1
|
Xu J, Liu B. Metal Free Functionalization of Saturated Heterocycles with Vinylarenes and Pyridine Enabled by Photocatalytic Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400612. [PMID: 38566284 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Saturated heterocycles are important class of structural scaffolds in small-molecule drugs, natural products, and synthetic intermediates. Here, we disclosed a metal free, mild, and scalable functionalization of saturated heterocycles using vinylarenes as a linchpin approach. Key to success of this transformation is the employing of simple and cheap benzophenone as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst. This operationally robust process was used for the making of diverse functionalized saturated heterocycles. Furthermore, aldehydes, alkane, and alcohol have been functionalized under the optimized conditions. The potential pharmaceutical utility of the procedure has also been demonstrated by late-stage functionalization of bioactive natural compounds and pharmaceutical molecules. Initial mechanism studies and control experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanism of the reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen J, Li J, Chen M, Yue X, Shi X. Photoinduced Radical Desulfurative C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Coupling via Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1495-1500. [PMID: 38334317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a radical desulfurative C-C coupling protocol for the synthesis of 4-alkylpyridines. A variety of substituents on both benzyl thiols and 4-cyanopyridines are tolerated. The reaction is carried out under mild and photocatalyst- and transition-metal-free conditions. Preliminary mechanistic studies show that an electron donor-acceptor complex is formed between benzyl thiols and 4-cyanopyridines under alkaline conditions. Then, a variety of 1°, 2°, and 3° C(sp3)-centered radicals was formed by cleavage of the C-S bond, and the 4-alkylpyridines were achieved through a radical-radical coupling with the pyridyl radical anion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jincan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Meijun Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuerong Yue
- Chongqing Ensky Chemical CO., LTD., North New Zone, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiong Y, Wu X. Deoxygenative coupling of alcohols with aromatic nitriles enabled by direct visible light excitation. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9316-9320. [PMID: 37982141 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01676e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
A general and practical protocol is presented for visible-light-driven deoxygenative coupling of alcohols with aromatic nitriles in the absence of external photocatalysts. Utilizing a hydroxyl activation strategy with carbon disulfide, this C(sp3)-C(sp2) constructing platform accommodates a broad scope of alcohols and aryl nitriles to deliver various alkyl-substituted arenes. Mechanism studies show that a single electron transfer event between a photoexcited aryl nitrile and a xanthate anion is key to the transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang YF, Bilal M, Tang LY, Wang TZ, Guan YQ, Cheng Z, Zhu M, Wei J, Jiao N. Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage for Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12313-12370. [PMID: 37942891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) introduces functional group or structural modification at the final stage of the synthesis of natural products, drugs, and complex compounds. It is anticipated that late-stage functionalization would improve drug discovery's effectiveness and efficiency and hasten the creation of various chemical libraries. Consequently, late-stage functionalization of natural products is a productive technique to produce natural product derivatives, which significantly impacts chemical biology and drug development. Carbon-carbon bonds make up the fundamental framework of organic molecules. Compared with the carbon-carbon bond construction, the carbon-carbon bond activation can directly enable molecular editing (deletion, insertion, or modification of atoms or groups of atoms) and provide a more efficient and accurate synthetic strategy. However, the efficient and selective activation of unstrained carbon-carbon bonds is still one of the most challenging projects in organic synthesis. This review encompasses the strategies employed in recent years for carbon-carbon bond cleavage by explicitly focusing on their applicability in late-stage functionalization. This review expands the current discourse on carbon-carbon bond cleavage in late-stage functionalization reactions by providing a comprehensive overview of the selective cleavage of various types of carbon-carbon bonds. This includes C-C(sp), C-C(sp2), and C-C(sp3) single bonds; carbon-carbon double bonds; and carbon-carbon triple bonds, with a focus on catalysis by transition metals or organocatalysts. Additionally, specific topics, such as ring-opening processes involving carbon-carbon bond cleavage in three-, four-, five-, and six-membered rings, are discussed, and exemplar applications of these techniques are showcased in the context of complex bioactive molecules or drug discovery. This review aims to shed light on recent advancements in the field and propose potential avenues for future research in the realm of late-stage carbon-carbon bond functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Le-Yu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao L, Liang X, He L, Li G, Chen S, Cao J, Ma J, Wang G, Li S. Base-mediated C-B bond activation of benzylic boronate for the rapid construction of β-silyl/boryl functionalized 1,1-diarylalkanes from aromatic alkenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11881-11889. [PMID: 37920335 PMCID: PMC10619622 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03666a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of tBuOK on the existing state of benzylic boronates in the solution phase has been investigated in detail by NMR analysis and DFT calculations. It was determined that simply using an excess of tBuOK (2.0 equivalents) can result in the full deborylation of benzylic boronates to afford free benzyl potassium species. These mechanistic insights were leveraged for the facile construction of β-silyl/boryl functionalized 1,1-diarylalkanes from aromatic alkenes via the combination of base-mediated silylboration or diborylation of aromatic alkenes and nucleophilic-type reactions with various electrophiles. Based on further machine-learning-assisted screening, the scope of electrophiles for this transformation can be generalized to the challenging aromatic heterocycles. Late-stage functionalization performed on several drug-relevant molecules generates the highly valuable 1,1-diaryl framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhou Gao
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Xinyi Liang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Linke He
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Guoao Li
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shengda Chen
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jing Ma
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lan J, Yu W, You K, Xu M, Zhang B, Wang Y, Wang T, Luo J. Dehalogenative Arylation of Unactivated Alkyl Halides via Electroreduction. Org Lett 2023; 25:7434-7439. [PMID: 37768735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a facile and efficient dehalogenative arylation of unactivated alkyl halides enabled by electrochemical reductive coupling is developed, affording a series of C(sp2)-C(sp3) products in moderate to good yields. This protocol proceeds in the absence of transition metal catalysts and redox mediators. The reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and high tolerance of functional groups and is demonstrated to be applicable for gram-scale synthesis and late-stage functionalization of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Lan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Yu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Ke You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Yuanquan Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jin Luo
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simpson MM, Lam CC, Goodman JM, Balasubramanian S. Selective Functionalisation of 5-Methylcytosine by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202304756. [PMID: 38516645 PMCID: PMC10953388 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202304756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The epigenetic modification 5-methylcytosine plays a vital role in development, cell specific gene expression and disease states. The selective chemical modification of the 5-methylcytosine methyl group is challenging. Currently, no such chemistry exists. Direct functionalisation of 5-methylcytosine would improve the detection and study of this epigenetic feature. We report a xanthone-photosensitised process that introduces a 4-pyridine modification at a C(sp3)-H bond in the methyl group of 5-methylcytosine. We propose a reaction mechanism for this type of reaction based on density functional calculations and apply transition state analysis to rationalise differences in observed reaction efficiencies between cyanopyridine derivatives. The reaction is initiated by single electron oxidation of 5-methylcytosine followed by deprotonation to generate the methyl group radical. Cross coupling of the methyl radical with 4-cyanopyridine installs a 4-pyridine label at 5-methylcytosine. We demonstrate use of the pyridination reaction to enrich 5-methylcytosine-containing ribonucleic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew M. Simpson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
| | - Ching Ching Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
| | - Jonathan M. Goodman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
- Cancer ResearchUKCambridge Institute Li Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeRobinson WayCB2 0RECambridgeUK
- School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCB2 0SPCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Simpson MM, Lam CC, Goodman JM, Balasubramanian S. Selective Functionalisation of 5-Methylcytosine by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304756. [PMID: 37118885 PMCID: PMC10952617 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic modification 5-methylcytosine plays a vital role in development, cell specific gene expression and disease states. The selective chemical modification of the 5-methylcytosine methyl group is challenging. Currently, no such chemistry exists. Direct functionalisation of 5-methylcytosine would improve the detection and study of this epigenetic feature. We report a xanthone-photosensitised process that introduces a 4-pyridine modification at a C(sp3 )-H bond in the methyl group of 5-methylcytosine. We propose a reaction mechanism for this type of reaction based on density functional calculations and apply transition state analysis to rationalise differences in observed reaction efficiencies between cyanopyridine derivatives. The reaction is initiated by single electron oxidation of 5-methylcytosine followed by deprotonation to generate the methyl group radical. Cross coupling of the methyl radical with 4-cyanopyridine installs a 4-pyridine label at 5-methylcytosine. We demonstrate use of the pyridination reaction to enrich 5-methylcytosine-containing ribonucleic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew M. Simpson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
| | - Ching Ching Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
| | - Jonathan M. Goodman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
- Cancer ResearchUKCambridge Institute Li Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeRobinson WayCB2 0RECambridgeUK
- School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCB2 0SPCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Le Saux E, Georgiou E, Dmitriev IA, Hartley WC, Melchiorre P. Photochemical Organocatalytic Functionalization of Pyridines via Pyridinyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:47-52. [PMID: 36574031 PMCID: PMC9837848 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a photochemical method for the functionalization of pyridines with radicals derived from allylic C-H bonds. Overall, two substrates undergo C-H functionalization to form a new C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond. The chemistry harnesses the unique reactivity of pyridinyl radicals, generated upon single-electron reduction of pyridinium ions, which undergo effective coupling with allylic radicals. This novel mechanism enables distinct positional selectivity for pyridine functionalization that diverges from classical Minisci chemistry. Crucial was the identification of a dithiophosphoric acid that masters three catalytic tasks, sequentially acting as a Brønsted acid for pyridine protonation, a single electron transfer (SET) reductant for pyridinium ion reduction, and a hydrogen atom abstractor for the activation of allylic C(sp3)-H bonds. The resulting pyridinyl and allylic radicals then couple with high regioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Le Saux
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,URV
− Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eleni Georgiou
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,URV
− Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Igor A. Dmitriev
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,URV
− Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Will C. Hartley
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bergamaschi E, Mayerhofer VJ, Teskey CJ. Light-Driven Cobalt Hydride Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Styrenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bergamaschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor J. Mayerhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim M, Koo Y, Hong S. N-Functionalized Pyridinium Salts: A New Chapter for Site-Selective Pyridine C-H Functionalization via Radical-Based Processes under Visible Light Irradiation. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3043-3056. [PMID: 36166489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The radical-mediated C-H functionalization of pyridines has attracted considerable attention as a powerful tool in synthetic chemistry for the direct functionalization of the C-H bonds of the pyridine scaffold. Classically, the synthetic methods for functionalized pyridines often involve radical-mediated Minisci-type reactions under strongly acidic conditions. However, the site-selective functionalization of pyridines in unbiased systems has been a long-standing challenge because the pyridine scaffold contains multiple competing reaction sites (C2 vs C4) to intercept free radicals. Therefore, prefunctionalization of the pyridine is required to avoid issues observed with the formation of a mixture of regioisomers and overalkylated side products.Recently, N-functionalized pyridinium salts have been attracting considerable attention in organic chemistry as promising radical precursors and pyridine surrogates. The notable advantage of N-functionalized pyridinium salts lies in their ability to enhance the reactivity and selectivity for synthetically useful reactions under acid-free conditions. This approach enables exquisite regiocontrol for nonclassical Minisci-type reactions at the C2 and C4 positions under mild reaction conditions, which are suitable for the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules with greater complexity and diversity. Over the past five years, a variety of fascinating synthetic applications have been developed using various types of pyridinium salts under visible light conditions. In addition, a new platform for alkene difunctionalization using appropriately designed N-substituted pyridinium salts as bifunctional reagents has been reported, offering an innovative assembly process for complex organic architectures. Intriguingly, strategies involving light-absorbing electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes between pyridinium salts and suitable electron-rich donors further open up new reactivity under photocatalyst-free conditions. Furthermore, we developed enantioselective reactions using pyridinium salts to afford enantioenriched molecules bearing pyridines through single-electron N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis.Herein, we provide a broad overview of our recent contributions to the development of N-functionalized pyridinium salts and summarize the cornerstones of organic reactions that successfully employ these pyridinium salts under visible light conditions. The major advances in the field are systematically categorized on the basis of the pyridines' N-substituent, N-X (X = O, N, C, and SO2CF3), and its reactivity patterns. Furthermore, the identification of new activation modes and their mechanistic aspects are discussed by providing representative contributions to each paradigm. We hope that this Account will inspire broad interest in the continued innovation of N-functionalized pyridinium salts in the exploration of new transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yejin Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zou T, He Y, Liu R, Zhang Y, Wei S, Lu J, Wang J, Wang L, Fu Q, Yi D. Photoredox-neutral ring-opening pyridylation of cyclic oximes via phosphoranyl radical-mediated N-O/C-C bond cleavages and sequential radical-radical coupling. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
14
|
Schlegel M, Qian S, Nicewicz DA. Aliphatic C-H Functionalization Using Pyridine N-Oxides as H-Atom Abstraction Agents. ACS Catal 2022; 12:10499-10505. [PMID: 37727583 PMCID: PMC10508875 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The alkylation and heteroarylation of unactivated tertiary, secondary, and primary C(sp3)-H bonds was achieved by employing an acridinium photoredox catalyst along with readily available pyridine Noxides as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) precursors under visible light. Oxygen-centered radicals, generated by single-electron oxidation of the Noxides, are the proposed key intermediates whose reactivity can be easily modified by structural adjustments. A broad range of aliphatic C-H substrates with electron-donating or -withdrawing groups as well as various olefinic radical acceptors and heteroarenes were well tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Siran Qian
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim M, You E, Kim J, Hong S. Site-Selective Pyridylic C-H Functionalization by Photocatalytic Radical Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204217. [PMID: 35481719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient pyridylic C(sp3 )-H functionalization has been developed through photocatalytic radical-mediated fluoroalkylation or cascade reactions. This method is enabled by the reversible formation of alkylidene dihydropyridine intermediates via the facile enolate formation of C4-alkyl N-amidopyridinium salts in the absence of an external base, thereby establishing the conditions necessary for subsequent intermolecular radical trapping. Rapid structural diversification of the pyridylic site can be achieved through photocatalytic multicomponent cascade reactions involving alkene trifluoromethylation, SO2 -reincorporation, and sulfonyl radical addition. This operationally simple method features a broad substrate scope and high chemoselectivity and offers a unique approach for the rational modification of the heterobenzylic C-H bonds of pyridines and quinolines with uniform site-selective control. Furthermore, experimental and theoretical studies were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna You
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kowalska E, Artelska A, Albrecht A. Visible Light-Driven Reductive Azaarylation of Coumarin-3-carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9645-9653. [PMID: 35820401 PMCID: PMC9361294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In the manuscript, reductive and decarboxylative azaarylation
of
coumarin-3-carboxylic acids is described. It utilizes the photocatalytic
activation of (cyano)azaarenes in the presence of fac-Ir(ppy)3 as a photocatalyst. The methodology is versatile
and provides access to biologically relevant 4-substituted-chroman-2-ones.
Visible light, photoredox catalyst, base, anhydrous solvent, and inert
atmosphere constitute key parameters for the success of the described
strategy. The developed methodology involves a wide range of coumarin-3-carboxylic
acids as well as (cyano)azaarenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Łódź 90-924, Poland
| | - Angelika Artelska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Łódź 90-924, Poland
| | - Anna Albrecht
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Łódź 90-924, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abbas HS, Abo Zeina EA, Radwan HA, Shati AA, Alfaifi MY, Elbehairi SEI. Efficient Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of some new series of pyridine derivatives: Promising and Potent New Class of Anticancer Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hebat‐Allah S. Abbas
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
- Photochemistry Department National Research Centre Dokki Cairo Egypt
| | - Esraa A. Abo Zeina
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayam A. Radwan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Women of Arts, Sciences and Educatin Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt Abidah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Shati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y. Alfaifi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Serag Eldin I. Elbehairi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
- Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), 51 Wezaret El‐Zeraa St., Agouza Giza Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim M, You E, Kim J, Hong S. Site‐Selective Pyridylic C–H Functionalization by Photocatalytic Radical Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Euna You
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Jieun Kim
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology KAIST Department of Chemistry Yusung Gu (KAIST) 34141 Daejeon KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Visible-light-mediated metal-free decarboxylative acylation of electron-deficient quinolines using α-ketoacids under ambient air. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Georgiou E, Spinnato D, Chen K, Melchiorre P, Muñiz K. Switchable photocatalysis for the chemodivergent benzylation of 4-cyanopyridines. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8060-8064. [PMID: 35919417 PMCID: PMC9278488 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02698h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a photocatalytic strategy for the chemodivergent radical benzylation of 4-cyanopyridines. The chemistry uses a single photoredox catalyst to generate benzyl radicals upon N–F bond activation of 2-alkyl N-fluorobenzamides. The judicious choice of different photocatalyst quenchers allowed us to select at will between mechanistically divergent processes. The two reaction manifolds, an ipso-substitution path proceeding via radical coupling and a Minisci-type addition, enabled selective access to regioisomeric C4 or C2 benzylated pyridines, respectively. Mechanistic investigations shed light on the origin of the chemoselectivity switch. We report a photocatalytic strategy for the chemodivergent radical benzylation of 4-cyanopyridines. The chemistry uses a single photoredox catalyst to generate benzyl radicals upon N–F bond activation of 2-alkyl N-fluorobenzamides.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Georgiou
- ICIQ – Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16 – 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Davide Spinnato
- ICIQ – Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16 – 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Kang Chen
- ICIQ – Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16 – 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ – Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16 – 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23 – 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang S, Zi-Tong Z, Young DJ, Lu-Lu C, Wu Q, Li HX. Visible-light mediated cross-coupling of aryl halides with sodium sulfinates via carbonyl-photoredox/nickel dual catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01850g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of arylsulfinates (ArSO2−) with (hetero)aryl halides (Ar’-X) via visible light photoexcitation of 2-chloro-thioxanthen-9-one (Cl-TXO) has been achieved in moderate to excellent yields. This photocoupling exhibited a broad...
Collapse
|
23
|
Ding W, Sheng J, Li J, Cheng X. Electroreductive 4-pyridylation of unsaturated compounds using gaseous ammonia as a hydrogen source. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00132b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
By using ammonia as a hydrogen source, electrochemical pyridylation of unsaturated compounds is achieved with more than 50 examples. In particular, the β-keto ester could be converted to the corresponding tertiary β-hydroxyl ester for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ding
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Salt Chemical Industry, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kolusu SRN, Nappi M. Metal-free deoxygenative coupling of alcohol-derived benzoates and pyridines for small molecules and DNA-encoded libraries synthesis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6982-6989. [PMID: 35774170 PMCID: PMC9200129 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated metal-free method for the deoxygenative coupling of alcohol-derived benzoates and pyridines. Given the mild and water-compatible conditions, small molecules and DNA headpieces are functionalized with a wide range of alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Rohini Narayanan Kolusu
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de Jenaro de la Fuente, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuel Nappi
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de Jenaro de la Fuente, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim M, Shin S, Koo Y, Jung S, Hong S. Regiodivergent Conversion of Alkenes to Branched or Linear Alkylpyridines. Org Lett 2021; 24:708-713. [PMID: 34965147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a practical protocol for the visible-light-induced regiodivergent radical hydropyridylation of unactivated alkenes using pyridinium salts. This approach provides a unified synthetic platform to control the regioselectivity of the synthesis of linear or branched C4-alkylated pyridines. A remarkable selectivity switch from the anti-Markovnikov to the Markovnikov product can be achieved by the addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide. The versatility of this protocol is further demonstrated based on the late-stage functionalization in pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yejin Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The fields of C-H functionalization and photoredox catalysis have garnered enormous interest and utility in the past several decades. Many different scientific disciplines have relied on C-H functionalization and photoredox strategies including natural product synthesis, drug discovery, radiolabeling, bioconjugation, materials, and fine chemical synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the use of photoredox catalysis in C-H functionalization reactions. We separate the review into inorganic/organometallic photoredox catalysts and organic-based photoredox catalytic systems. Further subdivision by reaction class-either sp2 or sp3 C-H functionalization-lends perspective and tactical strategies for use of these methods in synthetic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Holmberg-Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Greenwood JW, Boyle BT, McNally A. Pyridylphosphonium salts as alternatives to cyanopyridines in radical-radical coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10538-10543. [PMID: 34447547 PMCID: PMC8356814 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical couplings of cyanopyridine radical anions represent a valuable technology for functionalizing pyridines, which are prevalent throughout pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Installing the cyano group, which facilitates the necessary radical anion formation and stabilization, is challenging and limits the use of this chemistry to simple cyanopyridines. We discovered that pyridylphosphonium salts, installed directly and regioselectively from C–H precursors, are useful alternatives to cyanopyridines in radical–radical coupling reactions, expanding the scope of this reaction manifold to complex pyridines. Methods for both alkylation and amination of pyridines mediated by photoredox catalysis are described. Additionally, we demonstrate late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals, highlighting an advantage of pyridylphosphonium salts over cyanopyridines. Cyanopyridines form dearomatized radical anions upon single-electron reduction and participate in photoredox coupling reactions. Pyridylphosphonium salts replicate that reactivity with a broader scope and increase the utility of these processes.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Benjamin T Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Reidl TW, Bandar JS. Lewis Basic Salt-Promoted Organosilane Coupling Reactions with Aromatic Electrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11939-11945. [PMID: 34314159 PMCID: PMC8510683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lewis basic salts promote benzyltrimethylsilane coupling with (hetero)aryl nitriles, sulfones, and chlorides as a new route to 1,1-diarylalkanes. This method combines the substrate modularity and selectivity characteristic of cross-coupling with the practicality of a base-promoted protocol. In addition, a Lewis base strategy enables a complementary scope to existing methods, employs stable and easily prepared organosilanes, and achieves selective arylation in the presence of acidic functional groups. The utility of this method is demonstrated by the synthesis of pharmaceutical analogues and its use in multicomponent reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. Reidl
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Direct Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) for Aliphatic C-H Bonds Elaboration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1875-1924. [PMID: 34355884 PMCID: PMC8796199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Direct photocatalyzed
hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) can be considered
a method of choice for the elaboration of
aliphatic C–H bonds. In this manifold, a photocatalyst (PCHAT) exploits the energy of a photon to trigger the homolytic
cleavage of such bonds in organic compounds. Selective C–H
bond elaboration may be achieved by a judicious choice of the hydrogen
abstractor (key parameters are the electronic character and the molecular
structure), as well as reaction additives. Different are the classes
of PCsHAT available, including aromatic ketones, xanthene
dyes (Eosin Y), polyoxometalates, uranyl salts, a metal-oxo porphyrin
and a tris(amino)cyclopropenium radical dication. The processes (mainly
C–C bond formation) are in most cases carried out under mild
conditions with the help of visible light. The aim of this review
is to offer a comprehensive survey of the synthetic applications of
photocatalyzed d-HAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Li H, Yang Y, Jing X, He C, Duan C. Triarylamine-based porous coordination polymers performing both hydrogen atom transfer and photoredox catalysis for regioselective α-amino C(sp 3)-H arylation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8512-8520. [PMID: 34221332 PMCID: PMC8221065 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00828e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds in a predictable, selective and recyclable manner has become a central challenge in modern organic chemistry. Through incorporating different triarylamine-containing ligands into one coordination polymer, we present herein a heterogeneous approach to the combination of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and photoredox catalysis for regioselective C–H arylation of benzylamines. The different molecular sizes and coordination modes of the ligands, tricarboxytriphenylamine (H3TCA) and tris(4-(pyridinyl)phenyl)amine (NPy3), in one coordination polymer consolidate the triarylamine (Ar3N) moiety into a special structural intermediate, which enhances the chemical and thermal stability of the polymers and diminishes structural relaxation during the catalytic process. The inherent redox potentials of Ar3N moieties prohibit the in situ formed Ar3N˙+ to earn an electron from C(sp3)–H nucleophiles, but allow the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from C(sp3)–H nucleophiles, enabling the formation of the C(sp3)˙ radical and the cross-coupling reaction to proceed at the most electron-rich sites with excellent regioselectivity. The new heterogeneous photoredox HAT approach skips several interactions between transient species during the typical synergistic SET/HAT cycles, demonstrating a promising redox-economical and reagent-economical heterogeneous platform that has not been reported for α-amino C–H arylation to form benzylamine derivatives. Control experiments based on monoligand coordination polymers suggested that the mixed-ligand approach improved the photochemical and photophysical properties, providing important insight into rational design and optimization of recyclable photocatalysts for rapid access to complex bioactive molecules and late-stage functionalized pharmaceuticals. The efficiency of photosensitization and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis is balanced in a recyclable heterogeneous manner by the modification of the N-central conformation in Cd-MIX.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology 116024 P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology 116024 P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology 116024 P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology 116024 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tong S, Li K, Ouyang X, Song R, Li J. Recent advances in the radical-mediated decyanative alkylation of cyano(hetero)arene. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
33
|
Xu GQ, Xiao TF, Feng GX, Liu C, Zhang B, Xu PF. Metal-Free α-C(sp3)–H Aroylation of Amines via a Photoredox Catalytic Radical–Radical Cross-Coupling Process. Org Lett 2021; 23:2846-2852. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Teng-Fei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ren C, Wang T, Zhang Y, Peng D, Liu X, Wu Q, Liu X, Luo S. Photoinduced Activation of Unactivated C(
sp
3
)‐H Bonds and Acylation Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen‐Chao Ren
- Zhejiang University of Technology State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
| | - Tian‐Qi Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Zhejiang University of Technology State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
| | - Dao Peng
- Zhejiang University of Technology State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
| | - Xiao‐Qing Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
| | - Qing‐An Wu
- Zhejiang University of Technology State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
| | - Xue‐Fen Liu
- Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College Hangzhou 310006 P.R. China
| | - Shu‐Ping Luo
- Zhejiang University of Technology State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang L, Liu Z, Tian X, Zi Y, Duan S, Fang Y, Chen W, Jing H, Yang L, Yang X. Transition-Metal-Free C(sp 3)-H Coupling of Cycloalkanes Enabled by Single-Electron Transfer and Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2021; 23:1714-1719. [PMID: 33591768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a unique transition-metal-free C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H coupling of cycloalkanes at room temperature. Unactivated cycloalkanes and 2-azaallyls underwent the combination process of single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to deliver a wide variety of cycloalkane-functionalized products. This expedient approach enables C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H coupling of cycloalkanes under mild conditions without transition metals, initiators, and oxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China.,Faculty of Chemical and Environment Sciences, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, P. R. China
| | - Xun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yujin Zi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Shengzu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Environment, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Supramolecular Chemistry at the University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Hong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Supramolecular Chemistry at the University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee W, Jung S, Kim M, Hong S. Site-Selective Direct C–H Pyridylation of Unactivated Alkanes by Triplet Excited Anthraquinone. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3003-3012. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhu DL, Jiang S, Wu Q, Wang H, Chai LL, Li HY, Li HX. Visible-Light-Induced Nickel-Catalyzed P(O)–C(sp2) Coupling Using Thioxanthen-9-one as a Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2020; 23:160-165. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Liang Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lu-Lu Chai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong-Xi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gulati U, Gandhi R, Laha JK. Benzylic Methylene Functionalizations of Diarylmethanes. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3135-3161. [PMID: 32794651 PMCID: PMC7436909 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diarylmethanes are cardinal scaffolds by virtue of their unique structural feature including the presence of a benzylic CH2 group that can be easily functionalized to generate a variety of fascinating molecules holding immense importance in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material sciences. While the originally developed protocols for benzylic C-H functionalization in diarylmethanes employing base-mediated and metal-catalyzed strategies are still actively used, they are joined by a new array of metal-free conditions, offering milder and benign conditions. With the recent surge of interest towards the synthesis of functionalized diarylmethanes, numerous choices are now available for a synthetic organic chemist to transform the benzylic C-H bond to C-C or C-X bond offering the synthesis of any molecule of choice. This review highlights benzylic methylene (CH2 ) functionalizations of diaryl/heteroarylmethanes utilizing various base-mediated, transition-metal-catalyzed, and transition-metal free approaches for the synthesis of structurally diverse important organic molecules, often with a high chemo-, regio- and enantio-selectivity. This review also attempts to provide analysis of the scope and limitations, mechanistic understanding, and sustainability of the transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upma Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S., Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Radhika Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S., Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S., Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Takeda M, Nagao K, Ohmiya H. Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling by Using Tertiary Benzylic Organoboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22460-22464. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Takeda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- JST PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Takeda M, Nagao K, Ohmiya H. Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling by Using Tertiary Benzylic Organoboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Takeda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- JST PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Niu L, Jiang C, Liang Y, Liu D, Bu F, Shi R, Chen H, Chowdhury AD, Lei A. Manganese-Catalyzed Oxidative Azidation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds under Electrophotocatalytic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17693-17702. [PMID: 32941025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The selective installation of azide groups into C(sp3)-H bonds is a priority research topic in organic synthesis, particularly in pharmaceutical discovery and late-stage diversification. Herein, we demonstrate a generalized manganese-catalyzed oxidative azidation methodology of C(sp3)-H bonds using nucleophilic NaN3 as an azide source under electrophotocatalytic conditions. This approach allows us to perform the reaction without the necessity of adding an excess of the substrate and successfully avoiding the use of stoichiometric chemical oxidants such as iodine(III) reagent or NFSI. A series of tertiary and secondary benzylic C(sp3)-H, aliphatic C(sp3)-H, and drug-molecule-based C(sp3)-H bonds in substrates are well tolerated under our protocol. The simultaneous gram-scale synthesis and the ease of transformation of azide to amine collectively advocate for the potential application in the preparative synthesis. Good reactivity of the tertiary benzylic C(sp3)-H bond and selectivity of the tertiary aliphatic C(sp3)-H bond in substrates to incorporate nitrogen-based functionality at the tertiary alkyl group also provide opportunities to manipulate numerous potential medicinal candidates. We anticipate our synthetic protocol, consisting of metal catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, would provide a new sustainable option to execute challenging organic synthetic transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongyu Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Liang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingdong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyi Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Copper-catalyzed sp3-carbon radical/carbamoyl radical cross coupling: A direct strategy for carbamoylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
43
|
Jung S, Shin S, Park S, Hong S. Visible-Light-Driven C4-Selective Alkylation of Pyridinium Derivatives with Alkyl Bromides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11370-11375. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sato Y, Nakamura K, Sumida Y, Hashizume D, Hosoya T, Ohmiya H. Generation of Alkyl Radical through Direct Excitation of Boracene-Based Alkylborate. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9938-9943. [PMID: 32396733 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The generation of tertiary, secondary, and primary alkyl radicals has been achieved by the direct visible-light excitation of a boracene-based alkylborate. This system is based on the photophysical properties of the organoboron molecule. The protocol is applicable to decyanoalkylation, Giese addition, and nickel-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formations such as alkyl-aryl cross-coupling or vicinal alkylarylation of alkenes, enabling the introduction of various C(sp3) fragments to organic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiya Sato
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kei Nakamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuto Sumida
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang Y, Wang N, Zhao J, Sun M, You H, Fang F, Liu ZQ. Visible-Light-Promoted Site-Specific and Diverse Functionalization of a C(sp3)–C(sp3) Bond Adjacent to an Arene. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nengyong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyou Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minzhi Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huichao You
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jia J, Kancherla R, Rueping M, Huang L. Allylic C(sp 3)-H alkylation via synergistic organo- and photoredox catalyzed radical addition to imines. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4954-4959. [PMID: 34122952 PMCID: PMC8159244 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A new catalytic method for the direct alkylation of allylic C(sp3)–H bonds from unactivated alkenes via synergistic organo- and photoredox catalysis is described. The transformation achieves an efficient, redox-neutral synthesis of homoallylamines with broad functional group tolerance, under very mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction proceeds through the N-centered radical intermediate which is generated by the allylic radical addition to the imine. A new catalytic method for the direct alkylation of allylic C(sp3)–H bonds from unactivated alkenes via synergistic organo- and photoredox catalysis is described.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Jia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany .,KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany .,KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Long Huang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang S, Li L, Li X, Zhang J, Xu K, Li G, Findlater M. Electroreductive 4-Pyridylation of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Assistance of Ni(acac)2. Org Lett 2020; 22:3570-3575. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Junqi Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79423, United States
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79423, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ernouf G, Chirkin E, Rhyman L, Ramasami P, Cintrat J. Photochemical Strain‐Release‐Driven Cyclobutylation of C(sp
3
)‐Centered Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2618-2622. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ernouf
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM)CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Egor Chirkin
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM)CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry GroupDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Mauritius Réduit 80837 Mauritius
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein Johannesburg 2028 South Africa
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry GroupDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Mauritius Réduit 80837 Mauritius
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein Johannesburg 2028 South Africa
| | - Jean‐Christophe Cintrat
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM)CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
C1 Oxidation/C2 Reduction Isomerization of Unprotected Aldoses Induced by Light/Ketone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2755-2759. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
50
|
Masuda Y, Tsuda H, Murakami M. C1 Oxidation/C2 Reduction Isomerization of Unprotected Aldoses Induced by Light/Ketone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Masuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological ChemistryKyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hiromu Tsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological ChemistryKyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological ChemistryKyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|