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Do Nascimento Amorim MS, Rates ERD, Isabela Vitoria DAC, Silva Diniz Filho JF, dos Santos CC, Santos-Oliveira R, Simões Gaspar R, Rodrigues Sanches J, Araújo Serra Pinto B, de Andrade Paes AM, Alencar LMR. Diabetes and Cognitive Decline: An Innovative Approach to Analyzing the Biophysical and Vibrational Properties of the Hippocampus. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:40870-40881. [PMID: 39371966 PMCID: PMC11447714 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes represents a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, which leads to progressive mental, behavioral, and functional decline, affecting many brain structures, especially the hippocampus. Here, we aim to characterize the ultrastructural, nanomechanical, and vibrational changes in hyperglycemic hippocampal tissue using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. DM was induced in rats by streptozotocin injection (type 1) or dietary intervention (type 2). Cryosections of the hippocampus were prepared and analyzed on an MM8 AFM (Bruker) in Peak Force Quantitative Nanomechanics mode, performing 25 μm2 scans in 9 regions of 3 samples from each group. Ultrastructural and nanomechanical data such as surface roughness, area, volume, Young's modulus, and adhesion were evaluated. The hippocampal samples were also analyzed on a T64000 Spectrometer (Horiba), using a laser λ = 632.8 nm, and for each sample, four spectra were obtained in different regions. AFM analyses show changes on the ultrastructural scale since diabetic animals had hippocampal tissue with greater roughness and volume. Meanwhile, diabetic tissues had decreased adhesion and Young's modulus compared to control tissues. These were corroboratedby Raman data that shows changes in the molecular composition of diabetic tissues. The individual spectra show that the most significant changes are in the amide, cholesterol, and lipid bands. Overall, the data presented here show that hyperglycemia induces biophysical alterations in the hippocampal tissue of diabetic rats, providing novel biophysical and vibrational cues on the relationship between hyperglycemia and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
Do Socorro Do Nascimento Amorim
- Federal
University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
- Federal
University of Maranhão, University
School, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Erick Rafael Dias Rates
- Federal
University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
| | - de Araujo Costa
Melo Isabela Vitoria
- Federal
University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Joel Félix Silva Diniz Filho
- Federal
University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Clenilton Costa dos Santos
- Federal
University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian
Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering
Institute, Rio de
Janeiro 21941906, Brazil
- Rio
de Janeiro State University, Laboratory
of Nanoradiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro 23070200, Brazil
| | - Renato Simões Gaspar
- Campinas
State University, Translational Medicine
Department, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083888, Brazil
| | - Jonas Rodrigues Sanches
- Federal
University of Maranhão, Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental
Physiology, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Bruno Araújo Serra Pinto
- Federal
University of Maranhão, Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental
Physiology, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcus de Andrade Paes
- Federal
University of Maranhão, Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental
Physiology, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Federal
University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
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2
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Rajput SS, Singh SB, Subramanyam D, Patil S. Soft glassy rheology of single cells with pathogenic protein aggregates. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6266-6274. [PMID: 39054893 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A correlation between the mechanical properties of cells and various diseases has been emerging in recent years. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used to measure a single cell's apparent Young's modulus by treating it as a fully elastic object. More recently, quantitative characterization of the complete viscoelasticity of single cells has become possible. We performed AFM-based nano-indentation experiments on hemocytes isolated from third instar larvae to determine their viscoelasticity and found that live hemocytes, like many other cells, follow a scale-free power-law rheology (PLR) akin to soft glasses. Further, we examined the changes in the rheological response of hemocytes in the presence of pathogenic protein aggregates known to cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disorder and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Our results show that cells lose their fluidity and appear more solid-like in the presence of certain aggregates, in a manner correlated to actin reorganization. More solid-like cells also display reduced intracellular transport through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). However, the cell's rheology remains largely unaffected and is similar to that of wild-type (WT) hemocytes, if aggregates do not perturb the actin organization and CME. Moreover, the fluid-like nature was significantly recovered when actin organization was rescued by overexpressing specific actin interacting proteins or chaperones. Our study, for the first time, underscores a direct correlation between parameters governing glassy dynamics, actin organization and CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatruhan Singh Rajput
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Surya Bansi Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
- SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Deepa Subramanyam
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Shivprasad Patil
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India.
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3
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Dias Rates ER, Almeida CD, de Paula Fiod Costa E, Jansen de Mello Farias R, Santos-Oliveira R, Rebelo Alencar LM. Evaluation of biophysical alterations in the epithelial and endothelial layer of patients with Bullous Keratopathy. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109791. [PMID: 38253307 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The cornea is a fundamental ocular tissue for the sense of sight. Thanks to it, the refraction of two-thirds of light manages to participate in the visual process and protect against mechanical damage. Because it is transparent, avascular, and innervated, the cornea comprises five main layers: Epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. Each layer plays a key role in the functionality and maintenance of ocular tissue, providing unique ultrastructural and biomechanical properties. Bullous Keratopathy (BK) is an endothelial dysfunction that leads to corneal edema, loss of visual acuity, epithelial blisters, and severe pain, among other symptoms. The corneal layers are subject to changes in their biophysical properties promoted by Keratopathy. In this context, the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technique in air was used to investigate the anterior epithelial surface and the posterior endothelial surface, healthy and with BK, using a triangular silicone tip with a nominal spring constant of 0.4 N/m. Six human corneas (n = 6) samples were used for each analyzed group. Roughness data, calculated by third-order polynomial adjustment, adhesion, and Young's modulus, were obtained to serve as a comparison and identification of morphological and biomechanical changes possibly associated with the pathology, such as craters and in the epithelial layer and exposure of a fibrotic layer due to loss of the endothelial cell wall. Endothelial cell membrane area and volume data were calculated, obtaining a relevant comparison between the control and patient. Such results may provide new data on the physical properties of the ocular tissue to understand the physiology of the cornea when it has pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Rafael Dias Rates
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Charles Duarte Almeida
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Elaine de Paula Fiod Costa
- Federal University of Maranhão, HU-UFMA - Hospital Universitário, R. Barão de Itapari, 227 - Centro, São Luís, MA, 65020-070, Brazil
| | | | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Radiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 23070200, Brazil; Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Rebelo Alencar
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil.
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4
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Sjöstrand S, Stephanie Zeller K, Evertsson M, Jansson T. Evaluation of cellular stress responses in magnetomotive ultrasound. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1013-1025. [PMID: 36043897 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnoses are important for successful cancer treatment. Lymph node involvement is often critical, and magnetomotive ultrasound (MMUS) has been proposed for its detection and characterization. MMUS relies on a magnetic contrast agent, for example, iron oxide nanoparticles, delivered to the tissue of interest, magnetically set in motion and detected using ultrasound. The magneto-mechanical interaction has not previously been evaluated on a cellular level. Here we demonstrate uptake and dose-dependent retention of magnetic nanoparticles in two human adenocarcinoma cell lines, with <10% cytotoxicity which did not increase following magnetic excitation. Further, the oxidative stress levels were not affected by magnetic particles or force. Thus, we found no evidence of adverse effects from the magneto-mechanical interactions under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sjöstrand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, 22363, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Evertsson
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, 22185, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jansson
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, 22185, Sweden.,Clinical Engineering Skåne, Digitalisering IT/MT, Skåne Regional Council, Lund, 22185, Sweden
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5
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Rates ERD, Almeida CD, Costa EDPF, Farias RJDM, Santos-Oliveira R, Alencar LMR. Layer-by-Layer Investigation of Ultrastructures and Biomechanics of Human Cornea. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147833. [PMID: 35887181 PMCID: PMC9317547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is an avascular, innervated, and transparent tissue composed of five layers: the epithelium, Bowman’s layer, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and endothelium. It is located in the outermost fraction of the eyeball and is responsible for the refraction of two-thirds of light and protection from external mechanical damage. Although several studies have been done on the cornea on the macroscopic scale, there is a lack of studies on the micro-nanoscopic scale, especially an analysis evaluating the cornea layer by layer. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to assess four layers that form the cornea, analyzing: adhesion, stiffness, and roughness. The results showed microvilli in the epithelial and endothelial layers, pores in the basement membrane, and collagen fibers in the Stroma. These data increase the knowledge about the human cornea layers’ ultrastructures and adds new information about its biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Rafael Dias Rates
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (E.R.D.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Charles Duarte Almeida
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (E.R.D.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Elaine de Paula Fiod Costa
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Maranhão, Praça Gonçalves Dias—Centro, São Luís 65020-070, MA, Brazil;
| | - Roberta Jansen de Mello Farias
- Presidente Dutra Unit, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão (HUUFMA), São Luís 65020-070, MA, Brazil;
- San Francisco Eye Institute, São Luís 65076-090, MA, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Radiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, RJ, Brazil;
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (E.R.D.R.); (C.D.A.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Cardoso-Lima R, Souza PFN, Guedes MIF, Santos-Oliveira R, Rebelo Alencar LM. SARS-CoV-2 Unrevealed: Ultrastructural and Nanomechanical Analysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10762-10769. [PMID: 34351770 PMCID: PMC8370120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in late 2019 and spread across the world, infecting millions of people, with over 3.3 million deaths worldwide. To fight back the virus, it is necessary to understand how the main structures work, especially those responsible for the virus infectivity pathogenicity. Here, using the most advanced atomic force microscopy techniques, SARS-CoV-2 viral particles were analyzed, with a special focus on their ultrastructure, adsorption conformation, and nanomechanical behavior. The results uncovered the aspects of the organization and the spatial distribution of the proteins on the surface of the viral particles. It also showed the compliant behavior of the membrane and ability to recover from mechanical injuries. At least three layers composing the membrane and their thickness were measured, protecting the virus from external stress. This study provides new insight into the ultrastructure of SARS-CoV-2 particles at the nanoscale, offering new prospects that could be employed for mapping viral surfaces. The understanding of the viruses' capacity to survive mechanical disruptions at any level and their ability to recover from such injuries can shed a light on the structure-function relationship and help us to find targets for drug action, especially for this virus that, to this day, has no course of treatment approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruana Cardoso-Lima
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and
Nanosystems, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus
Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805,
Brazil
| | | | | | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and
Radiopharmacy, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio
de Janeiro 23070200, Brazil
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission,
Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
21941906, Brazil
| | - Luciana M. Rebelo Alencar
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and
Nanosystems, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus
Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão 65080-805,
Brazil
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7
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Garcia R. Nanomechanical mapping of soft materials with the atomic force microscope: methods, theory and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5850-5884. [PMID: 32662499 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Fast, high-resolution, non-destructive and quantitative characterization methods are needed to develop materials with tailored properties at the nanoscale or to understand the relationship between mechanical properties and cell physiology. This review introduces the state-of-the-art force microscope-based methods to map at high-spatial resolution the elastic and viscoelastic properties of soft materials. The experimental methods are explained in terms of the theories that enable the transformation of observables into material properties. Several applications in materials science, molecular biology and mechanobiology illustrate the scope, impact and potential of nanomechanical mapping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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de Sousa JS, Freire RS, Sousa FD, Radmacher M, Silva AFB, Ramos MV, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Mesquita FP, Moraes MEA, Montenegro RC, Oliveira CLN. Double power-law viscoelastic relaxation of living cells encodes motility trends. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4749. [PMID: 32179816 PMCID: PMC7075927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Living cells are constantly exchanging momentum with their surroundings. So far, there is no consensus regarding how cells respond to such external stimuli, although it reveals much about their internal structures, motility as well as the emergence of disorders. Here, we report that twelve cell lines, ranging from healthy fibroblasts to cancer cells, hold a ubiquitous double power-law viscoelastic relaxation compatible with the fractional Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model. Atomic Force Microscopy measurements in time domain were employed to determine the mechanical parameters, namely, the fast and slow relaxation exponents, the crossover timescale between power law regimes, and the cell stiffness. These cell-dependent quantities show strong correlation with their collective migration and invasiveness properties. Beyond that, the crossover timescale sets the fastest timescale for cells to perform their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S de Sousa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - R S Freire
- Central Analítica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - F D Sousa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - M Radmacher
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - A F B Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - M V Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - A C O Monteiro-Moreira
- Centro de Biologia Experimental, Universidade de Fortaleza, 60811-905, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - F P Mesquita
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - M E A Moraes
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R C Montenegro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - C L N Oliveira
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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9
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Efremov YM, Okajima T, Raman A. Measuring viscoelasticity of soft biological samples using atomic force microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:64-81. [PMID: 31720656 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties play important roles at different scales in biology. At the level of a single cell, the mechanical properties mediate mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, while at the tissue and organ levels, changes in mechanical properties are closely connected to disease and physiological processes. Over the past three decades, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become one of the most widely used tools in the mechanical characterization of soft samples, ranging from molecules, cell organoids and cells to whole tissue. AFM methods can be used to quantify both elastic and viscoelastic properties, and significant recent developments in the latter have been enabled by the introduction of new techniques and models for data analysis. Here, we review AFM techniques developed in recent years for examining the viscoelastic properties of cells and soft gels, describe the main steps in typical data acquisition and analysis protocols, and discuss relevant viscoelastic models and how these have been used to characterize the specific features of cellular and other biological samples. We also discuss recent trends and potential directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Efremov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Takaharu Okajima
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arvind Raman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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10
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Wang Z, Gong X, Xie J, Xu Z, Liu G, Zhang G. Investigation of Formation of Bacterial Biofilm upon Dead Siblings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7405-7413. [PMID: 30084644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocides can effectively kill bacteria; however, whether the dead bacterial cells left on the surface influence the later growth of biofilm is unknown. In this study, we have cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) biofilm on their dead siblings and have investigated their evolution by using magnetic force modulation atomic force microscopy (MF-AFM). The time dependence of the biofilm thickness indicates that the deposited dead siblings can slow down the growth of PAO1 biofilm. The biofilm growing on dead bacteria layers is softer in comparison with those upon alive siblings, as reflected by the static elastic modulus ( E) and dynamic stiffness ( kd) scaled to the disturbing frequency ( f) as kd = kd,0 fγ, where kd,0 is the scaling factor and γ is the power-law exponent. We reveal that the smaller population instead of the variation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) within the biofilm upon the dead siblings is responsible for the softer biofilm. The present study provides a better understanding of the biofilm formation, thus, making it significant for designing antimicrobial medical materials and antifouling coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhong Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Guangming Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , People's Republic of China
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11
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Liu W, Wu C. Rheological Study of Soft Matters: A Review of Microrheology and Microrheometers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Physics; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong 999077
| | - Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong 999077
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12
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Efremov YM, Wang WH, Hardy SD, Geahlen RL, Raman A. Measuring nanoscale viscoelastic parameters of cells directly from AFM force-displacement curves. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1541. [PMID: 28484282 PMCID: PMC5431511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Force-displacement (F-Z) curves are the most commonly used Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) mode to measure the local, nanoscale elastic properties of soft materials like living cells. Yet a theoretical framework has been lacking that allows the post-processing of F-Z data to extract their viscoelastic constitutive parameters. Here, we propose a new method to extract nanoscale viscoelastic properties of soft samples like living cells and hydrogels directly from conventional AFM F-Z experiments, thereby creating a common platform for the analysis of cell elastic and viscoelastic properties with arbitrary linear constitutive relations. The method based on the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle was validated using finite element (FE) simulations and by comparison with the existed AFM techniques on living cells and hydrogels. The method also allows a discrimination of which viscoelastic relaxation model, for example, standard linear solid (SLS) or power-law rheology (PLR), best suits the experimental data. The method was used to extract the viscoelastic properties of benign and cancerous cell lines (NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, NMuMG epithelial, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells). Finally, we studied the changes in viscoelastic properties related to tumorigenesis including TGF-β induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition on NMuMG cells and Syk expression induced phenotype changes in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Efremov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Wen-Horng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Shana D Hardy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Robert L Geahlen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Arvind Raman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA. .,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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13
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Microrheology of growing Escherichia coli biofilms investigated by using magnetic force modulation atomic force microscopy. Biointerphases 2016; 11:041005. [PMID: 27907987 DOI: 10.1116/1.4968809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microrheology of growing biofilms provides insightful information about its structural evolution and properties. In this study, the authors have investigated the microrheology of Escherichia coli (strain HCB1) biofilms at different indentation depth (δ) by using magnetic force modulation atomic force microscopy as a function of disturbing frequency (f). As δ increases, the dynamic stiffness (ks) for the biofilms in the early stage significantly increases. However, it levels off when the biofilms are matured. The facts indicate that the biofilms change from inhomogeneous to homogeneous in structure. Moreover, ks is scaled to f, which coincides with the rheology of soft glasses. The exponent increases with the incubation time, indicating the fluidization of biofilms. In contrast, the upper layer of the matured biofilms is solidlike in that the storage modulus is always larger than the loss modulus, and its viscoelasticity is slightly influenced by the shear stress.
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14
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Yango A, Schäpe J, Rianna C, Doschke H, Radmacher M. Measuring the viscoelastic creep of soft samples by step response AFM. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:8297-8306. [PMID: 27714302 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00801a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the creep response of soft gels and cells after applying a step in loading force with atomic force microscopy (AFM). By analysing the creep response data using the standard linear solid model, we can quantify the viscous and elastic properties of these soft samples independently. Cells, in comparison with gels of similar softness, are much more viscous, as has been qualitatively observed in conventional force curve data before. Here, we quantify the spring constant and the viscous damping coefficient from the creep response data. We propose two different modes for applying a force step: (1) indirectly by increasing the sample height or (2) directly by employing magnetic cantilevers. Both lead to similar results, whereas the latter seems to be better defined since it resembles closely a constant strain mode. The former is easier to implement in most instruments, and thus may be preferable from a practical point of view. Creep analysis by step response is much more appropriate to analyse the viscoelastic response of soft samples like cells than the usually used force curve analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achu Yango
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Jens Schäpe
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Carmela Rianna
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Holger Doschke
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Manfred Radmacher
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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15
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van Hoorn H, Kurniawan NA, Koenderink GH, Iannuzzi D. Local dynamic mechanical analysis for heterogeneous soft matter using ferrule-top indentation. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:3066-73. [PMID: 26908197 PMCID: PMC4819682 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00300a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong demand for nanoindentation methods to probe the heterogeneous viscoelastic properties of soft tissues. Important applications include diagnosis of early onset diseases such as arthritis and investigations into cellular mechanoresponse in tissue. Quantification of tissue mechanics at length and time scales relevant to biological processes, however, remains a technical challenge. Here, we present a new nanoindentation approach that is ideally suited to probe the viscoelastic properties of soft, hydrated tissues. We built a ferrule-top probe that uses wavelength modulation in a Fabry-Pérot cavity configuration to detect cantilever deflection and to drive a feedback-controlled piezoelectric actuator. This technique allows us to control the static load applied onto the sample using an all-optical mm-sized probe. We extract the local elastic and viscous moduli of the samples by superposing a small oscillatory load and recording the indentation depth at the frequency of oscillation. By using a set of silicone elastomers with a range of stiffnesses representative of biological tissues, we demonstrate that the technique can accurately determine moduli over a wide range (0.1-100 kPa) and over a frequency range of 0.01-10 Hz. Direct comparison with macroscopic rheology measurements yields excellent quantitative agreement, without any fitting parameters. Finally, we show how this method can provide a spatially-resolved map of large variations in mechanical properties (orders of magnitude) across the surface of soft samples thanks to high sensitivity over large (>μm) cantilever deflections. This approach paves the way to investigations into the local dynamic mechanical properties of biological soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedde van Hoorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. and Laserlab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. and FOM institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Iannuzzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. and Laserlab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Nalam PC, Gosvami NN, Caporizzo MA, Composto RJ, Carpick RW. Nano-rheology of hydrogels using direct drive force modulation atomic force microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8165-78. [PMID: 26337502 PMCID: PMC4839974 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a magnetic force-based direct drive modulation method to measure local nano-rheological properties of soft materials across a broad frequency range (10 Hz to 2 kHz) using colloid-attached atomic force microscope (AFM) probes in liquid. The direct drive method enables artefact-free measurements over several decades of excitation frequency, and avoids the need to evaluate medium-induced hydrodynamic drag effects. The method was applied to measure the local mechanical properties of polyacrylamide hydrogels. The frequency-dependent storage stiffness, loss stiffness, and loss tangent (tan δ) were quantified for hydrogels having high and low crosslinking densities by measuring the amplitude and the phase response of the cantilever while the colloid was in contact with the hydrogel. The frequency bandwidth was further expanded to lower effective frequencies (0.1 Hz to 10 Hz) by obtaining force-displacement (FD) curves. Slow FD measurements showed a recoverable but highly hysteretic response, with the contact mechanical behaviour dependent on the loading direction: approach curves showed Hertzian behaviour while retraction curves fit the JKR contact mechanics model well into the adhesive regime, after which multiple detachment instabilities occurred. Using small amplitude dynamic modulation to explore faster rates, the load dependence of the storage stiffness transitioned from Hertzian to a dynamic punch-type (constant contact area) model, indicating significant influence of material dissipation coupled with adhesion. Using the appropriate contact model across the full frequency range measured, the storage moduli were found to remain nearly constant until an increase began near ∼100 Hz. The softer gels' storage modulus increased from 7.9 ± 0.4 to 14.5 ± 2.1 kPa (∼85%), and the stiffer gels' storage modulus increased from 16.3 ± 1.1 to 31.7 ± 5.0 kPa (∼95%). This increase at high frequencies may be attributed to a contribution from solvent confinement in the hydrogel (poroelasticity). The storage moduli measured by both macro-rheometry and AFM FD curves were comparable to those measured using the modulation method at their overlapping frequencies (10-25 Hz). In all cases, care was taken to ensure the contact mechanics models were applied within the important limit of small relative deformations. This study thus highlights possible transitions in the probe-material contact mechanical behaviour for soft matter, especially when the applied strain rates and the material relaxation rates become comparable. In particular, at low frequencies, the modulus follows Hertzian contact mechanics, while at high frequencies adhesive contact is well represented by punch-like behaviour. More generally, use of the Hertz model on hydrogels at high loading rates, at high strains, or during the retraction portion of FD curves, leads to significant errors in the calculated moduli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima C Nalam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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17
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Palmieri B, Bresler Y, Wirtz D, Grant M. Multiple scale model for cell migration in monolayers: Elastic mismatch between cells enhances motility. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11745. [PMID: 26134134 PMCID: PMC5155609 DOI: 10.1038/srep11745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a multiscale model for monolayer of motile cells that comprise normal and cancer cells. In the model, the two types of cells have identical properties except for their elasticity; cancer cells are softer and normal cells are stiffer. The goal is to isolate the role of elasticity mismatch on the migration potential of cancer cells in the absence of other contributions that are present in real cells. The methodology is based on a phase-field description where each cell is modeled as a highly-deformable self-propelled droplet. We simulated two types of nearly confluent monolayers. One contains a single cancer cell in a layer of normal cells and the other contains normal cells only. The simulation results demonstrate that elasticity mismatch alone is sufficient to increase the motility of the cancer cell significantly. Further, the trajectory of the cancer cell is decorated by several speed “bursts” where the cancer cell quickly relaxes from a largely deformed shape and consequently increases its translational motion. The increased motility and the amplitude and frequency of the bursts are in qualitative agreement with recent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Palmieri
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - Yony Bresler
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin Grant
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
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18
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Hecht FM, Rheinlaender J, Schierbaum N, Goldmann WH, Fabry B, Schäffer TE. Imaging viscoelastic properties of live cells by AFM: power-law rheology on the nanoscale. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4584-4591. [PMID: 25891371 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02718c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We developed force clamp force mapping (FCFM), an atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique for measuring the viscoelastic creep behavior of live cells with sub-micrometer spatial resolution. FCFM combines force-distance curves with an added force clamp phase during tip-sample contact. From the creep behavior measured during the force clamp phase, quantitative viscoelastic sample properties are extracted. We validate FCFM on soft polyacrylamide gels. We find that the creep behavior of living cells conforms to a power-law material model. By recording short (50-60 ms) force clamp measurements in rapid succession, we generate, for the first time, two-dimensional maps of power-law exponent and modulus scaling parameter. Although these maps reveal large spatial variations of both parameters across the cell surface, we obtain robust mean values from the several hundreds of measurements performed on each cell. Measurements on mouse embryonic fibroblasts show that the mean power-law exponents and the mean modulus scaling parameters differ greatly among individual cells, but both parameters are highly correlated: stiffer cells consistently show a smaller power-law exponent. This correlation allows us to distinguish between wild-type cells and cells that lack vinculin, a dominant protein of the focal adhesion complex, even though the mean values of viscoelastic properties between wildtype and knockout cells did not differ significantly. Therefore, FCFM spatially resolves viscoelastic sample properties and can uncover subtle mechanical signatures of proteins in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M Hecht
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Rheinlaender
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Schierbaum
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilman E Schäffer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Ren J, Huang H, Liu Y, Zheng X, Zou Q. An Atomic Force Microscope Study Revealed Two Mechanisms in the Effect of Anticancer Drugs on Rate-Dependent Young's Modulus of Human Prostate Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126107. [PMID: 25932632 PMCID: PMC4416805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of cells have been recognized as a biomarker for cellular cytoskeletal organization. As chemical treatments lead to cell cytoskeletal rearrangements, thereby, modifications of cellular mechanical properties, investigating cellular mechanical property variations provides insightful knowledge to effects of chemical treatments on cancer cells. In this study, the effects of eight different anticancer drugs on the mechanical properties of human prostate cancer cell (PC-3) are investigated using a recently developed control-based nanoindentation measurement (CNM) protocol on atomic force microscope (AFM). The CNM protocol overcomes the limits of other existing methods to in-liquid nanoindentation measurement of live cells on AFM, particularly for measuring mechanical properties of live cells. The Young's modulus of PC-3 cells treated by the eight drugs was measured by varying force loading rates over three orders of magnitude, and compared to the values of the control. The results showed that the Young's modulus of the PC-3 cells increased substantially by the eight drugs tested, and became much more pronounced as the force load rate increased. Moreover, two distinct trends were clearly expressed, where under the treatment of Disulfiram, paclitaxel, and MK-2206, the exponent coefficient of the frequency- modulus function remained almost unchanged, while with Celebrex, BAY, Totamine, TPA, and Vaproic acid, the exponential rate was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Huarong Huang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xi Zheng
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Qingze Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- * E-mail:
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