1
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Zirbes M, Graßl T, Neuber R, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate as a Green Oxidizer for the Selective Degradation of Kraft Lignin into Vanillin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219217. [PMID: 36719064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the world's largest resource of renewable aromatics, with annually roughly 50 million tons of accruing technical lignin, mainly Kraft lignin, is highly underdeveloped regarding the production of monoaromatics. We demonstrate the oxidative depolymerization of Kraft lignin at 180 °C to produce vanillin 1 in yields up to 6.2 wt % and 92 % referred to the maximum yield gained from the quantification reaction utilizing nitrobenzene. Using peroxodicarbonate (C2 O6 2- ) as "green" oxidizer for the degradation, toxic and/or harmful reagents are prevented. Also, the formed waste can serve as makeup chemical in the pulping process. Na2 C2 O6 is synthesized in an ex-cell electrolysis of aqueous Na2 CO3 at BDD anodes, achieving a yield of Na2 C2 O6 with 41 %. At least, the oxidation and degradation of Kraft lignin is analysis via UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zirbes
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Graßl
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Rieke Neuber
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Han Z, Jiang H, Xue A, Ni G, Sun Y, Tang Y, Wan P, Chen Y. H2O2 generated through ORR on cathode in a protic ionic liquid and its utilization in lignin valorization. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Ma X, Ma J, Li M, Gu Y, Wang T. MnO2 oxidative degradation of lignin and electrochemical recovery study. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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4
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Ayub R, Raheel A. High-Value Chemicals from Electrocatalytic Depolymerization of Lignin: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3767. [PMID: 35409138 PMCID: PMC8999055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is renewable and one of the most abundant sources for the production of high-value chemicals, materials, and fuels. It is of immense importance to develop new efficient technologies for the industrial production of chemicals by utilizing renewable resources. Lignocellulosic biomass can potentially replace fossil-based chemistries. The production of fuel and chemicals from lignin powered by renewable electricity under ambient temperatures and pressures enables a more sustainable way to obtain high-value chemicals. More specifically, in a sustainable biorefinery, it is essential to valorize lignin to enhance biomass transformation technology and increase the overall economy of the process. Strategies regarding electrocatalytic approaches as a way to valorize or depolymerize lignin have attracted significant interest from growing scientific communities over the recent decades. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the electrocatalytic methods for depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass with an emphasis on untargeted depolymerization as well as the selective and targeted mild synthesis of high-value chemicals. Electrocatalytic cleavage of model compounds and further electrochemical upgrading of bio-oils are discussed. Finally, some insights into current challenges and limitations associated with this approach are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- RISE Processum AB, Bioeconomy and Health Division, SE-891 22 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Raheel
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
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5
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Oliveira RC, Buijnsters JG, Mateus MM, Bordado JC, Santos DM. On the electrooxidation of kraft black liquor on boron-doped diamond. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Homann J, Zirbes M, Arndt‐Engelbart M, Scholz D, Waldvogel SR, Hoffmann T. Development of a Method for Anodic Degradation of Lignin for the Analysis of Paleo‐Vegetation Proxies in Speleothems. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Homann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Meiko Arndt‐Engelbart
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Denis Scholz
- Institute for Geosciences Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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7
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Hanson KG, Lin CH, Abu-Omar MM. Crosslinking of renewable polyesters with epoxides to form bio-based epoxy thermosets. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Cui T, Ma L, Wang S, Ye C, Liang X, Zhang Z, Meng G, Zheng L, Hu HS, Zhang J, Duan H, Wang D, Li Y. Atomically Dispersed Pt-N 3C 1 Sites Enabling Efficient and Selective Electrocatalytic C-C Bond Cleavage in Lignin Models under Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9429-9439. [PMID: 34138542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective cleavage of C-C linkages is the key and a challenge for lignin degradation to harvest value-added aromatic compounds. To this end, electrocatalytic oxidation presents a promising technique by virtue of mild reaction conditions and strong sustainability. However, the existing electrocatalysts (traditional bulk metal and metal oxides) for C-C bond oxidative cleavage suffer from poor selectivity and low product yields. We show for the first time that atomically dispersed Pt-N3C1 sites planted on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (Pt1/N-CNTs), constructed via a stepwise polymerization-carbonization-electrostatic adsorption strategy, are highly active and selective toward Cα-Cβ bond cleavage in β-O-4 model compounds under ambient conditions. Pt1/N-CNTs exhibits 99% substrate conversion with 81% yield of benzaldehyde, which is exceptional and unprecedented compared with previously reported electrocatalysts. Moreover, Pt1/N-CNTs using only 0.41 wt % Pt achieved a much higher benzaldehyde yield than those of the state-of-the-art bulk Pt electrode (100 wt % Pt) and commercial Pt/C catalyst (20 wt % Pt). Systematic experimental investigation together with density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggests that the superior performance of Pt1/N-CNTs arises from the atomically dispersed Pt-N3C1 sites facilitating the formation of a key Cβ radical intermediate, further inducing a radical/radical cross-coupling path to break the Cα-Cβ bond. This work opens up opportunities in lignin valorization via a green and sustainable electrochemical route with ultralow noble metal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shibin Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chenliang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zedong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy & State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haohong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Di Fidio N, Timmermans JW, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM, Gosselink RJA, Bisselink RJM, Slaghek TM. Electro-oxidative depolymerisation of technical lignin in water using platinum, nickel oxide hydroxide and graphite electrodes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the lignin exploitation to added-value bioproducts, a mild chemical conversion route based on electrochemistry was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Johan W. Timmermans
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | | | - Richard J. A. Gosselink
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Roel J. M. Bisselink
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ted M. Slaghek
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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10
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Garedew M, Lin F, Song B, DeWinter TM, Jackson JE, Saffron CM, Lam CH, Anastas PT. Greener Routes to Biomass Waste Valorization: Lignin Transformation Through Electrocatalysis for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4214-4237. [PMID: 32460408 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin valorization is essential for biorefineries to produce fuels and chemicals for a sustainable future. Today's biorefineries pursue profitable value propositions for cellulose and hemicellulose; however, lignin is typically used mainly for its thermal energy value. To enhance the profit potential for biorefineries, lignin valorization would be a necessary practice. Lignin valorization is greatly advantaged when biomass carbon is retained in the fuel and chemical products and when energy quality is enhanced by electrochemical upgrading. Though lignin upgrading and valorization are very desirable in principle, many barriers involved in lignin pretreatment, extraction, and depolymerization must be overcome to unlock its full potential. This Review addresses the electrochemical transformation of various lignins with the aim of gaining a better understanding of many of the barriers that currently exist in such technologies. These studies give insight into electrochemical lignin depolymerization and upgrading to value-added commodities with the end goal of achieving a global low-carbon circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlet Garedew
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Fang Lin
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Bing Song
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3020, New Zealand
| | - Tamara M DeWinter
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - James E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christopher M Saffron
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- City University of Hong Kong, School of Energy and Environment, Kowloon Tong, China
| | - Paul T Anastas
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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11
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Du X, Zhang H, Sullivan KP, Gogoi P, Deng Y. Electrochemical Lignin Conversion. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4318-4343. [PMID: 33448690 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the largest source of renewable aromatic compounds, making the recovery of aromatic compounds from this material a significant scientific goal. Recently, many studies have reported on lignin depolymerization and upgrading strategies. Electrochemical approaches are considered to be low cost, reagent free, and environmentally friendly, and can be carried out under mild reaction conditions. In this Review, different electrochemical lignin conversion strategies, including electrooxidation, electroreduction, hybrid electro-oxidation and reduction, and combinations of electrochemical and other processes (e. g., biological, solar) for lignin depolymerization and upgrading are discussed in detail. In addition to lignin conversion, electrochemical lignin fractionation from biomass and black liquor is also briefly discussed. Finally, the outlook and challenges for electrochemical lignin conversion are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Du
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Haichuan Zhang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 303320620, USA
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kevin P Sullivan
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Parikshit Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Nowgong College, Nagaon, 782001, Assam, India
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 303320620, USA
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12
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Dias RMP, de Oliveira GP, Burtoloso ACB. One-pot synthesis of β-O-4 lignin models via the insertion of stable 2-diazo-1,3-dicarbonyls into O-H bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4815-4823. [PMID: 32539068 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Because lignin is a macromolecule that is a sustainable source of aromatic compounds, model substrates are commonly used to increase our understanding of its complex structure. However, few methods have been described for the synthesis of these models. Herein, we describe a new route towards the synthesis of β-O-4 lignin models by intermolecular O-H insertion reactions with simple and stable diazocarbonyls. The benefits of this developed method were shorter reaction times and high yields, as well as mild and environmentally friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mafra P Dias
- Chemistry Institute at São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), CEP 13560-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. and Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of São João del Rei (UFSJ), CEP 36420-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P de Oliveira
- Chemistry Institute at São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), CEP 13560-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio C B Burtoloso
- Chemistry Institute at São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), CEP 13560-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Chen J, Yang H, Fu H, He H, Zeng Q, Li X. Electrochemical oxidation mechanisms for selective products due to C-O and C-C cleavages of β-O-4 linkages in lignin model compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11508-11518. [PMID: 32393942 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation is a promising and effective method for lignin depolymerization owing to its selective oxidation capacity and environmental friendliness. Herein, the electrooxidation of non-phenolic alkyl aryl ether monomers and β-O-4 dimers was experimentally (by cyclic voltammetry, in situ spectroelectrochemistry, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy) and theoretically (by DFT calculations) explored in detail. Compared to the reported literature (T. Shiraishi, T. Takano, H. Kamitakahara and F. Nakatsubo, Holzforschung, 2012, 66(3), 303-309), 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethanol showed a distinguishable oxidation pathway, where the resulting carbonyl product surprisingly underwent a bond cleavage on alkyl-aryl ether to ultimately produce a quinoid like compound. In contrast, β-O-4 dimers, like 2-phenoxy-1-phenethanol and 2-phenoxyacetophenone also demonstrated electrochemical oxidation induced by Cβ-O and Cα-Cβ bond cleavages. For the oxidation products, the presence of the Cα-hydroxyl group in dimers was the key to selectively generate aldehyde-containing species under mild electrochemical conditions, otherwise it produces alcohol-containing products following a different mechanism compared to the Cα[double bond, length as m-dash]O containing dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
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14
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Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Electro-organic synthesis - a 21 st century technique. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12386-12400. [PMID: 34123227 PMCID: PMC8162804 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe limitations of fossil fuels and finite resources influence the scientific community to reconsider chemical synthesis and establish sustainable techniques. Several promising methods have emerged, and electro-organic conversion has attracted particular attention from international academia and industry as an environmentally benign and cost-effective technique. The easy application, precise control, and safe conversion of substrates with intermediates only accessible by this method reveal novel pathways in synthetic organic chemistry. The popularity of electricity as a reagent is accompanied by the feasible conversion of bio-based feedstocks to limit the carbon footprint. Several milestones have been achieved in electro-organic conversion at rapid frequency, which have opened up various perspectives for forthcoming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
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15
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Chen Z, NaderiNasrabadi M, Staser JA, Harrington PB. Application of Generalized Standard Addition Method and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy to Quantify Electrolytic Depolymerization of Lignin. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Xiao T, Yuan H, Ma Q, Guo X, Wu Y. An approach for in situ qualitative and quantitative analysis of moisture adsorption in nanogram-scaled lignin by using micro-FTIR spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:1106-1111. [PMID: 30974143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Moisture sorption has a great impact on the mechanical properties of lignin. To better characterize the moisture sorption of lignin, an approach for in situ qualitative and quantitative analysis of moisture adsorption in nanogram-scaled lignin by using micro-FTIR spectroscopy and partial least squares regression is introduced in this study. Spectra of nanogram-scaled lignin were collected within the relative humidity (RH) of 0%-92%. A qualitative analysis of these measured spectra confirmed the effective water sorption sites and determined spectral ranges related to moisture adsorption. Using these identified spectral ranges, a quantitative forecasting model for the moisture content (MC) of lignin was built and developed according to partial least square regression (R2, 0.9996; RMSECV, 0.408; RMSEP, 0.118). Furthermore, the water sorption isotherm of lignin was acquired using the established forecasting model in which a very positive correlation between the estimated and measured MCs was demonstrated using a dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) setup. The results confirmed the practicability and effectiveness of this in situ qualitative and quantitative analysis approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Xiao
- College of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; College of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Hanmeng Yuan
- College of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- College of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xin Guo
- College of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Yiqiang Wu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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17
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Caravaca A, Garcia-Lorefice WE, Gil S, de Lucas-Consuegra A, Vernoux P. Towards a sustainable technology for H2 production: Direct lignin electrolysis in a continuous-flow Polymer Electrolyte Membrane reactor. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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18
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Chowdari R, Agarwal S, Heeres HJ. Hydrotreatment of Kraft Lignin to Alkylphenolics and Aromatics Using Ni, Mo, and W Phosphides Supported on Activated Carbon. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2019; 7:2044-2055. [PMID: 30775190 PMCID: PMC6369682 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of lignin to biofuels and biobased chemicals is currently attracting a lot of attention. We here report on the valorization of Kraft lignin by a catalytic hydrotreatment using Ni, Mo, and W phosphide catalysts supported on activated carbon in the absence of an external solvent. Experiments were carried out in a batch setup in the temperature range of 400-500 °C and 100 bar initial H2 pressure. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, and transmission electron microscopy. The lignin oils were analyzed extensively by different techniques such as GPC, GC-MS-FID, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. Two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC-FID) was applied to identify and quantify distinct groups of compounds (aromatics, alkylphenolics, alkanes, etc.). Mo-based catalysts displayed higher activity compared to the W-containing catalysts. The reaction parameters such as the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading were studied for two catalysts (15MoP/AC and 20NiMoP/AC), and optimized reaction conditions regarding yields of monomeric components were identified (400 °C, 100 bar H2 at RT, 10 wt % catalyst loading on lignin intake). The highest monomer yield (45.7 wt % on lignin) was obtained for the 20NiMoP/AC (Ni 5.6 wt %, Mo 9.1 wt %, P 5.9 wt %) catalyst, which includes 25% alkylphenolics, 8.7% aromatics, and 9.9% alkanes. Our results clearly reveal that the phosphide catalysts are highly efficient catalyst to depolymerize the Kraft lignin to valuable biobased chemicals and outperform sulfided NiMo catalysts (monomer yield on lignin < 30 wt %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh
Kumar Chowdari
- Chemical
Engineering Department, ENTEG, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Science, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Centro
de Nanociencias y Nanotecnologia, Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22800 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Shilpa Agarwal
- Chemical
Engineering Department, ENTEG, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Science, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Catalytic
Processes and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500
AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hero Jan Heeres
- Chemical
Engineering Department, ENTEG, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Science, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Ren T, Qi W, Su R, He Z. Promising Techniques for Depolymerization of Lignin into Value-added Chemicals. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Ren
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Rongxin Su
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Zhimin He
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Modern Electrochemical Aspects for the Synthesis of Value-Added Organic Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6018-6041. [PMID: 29359378 PMCID: PMC6001547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizers or reducing agents in synthesis is very appealing for economic and ecological reasons, and represents a major driving force for research efforts in this area. To use electron transfer at the electrode for a successful transformation in organic synthesis, the intermediate radical (cation/anion) has to be stabilized. Its combination with other approaches in organic chemistry or concepts of contemporary synthesis allows the establishment of powerful synthetic methods. The aim in the 21st Century will be to use as little fossil carbon as possible and, for this reason, the use of renewable sources is becoming increasingly important. The direct conversion of renewables, which have previously mainly been incinerated, is of increasing interest. This Review surveys many of the recent seminal important developments which will determine the future of this dynamic emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
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21
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Moderne Aspekte der Elektrochemie zur Synthese hochwertiger organischer Produkte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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Lignin Valorization: Two Hybrid Biochemical Routes for the Conversion of Polymeric Lignin into Value-added Chemicals. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8420. [PMID: 28827602 PMCID: PMC5566326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally, many aerobic organisms degrade lignin-derived aromatics through conserved intermediates including protocatechuate and catechol. Employing this microbial approach offers a potential solution for valorizing lignin into valuable chemicals for a potential lignocellulosic biorefinery and enabling bioeconomy. In this study, two hybrid biochemical routes combining lignin chemical depolymerization, plant metabolic engineering, and synthetic pathway reconstruction were demonstrated for valorizing lignin into value-added products. In the biochemical route 1, alkali lignin was chemically depolymerized into vanillin and syringate as major products, which were further bio-converted into cis, cis-muconic acid (ccMA) and pyrogallol, respectively, using engineered Escherichia coli strains. In the second biochemical route, the shikimate pathway of Tobacco plant was engineered to accumulate protocatechuate (PCA) as a soluble intermediate compound. The PCA extracted from the engineered Tobacco was further converted into ccMA using the engineered E. coli strain. This study reports a direct process for converting lignin into ccMA and pyrogallol as value-added chemicals, and more importantly demonstrates benign methods for valorization of polymeric lignin that is inherently heterogeneous and recalcitrant. Our approach also validates the promising combination of plant engineering with microbial chassis development for the production of value added and speciality chemicals.
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Wang L, Chen Y, Liu S, Jiang H, Wang L, Sun Y, Wan P. Study on the cleavage of alkyl-O-aryl bonds by in situ generated hydroxyl radicals on an ORR cathode. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
˙OH selectively attacks the active sites opposite to phenolic hydroxyl groups and leads to bond-cleavage of ether bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Yongmei Chen
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Shuangyan Liu
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Haomin Jiang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Linan Wang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Yanzhi Sun
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Pingyu Wan
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
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High temperature, flame-retardant, and transparent epoxy thermosets prepared from an acetovanillone-based hydroxyl poly(ether sulfone) and commercial epoxy resins. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Akita H, Kimura ZI, Mohd Yusoff MZ, Nakashima N, Hoshino T. Isolation and characterization of Burkholderia sp. strain CCA53 exhibiting ligninolytic potential. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:596. [PMID: 27247892 PMCID: PMC4864794 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Microbial degradation of lignin releases fermentable sugars, effective utilization of which could support biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. In the present study, a lignin-degrading bacterium was isolated from leaf soil and identified as Burkholderia sp. based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This strain was named CCA53, and its lignin-degrading capability was assessed by observing its growth on medium containing alkali lignin or lignin-associated aromatic monomers as the sole carbon source. Alkali lignin and at least eight lignin-associated aromatic monomers supported growth of this strain, and the most effective utilization was observed for p-hydroxybenzene monomers. These findings indicate that Burkholderia sp. strain CCA53 has fragmentary activity for lignin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironaga Akita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046 Japan
| | - Zen-Ichiro Kimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kure College, 2-2-11 Aga-minami, Kure, Hiroshima 737-8506 Japan
| | - Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046 Japan ; Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nobutaka Nakashima
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, 062-8517 Japan ; Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M6-5 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550 Japan
| | - Tamotsu Hoshino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046 Japan ; Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, 062-8517 Japan
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García-Espinoza JD, Gortáres-Moroyoqui P, Orta-Ledesma MT, Drogui P, Mijaylova-Nacheva P. Electrochemical removal of carbamazepine in water with Ti/PbO2 cylindrical mesh anode. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:1155-1165. [PMID: 26942539 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most frequently detected organic compounds in the aquatic environment. Due to its bio-persistence and toxicity for humans and the environment its removal has become an important issue. The performance of the electrochemical oxidation process and in situ production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O3 and H2O2, for CBZ removal have been studied using Ti/PbO2 cylindrical mesh anode in the presence of Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte in a batch electrochemical reactor. In this integrated process, direct oxidation at anode and indirect oxidation by in situ electrogenerated ROS can occur simultaneously. The effect of several factors such as electrolysis time, current intensity, initial pH and oxygen flux was investigated by means of an experimental design methodology, using a 2(4) factorial matrix. CBZ removal of 83.93% was obtained and the most influential parameters turned out to be electrolysis time, current intensity and oxygen flux. Later, the optimal experimental values for CBZ degradation were obtained by means of a central composite design. The best operating conditions, analyzed by Design Expert(®) software, are the following: 110 min of electrolysis at 3.0 A, pH = 7.05 and 2.8 L O2/min. Under these optimal conditions, the model prediction (82.44%) fits very well with the experimental response (83.90 ± 0.8%). Furthermore, chemical oxygen demand decrease was quantified. Our results illustrated significant removal efficiency for the CBZ in optimized condition with second order kinetic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D García-Espinoza
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Paseo Cuauhnáhuac 8532, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos 62550, Mexico E-mail:
| | - P Gortáres-Moroyoqui
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), 5 de Febrero 818 Sur C.P., Cuidad Obregón, Sonora 85000, Mexico
| | - M T Orta-Ledesma
- Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - P Drogui
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), 8 Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9 Canada
| | - P Mijaylova-Nacheva
- Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA), Paseo Cuauhnáhuac 8532, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos 62550, Mexico
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Li C, Zhao X, Wang A, Huber GW, Zhang T. Catalytic Transformation of Lignin for the Production of Chemicals and Fuels. Chem Rev 2015; 115:11559-624. [PMID: 26479313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1007] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Li
- State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhao
- State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - George W Huber
- State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
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Zhu C, Ding W, Shen T, Tang C, Sun C, Xu S, Chen Y, Wu J, Ying H. Metallo-deuteroporphyrin as a biomimetic catalyst for the catalytic oxidation of lignin to aromatics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1768-78. [PMID: 25914326 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A series of metallo-deuteroporphyrins derived from hemin were prepared as models of the cytochrome P450 enzyme. With the aid of the highly active Co(II) deuteroporphyrin complex, the catalytic oxidation system was applied for the oxidation of several lignin model compounds, and high yields of monomeric products were obtained under mild reaction conditions. It was found that the modified cobalt deuteroporphyrin that has no substituents at the meso sites but does have the disulfide linkage in the propionate side chains at the β sites exhibited much higher activity and stability than the synthetic tetraphenylporphyrin. The changes in the propionate side chains can divert the reactivity of cobalt deuteroporphyrins from the typical CC bond cleavage to CO bond cleavage. Furthermore, this novel oxidative system can convert enzymolysis lignin into depolymerized products including a significant portion of well-defined aromatic monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 S Puzhu Rd, Nanjing, 211816 (PR China)
| | - Weiwei Ding
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 S Puzhu Rd, Nanjing, 211816 (PR China)
| | - Tao Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 S Puzhu Rd, Nanjing, 211816 (PR China)
| | - Chenglun Tang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 S Puzhu Rd, Nanjing, 211816 (PR China)
| | - Chenguo Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Rd, Nanjing, 210094 (PR China)
| | - Shichao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Rd, Nanjing, 210094 (PR China)
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 S Puzhu Rd, Nanjing, 211816 (PR China)
| | - Jinglan Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 S Puzhu Rd, Nanjing, 211816 (PR China)
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 S Puzhu Rd, Nanjing, 211816 (PR China).
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30
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Zhu H, Wang L, Chen Y, Li G, Li H, Tang Y, Wan P. Electrochemical depolymerization of lignin into renewable aromatic compounds in a non-diaphragm electrolytic cell. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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31
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Zhu H, Peng Z, Chen Y, Li G, Wang L, Tang Y, Pang R, Khan ZUH, Wan P. Preparation and characterization of flame retardant polyurethane foams containing phosphorus–nitrogen-functionalized lignin. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08429b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin-based phosphate melamine was used as a partial substitute for polyols to synthesize rigid polyurethane foams which exhibit high mechanical strength and low flammability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Zhu
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Zumao Peng
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of SFA
- Research Institute of Wood Industry
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Ran Pang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Zia Ul Haq Khan
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Pingyu Wan
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing, China
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