchard 75018 Paris France
- Institut Galilée; Paris 13 University; 99 av JB Clément 93430 Villetaneuse France
| | - Murielle Maire
- INSERM; U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; CHU X. Bichat; Paris Diderot University; 46 rue H. Huchard 75018 Paris France
- Institut Galilée; Paris 13 University; 99 av JB Clément 93430 Villetaneuse France
| | - Véronique Ollivier
- INSERM; U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; CHU X. Bichat; Paris Diderot University; 46 rue H. Huchard 75018 Paris France
- Institut Galilée; Paris 13 University; 99 av JB Clément 93430 Villetaneuse France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM; U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; CHU X. Bichat; Paris Diderot University; 46 rue H. Huchard 75018 Paris France
- Institut Galilée; Paris 13 University; 99 av JB Clément 93430 Villetaneuse France
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- INSERM; U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; CHU X. Bichat; Paris Diderot University; 46 rue H. Huchard 75018 Paris France
- Institut Galilée; Paris 13 University; 99 av JB Clément 93430 Villetaneuse France
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14
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Chauvierre C, Letourneur D. The European project NanoAthero to fight cardiovascular diseases using nanotechnologies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 10:3391-400. [PMID: 26582278 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of death in the world. Nanosystems with contrast agents or drugs appear as promising tools for early detection and treatments. NanoAthero, a large-scale 5-year project funded by the European Union FP7 gathers 16 partners from ten different countries to demonstrate the benefit of the use of nanoparticle technologies. Through the design and characterization of nanosystems, preclinical and clinical validations, toxicology, industrial development and production in good manufacturing practice forms, several studies are underway for plaque and stroke both for imaging and treatment. A clinical study was already completed using a good manufacturing practice liposomal formulation in patients with carotid atheroma. NanoAthero is a unique opportunity to open new strategies for the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm, U1148, Department of Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X Bichat Hospital, University Paris Diderot, 46 rue H Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.,Institut Galilée, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, Department of Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X Bichat Hospital, University Paris Diderot, 46 rue H Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.,Institut Galilée, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
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15
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Chollet L, Saboural P, Chauvierre C, Villemin JN, Letourneur D, Chaubet F. Fucoidans in Nanomedicine. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E145. [PMID: 27483292 PMCID: PMC4999906 DOI: 10.3390/md14080145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are widespread cost-effective sulfated marine polysaccharides which have raised interest in the scientific community over last decades for their wide spectrum of bioactivities. Unsurprisingly, nanomedicine has grasped these compounds to develop innovative therapeutic and diagnostic nanosystems. The applications of fucoidans in nanomedicine as imaging agents, drug carriers or for their intrinsic properties are reviewed here after a short presentation of the main structural data and biological properties of fucoidans. The origin and the physicochemical specifications of fucoidans are summarized in order to discuss the strategy of fucoidan-containing nanosystems in Human health. Currently, there is a need for reproducible, well characterized fucoidan fractions to ensure significant progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chollet
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
- Algues & Mer, Kernigou, F-29242 Ouessant, France.
| | - Pierre Saboural
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | | | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Frédéric Chaubet
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
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16
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Kelley WJ, Safari H, Lopez-Cazares G, Eniola-Adefeso O. Vascular-targeted nanocarriers: design considerations and strategies for successful treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:909-926. [PMID: 27194461 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted nanocarriers are an attractive option for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular diseases, as they allow for more specific delivery and increased efficacy of many small molecule drugs. However, immune clearance, limited cellular uptake, and particle-cell dynamics in blood flow can hinder nanocarrier efficacy in many applications. This review aims to investigate successful strategies for the use of vascular-targeted nanocarriers in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In particular, the review will highlight strategies employed for actively targeting the components of the atherosclerotic plaque, including endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets and passive targeting via endothelial permeability, as well as design specifications (such as size, shape, and density) aimed at enhancing the ability of nanocarriers to reach the vascular wall. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:909-926. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1414 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kelley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hanieh Safari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Banerji B, Pramanik SK. Binding studies of creatinine and urea on iron-nanoparticle. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:708. [PMID: 26618097 PMCID: PMC4653125 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Kidney diseases are complicated and can be fatal. Dialysis and transplantation are the only survival solutions to the patients suffering from kidney failures. Both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are risky, due to the possibility of infection and these are expensive and time consuming. The development of simple and reliable technique for the clearance of creatinine and urea from the body is an important part of biotechnology. We have synthesized an iron nanoparticle (INP) and studied its binding with creatinine and urea. The DLS, TEM, AFM, FT-IR and Powder-XRD studies demonstrate strong binding of creatinine and urea to the nanoparticles. This finding may be helpful if it is used in the dialysis technologies. The proposed method may substantially decrease dialysis time and improve its quality in terms of urea and creatinine clearances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadip Banerji
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032 India ; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Campus, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032 India
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18
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Saboural P, Chaubet F, Rouzet F, Al-Shoukr F, Ben Azzouna R, Bouchemal N, Picton L, Louedec L, Maire M, Rolland L, Potier G, Le Guludec D, Letourneur D, Chauvierre C. Purification of a low molecular weight fucoidan for SPECT molecular imaging of myocardial infarction. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4851-67. [PMID: 25251032 PMCID: PMC4178488 DOI: 10.3390/md12094851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans constitute a large family of sulfated polysaccharides with several biochemical properties. A commercial fucoidan from brown algae, containing low molecular weight polysaccharidic species constituted of l-fucose, uronic acids and sulfate groups, was simply treated here with calcium acetate solution. This treatment led to a purified fraction with a yield of 45%. The physicochemical characterizations of the purified fucoidan using colorimetric assay, MALLS, dRI, FT-IR, NMR, exhibited molecular weight distributions and chemical profiles similar for both fucoidans whereas the sulfate and l-fucose contents increased by 16% and 71%, respectively. The biodistribution study in rat of both compounds labeled with 99mTc evidenced a predominant renal elimination of the purified fucoidan, but the crude fucoidan was mainly retained in liver and spleen. In rat myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, we then demonstrated the better efficiency of the purified fucoidan. This purified sulfated polysaccharide appears promising for the development of molecular imaging in acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Saboural
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
- Galilée Institute, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Frédéric Chaubet
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
- Galilée Institute, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Francois Rouzet
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
- Multimodal Imaging Research Federation (FRIM), Paris Diderot University, F-75877, Paris, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, F-75877, Paris, France
| | - Faisal Al-Shoukr
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
- Multimodal Imaging Research Federation (FRIM), Paris Diderot University, F-75877, Paris, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, F-75877, Paris, France
| | - Rana Ben Azzouna
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
- Galilée Institute, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
- Multimodal Imaging Research Federation (FRIM), Paris Diderot University, F-75877, Paris, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, F-75877, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Bouchemal
- Laboratory CSPBAT, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7244, SBMB team, F-93017, Bobigny, France; E-Mail:
| | - Luc Picton
- Laboratory of Polymers Biopolymers Surfaces, Normandie University, Rouen University, F-76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France; E-Mail:
- Laboratory of Polymers Biopolymers Surfaces, CNRS, UMR 6270 and FR3038, F-76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Liliane Louedec
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Murielle Maire
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
- Galilée Institute, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Lydia Rolland
- Algues & Mer, Kernigou, F-29242, Ouessant, France; E-Mails: (L.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Guy Potier
- Algues & Mer, Kernigou, F-29242, Ouessant, France; E-Mails: (L.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Dominique Le Guludec
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
- Multimodal Imaging Research Federation (FRIM), Paris Diderot University, F-75877, Paris, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, F-75877, Paris, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
- Galilée Institute, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, F-75877, Paris, France; E-Mails: (P.S.); (F.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.-S.); (R.B.A.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (D.L.G.); (D.L.)
- Galilée Institute, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-1-4025-7538; Fax: +33-1-4025-8602
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