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Ma M, Zhang C, Zhong Z, Wang Y, He X, Zhu D, Qian Z, Yu B, Kang X. siRNA incorporated in slow-release injectable hydrogel continuously silences DDIT4 and regulates nucleus pulposus cell pyroptosis through the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 axis to alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration. Bone Joint Res 2024; 13:247-260. [PMID: 38771134 PMCID: PMC11107476 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.135.bjr-2023-0320.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims In this investigation, we administered oxidative stress to nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), recognized DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) as a component in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), and devised a hydrogel capable of conveying small interfering RNA (siRNA) to IVDD. Methods An in vitro model for oxidative stress-induced injury in NPCs was developed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the upregulation of DDIT4 expression, activation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)-NLRP3 signalling pathway, and nucleus pulposus pyroptosis. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of small interfering DDIT4 (siDDIT4) on NPCs in vitro was validated. A triplex hydrogel named siDDIT4@G5-P-HA was created by adsorbing siDDIT4 onto fifth-generation polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer using van der Waals interactions, and then coating it with hyaluronic acid (HA). In addition, we established a rat puncture IVDD model to decipher the hydrogel's mechanism in IVDD. Results A correlation between DDIT4 expression levels and disc degeneration was shown with human nucleus pulposus and needle-punctured rat disc specimens. We confirmed that DDIT4 was responsible for activating the ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 axis during oxidative stress-induced pyroptosis in rat nucleus pulposus in vitro. Mitochondria were damaged during oxidative stress, and DDIT4 contributed to mitochondrial damage and ROS production. In addition, siDDIT4@G5-P-HA hydrogels showed good delivery activity of siDDIT4 to NPCs. In vitro studies illustrated the potential of the siDDIT4@G5-P-HA hydrogel for alleviating IVDD in rats. Conclusion DDIT4 is a key player in mediating pyroptosis and IVDD in NPCs through the ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 axis. Additionally, siDDIT4@G5-P-HA hydrogel has been found to relieve IVDD in rats. Our research offers an innovative treatment option for IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chongjing Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zeyuan Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhangye People’s Hospital Affiliated to Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Xuegang He
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Daxue Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi Qian
- Department of Joint and Sports Medicine, Institute of Orthopaedic Diseases, Zhangye People's Hospital Affiliated to Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Baoqing Yu
- Shanghai Seventh People’s Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Mauro N, Giammona G, Ranucci E, Ferruti P. Synthesis of Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polyamidoamines Microgels via a Simple and Reliable Statistical Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7280. [PMID: 36295345 PMCID: PMC9611214 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyamidoamines (PAAs) are biocompatible and biodegradable polymers with a huge potential as biomaterials for pharmaceutical applications. They are obtained by the step-wise aza-Michael polyaddition of bifunctional or multifunctional amines with bisacrylamides in water. To the best of our knowledge, no synthetic protocols leading to hyperbranched PAAs as well as PAA microgels have been published so far. To fill this gap, a statistical approach was established in this work to fine-tune the aza-Michael polyaddition stoichiometry when a multifunctional co-monomer (bf) is added to a mixture of bifunctional monomers with complementary functions (a2 + b2), possibly even in presence of a monofunctional co-monomer (b1), for obtaining either microgels or hyperbranched polymers by a one-pot reaction. For this purpose, two new equations, obtained by reworking the classic Flory-Stockmayer equations, were successfully applied to the synthesis of different model systems, obtaining biocompatible microgels with tunable size distribution (200-500 nm) and properly designed end-chains in a simple and straightforward way. The same mathematical approach allowed us to empirically evaluate the actual number of active reactive functions of the co-monomers. A number of selected systems, being evaluated for their cytotoxicity in vitro, proved highly cytocompatible and, therefore, endowed with great potential for pharmaceutical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Click Chemistry: A Promising Tool for Building Hierarchical Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194077. [PMID: 36236024 PMCID: PMC9570962 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical structures are utilized at different levels in nature. Moreover, a wide spectrum of nature’s properties (e.g., mechanical, physical and biological properties) has been attributed to this hierarchy. Different reviews have been published to cover the use of click chemistry in building hierarchical structures. However, each one of those reviews focused on a narrow area on this topic, i.e., specific chemical reaction, such as in thiol-ene chemistry, or a specific molecule or compound such as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, or a certain range of hierarchical structures between the nano to micro range, e.g., nanocrystals. In this review, a frame to connect the dots between the different published works has been demonstrated. This article will not attempt to give an exhaustive review of all the published work in the field, instead the potential of click chemistry to build hierarchical structures of different levels using building blocks of different length scales has been shown through two main approaches. The first is a one-step direct formation of 3D micro/macrometer dimensions structures from Pico dimensions structures (molecules, monomers, etc.). The second approach includes several steps Pico ➔ 0D nano ➔ 1D nano ➔ 2D nano ➔ 3D nano/micro/macro dimensions structures. Another purpose of this review article is to connect between (a) the atomic theory, which covers the atoms and molecules in the picometer dimensions (picoscopic chemistry set); (b) “nano-periodic system” model, which covers different nanobuilding blocks in the nanometers range such as nanoparticles, dendrimers, buckyball, etc. which was developed by Tomalia; and (c) the micro/macrometer dimensions level.
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Synthesis and Properties of α-Mangostin and Vadimezan Conjugates with Glucoheptoamidated and Biotinylated 3rd Generation Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer, and Conjugation Effect on Their Anticancer and Anti-Nematode Activities. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030606. [PMID: 35335982 PMCID: PMC8951109 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin and vadimezan are widely studied potential anticancer agents. Their biological activities may be improved by covalent bonding by amide or ester bonds with the third generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer, substituted with α-D-glucoheptono-1,4-lactone and biotin. Thus, conjugates of either ester- (G3gh4B5V) or amide-linked (G32B12gh5V) vadimezan, and equivalents of α-mangostin (G3gh2B5M and G32B12gh5M, respectively), were synthesized, characterized and tested in vitro against cancer cells: U-118 MG glioma, SCC-15 squamous carcinoma, and BJ normal human fibroblasts growth, as well as against C. elegans development. α-Mangostin cytotoxicity, stronger than that of Vadimezan, was increased (by 2.5–9-fold) by conjugation with the PAMAM dendrimer (with the amide-linking being slightly more effective), and the strongest effect was observed with SCC-15 cells. Similar enhancement of toxicity resulting from the drug conjugation was observed with C. elegans. Vadimezan (up to 200 µM), as well as both its dendrimer conjugates, was not toxic against both the studied cells and nematodes. It showed an antiproliferative effect against cancer cells at concentrations ≥100 µM. This effect was significantly enhanced after conjugation of the drug with the dendrimer via the amide, but not the ester bond, with G32B12gh5V inhibiting the proliferation of SCC-15 and U-118 MG cells at concentrations ≥4 and ≥12 μM, respectively, without a visible effect in normal BJ cells. Thus, the drug delivery system based on the PAMAM G3 dendrimer containing amide bonds, partially-blocked amino groups on the surface, larger particle diameter and higher zeta potential can be a useful tool to improve the biological properties of transported drug molecules.
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England RM, Sonzini S, Buttar D, Treacher K, Ashford M. Investigating the properties of L-lysine dendrimers through physico-chemical characterisation techniques and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(L-lysine) (PLL) dendrimers up to generation 6, both as their ammonium trifluoroacetate salts and their boc-protected intermediates were characterised using multi-detector size exclusion chromatography (MD-SEC) and Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA)...
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Wan J, Fan B, Putera K, Kim J, Banaszak Holl MM, Thang SH. Polymerization-Induced Hierarchical Self-Assembly: From Monomer to Complex Colloidal Molecules and Beyond. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13721-13731. [PMID: 34375086 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale hierarchical design that draws inspiration from nature's biomaterials allows the enhancement of material performance and enables multifarious applications. Self-assembly of block copolymers represents one of these artificial techniques that provide an elegant bottom-up strategy for the synthesis of soft colloidal hierarchies. Fast-growing polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) renders a one-step process for the polymer synthesis and in situ self-assembly at high concentrations. Nevertheless, it is exceedingly challenging for the fabrication of hierarchical colloids via aqueous PISA, simply because most monomers produce kinetically trapped spheres except for a few PISA-suitable monomers. We demonstrate here a sequential one-pot synthesis of hierarchically self-assembled polymer colloids with diverse morphologies via aqueous PISA that overcomes the limitation. Complex formation of water-immiscible monomers with cyclodextrin via "host-guest" inclusion, followed by sequential aqueous polymerization, provides a linear triblock terpolymer that can in situ self-assemble into hierarchical nanostructures. To access polymer colloids with different morphologies, three types of linear triblock terpolymers were synthesized through this methodology, which allows the preparation of AXn-type colloidal molecules (CMs), core-shell-corona micelles, and raspberry-like nanoparticles. Furthermore, the phase separations between polymer blocks in nanostructures were revealed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy. The proposed mechanism explained how the interfacial tensions and glass transition temperatures of the core-forming blocks affect the morphologies. Overall, this study provides a scalable method of the production of CMs and other hierarchical structures. It can be applied to different block copolymer formulations to enrich the complexity of morphology and enable diverse functions of nano-objects.
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Flores-Mejía R, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, Pérez-Blas LG, Parra-Barrera A, Hernández-Castro SS, Estrada-Pérez AR, Rodrígues J, Lara-Padilla E, Ortiz-Morales A, Correa-Basurto J. Chemical characterization (LC-MS-ESI), cytotoxic activity and intracellular localization of PAMAM G4 in leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8210. [PMID: 33859258 PMCID: PMC8050087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation 4 of polyamidoamine dendrimer (G4-PAMAM) has several biological effects due to its tridimensional globular structure, repetitive branched amides, tertiary amines, and amino-terminal subunit groups liked to a common core. G4-PAMAM is cytotoxic due to its positive charges. However, its cytotoxicity could increase in cancer cells due to the excessive intracellular negative charges in these cells. Furthermore, this work reports G4-PAMAM chemical structural characterization using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS (LC-MS) by electrospray ionization to measure its population according to its positive charges. Additionally, the antiproliferative effects and intracellular localization were explored in the HMC-1 and K-562 cell lines by confocal microscopy. The LC-MS results show that G4-PAMAM generated multivalent mass spectrum values, and its protonated terminal amino groups produced numerous positive charges, which allowed us to determine its exact mass despite having a high molecular weight. Additionally, G4-PAMAM showed antiproliferative activity in the HMC-1 tumor cell line after 24 h (IC50 = 16.97 µM), 48 h (IC50 = 7.02 µM) and 72 h (IC50 = 5.98 µM) and in the K-562 cell line after 24 h (IC50 = 15.14 µM), 48 h (IC50 = 14.18 µM) and 72 h (IC50 = 9.91 µM). Finally, our results showed that the G4-PAMAM dendrimers were located in the cytoplasm and nucleus in both tumor cell lines studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Flores-Mejía
- Laboratorio 103, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - M J Fragoso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - L G Pérez-Blas
- Laboratorio 103, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - A Parra-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa y Estudios del Cancer, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - S S Hernández-Castro
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A R Estrada-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J Rodrígues
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
- School of Materials Science and Engineering/Center for Nano Energy Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - E Lara-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Ortiz-Morales
- Laboratorio 103, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - J Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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8
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Flores-Mejía R, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, Pérez-Blas LG, Parra-Barrera A, Hernández-Castro SS, Estrada-Pérez AR, Rodrígues J, Lara-Padilla E, Ortiz-Morales A, Correa-Basurto J. Chemical characterization (LC–MS–ESI), cytotoxic activity and intracellular localization of PAMAM G4 in leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGeneration 4 of polyamidoamine dendrimer (G4-PAMAM) has several biological effects due to its tridimensional globular structure, repetitive branched amides, tertiary amines, and amino-terminal subunit groups liked to a common core. G4-PAMAM is cytotoxic due to its positive charges. However, its cytotoxicity could increase in cancer cells due to the excessive intracellular negative charges in these cells. Furthermore, this work reports G4-PAMAM chemical structural characterization using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS (LC–MS) by electrospray ionization to measure its population according to its positive charges. Additionally, the antiproliferative effects and intracellular localization were explored in the HMC-1 and K-562 cell lines by confocal microscopy. The LC–MS results show that G4-PAMAM generated multivalent mass spectrum values, and its protonated terminal amino groups produced numerous positive charges, which allowed us to determine its exact mass despite having a high molecular weight. Additionally, G4-PAMAM showed antiproliferative activity in the HMC-1 tumor cell line after 24 h (IC50 = 16.97 µM), 48 h (IC50 = 7.02 µM) and 72 h (IC50 = 5.98 µM) and in the K-562 cell line after 24 h (IC50 = 15.14 µM), 48 h (IC50 = 14.18 µM) and 72 h (IC50 = 9.91 µM). Finally, our results showed that the G4-PAMAM dendrimers were located in the cytoplasm and nucleus in both tumor cell lines studied.
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Studzian M, Działak P, Pułaski Ł, Hedstrand DM, Tomalia DA, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Synthesis, Internalization and Visualization of N-(4-Carbomethoxy) Pyrrolidone Terminated PAMAM [G5:G3-TREN] Tecto(dendrimers) in Mammalian Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194406. [PMID: 32992824 PMCID: PMC7583011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tecto(dendrimers) are well-defined, dendrimer cluster type covalent structures. In this article, we present the synthesis of such a PAMAM [G5:G3-(TREN)]-N-(4-carbomethoxy) pyrrolidone terminated tecto(dendrimer). This tecto(dendrimer) exhibits nontraditional intrinsic luminescence (NTIL; excitation 376 nm; emission 455 nm) that has been attributed to three fluorescent components characterized by different fluorescence lifetimes. Furthermore, it has been shown that this PAMAM [G5:G3-(TREN)]-N-(4-carbomethoxy) pyrrolidone terminated tecto(dendrimer) is able to form a polyplex with double stranded DNA, and is nontoxic for HeLa and HMEC-1 cells up to a concentration of 10 mg/mL, even though it accumulates in endosomal compartments as demonstrated by its unique NTIL emission properties. Many of the above features would portend the proposed use of this tecto(dendrimer) as an efficient transfection agent. Quite surprisingly, transfection activity could not be demonstrated in HeLa cells, and the possible reasons are discussed in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Studzian
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.D.)
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Paula Działak
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Łukasz Pułaski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - David M. Hedstrand
- National Dendrimer & Nanotechnology Center, NanoSynthons LCC, 1200 N. Fancher Avenue, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858, USA;
| | - Donald A. Tomalia
- National Dendrimer & Nanotechnology Center, NanoSynthons LCC, 1200 N. Fancher Avenue, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
- Correspondence: (D.A.T.); (B.K.-M.)
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.D.)
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, 01397 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.A.T.); (B.K.-M.)
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Singhania A, Dutta M, Saha S, Sahoo P, Bora B, Ghosh S, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A. Speedy one-pot electrochemical synthesis of giant octahedrons from in situ generated pyrrolidinyl PAMAM dendrimer. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9140-9146. [PMID: 32926056 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical synthesis via a radical generation pathway is described here for the generation of a quaternary megamer structure from secondary dendrimers. The reaction is rapid and completes in <5 min. We have used lower/higher generation poly(amido)amine (PAMAM) dendrimers with carboxylic acid groups at the terminals. A precise electrocatalytic reaction at >3.5 V activates the carboxylic groups to undergo anodic oxidation (-e-) and produce radical carboxylate anions on the dendrimer surface. The reaction further goes through a decarboxylative elimination. Successive self-assembly creates billions of polydispersed and extremely stable ∼500 nm octahedron nanostructures, which we failed to destroy even by using a 20 kV electron beam. This is a new route for the speedy synthesis of important futuristic materials of well-defined shape. It has applications in building designer organic crystals for solar cells, organic electronics, rapid protein gelation, rapid protein crystallization, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Singhania
- Chemical Science & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, Assam-785006, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
| | - Mrinal Dutta
- PV Metrology Group, Advanced Materials Devices and Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi-110012, India and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Supriya Saha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India and Advanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, Assam-785006, India
| | - Pathik Sahoo
- International Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA) and Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Bharati Bora
- Chemical Science & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, Assam-785006, India.
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Chemical Science & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, Assam-785006, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Anirban Bandyopadhyay
- International Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA) and Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
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Kurbatov AO, Balabaev NK, Mazo MA, Kramarenko EY. Effects of generation number, spacer length and temperature on the structure and intramolecular dynamics of siloxane dendrimer melts: molecular dynamics simulations. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3792-3805. [PMID: 32239060 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00095g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structure and properties of polysiloxane dendrimer melts are studied by extensive atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Two homologous series differing in the spacer length are considered. In the first series the dendrimer spacers are the shortest ones, comprising only one oxygen atom, while in the second series the spacers consist of two oxygen atoms with the silicon atom in between. Melts of the dendrimers from the 3rd up to the 6th generation number are modelled in a wide temperature range from 273 to 600 K. A comparative study of the macroscopic melt characteristics such as the melt density and thermal expansion coefficients is performed for the two series. Analysis of the dendrimer structure in melts and in the isolated state shows that intermolecular interactions and interpenetration of dendrimer molecules in melts hardly affect the dendrimer interior organization. However, the presence of neighboring molecules significantly slows down their intramolecular dynamics in melts in comparison with that of isolated dendrimers. An increasing generation number causes an increase of the radius of the dendrimer interior region unavailable for neighboring molecules, which starts to exceed the length of the peripheral interpenetration layer for high-generation dendrimers; this fact could lead to different mechanisms of melt dynamics for lower and higher generation dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey O Kurbatov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia. and A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay K Balabaev
- Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Mazo
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Kramarenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia. and A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Zaręba M, Sareło P, Kopaczyńska M, Białońska A, Uram Ł, Walczak M, Aebisher D, Wołowiec S. Mixed-Generation PAMAM G3-G0 Megamer as a Drug Delivery System for Nimesulide: Antitumor Activity of the Conjugate Against Human Squamous Carcinoma and Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204998. [PMID: 31601050 PMCID: PMC6834146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxylated dendrimer was synthesized from poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer generation 3 by addition of glycidol (G3gl). G3gl megamer was further modified by binding PAMAM G0 dendrimers by activation of G3gl with p-nitrophenylchloroformate, followed by the addition of excess PAMAM G0 and purification using dialysis. The maximum G0 binding capacity of G3gl was 12 in the case when G0 was equipped with two covalently attached nimesulide equivalents. Nimesulide (N) was converted into N-(p-nitrophenyl) carbonate derivative and fully characterized using X-ray crystallography and spectral methods. Nimesulide was then attached to G0 via a urea bond to yield G02N. The mixed generation G3gl–G02N megamer was characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 22.4 kDa. The AFM image of G3gl–G02N deposited on mica demonstrated aggregation of nimesulide-covered megamer. The height of the deposited megamer was 8.5 nm. The megameric conjugate with nimesulide was tested in vitro on three human cell lines: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) and glioblastoma (U-118 MG) overexpressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and normal skin fibroblasts (BJ). The conjugate efficiently penetrated into all cells and was more cytotoxic against SCC-15 than against BJ. Moreover, the conjugate produced a strong and selective antiproliferative effect on both cancer cell lines (IC50 < 7.5 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaręba
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-939 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Sareło
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Marta Kopaczyńska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agata Białońska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-939 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Walczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-939 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - David Aebisher
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland.
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13
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Albrecht K, Hirabayashi Y, Otake M, Mendori S, Tobari Y, Azuma Y, Majima Y, Yamamoto K. Polymerization of a divalent/tetravalent metal-storing atom-mimicking dendrimer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601414. [PMID: 27957538 PMCID: PMC5135387 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenylazomethine dendrimer (DPA) has a layer-by-layer electron density gradient that is an analog of the Bohr atom (atom mimicry). In combination with electron pair mimicry, the polymerization of this atom-mimicking dendrimer was achieved. The valency of the mimicked atom was controlled by changing the chemical structure of the dendrimer. By mimicking a divalent atom, a one-dimensional (1D) polymer was obtained, and by using a planar tetravalent atom mimic, a 2D polymer was obtained. These poly(dendrimer) polymers could store Lewis acids (SnCl2) in their unoccupied orbitals, thus indicating that these poly(dendrimer) polymers consist of a series of nanocontainers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Albrecht
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masaya Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shin Mendori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuta Tobari
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuo Azuma
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yutaka Majima
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kimihisa Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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14
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Tomalia DA, Khanna SN. A Systematic Framework and Nanoperiodic Concept for Unifying Nanoscience: Hard/Soft Nanoelements, Superatoms, Meta-Atoms, New Emerging Properties, Periodic Property Patterns, and Predictive Mendeleev-like Nanoperiodic Tables. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2705-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald A. Tomalia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- National Dendrimer & Nanotechnology Center, NanoSynthons LLC, 1200 North Fancher Avenue, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48858, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ciferri
- Chemistry Department, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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16
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Manono J, Dougherty CA, Jones K, DeMuth J, Holl MMB, DiMaggio S. Generation 3 PAMAM dendrimer TAMRA conjugates containing precise dye/dendrimer ratios. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2015; 4:86-92. [PMID: 26549978 PMCID: PMC4631223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, isolation, and characterization of generation 3 poly(amidoamine) (G3 PAMAM) dendrimer containing precise ratios of 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester (TAMRA) dye (n = 1-3) per polymer particle are reported. Stochastic conjugation of TAMRA dye to the dendrimer was followed by separation into precise dye-polymer ratios using rp-HPLC. The isolated materials were characterized by rp-UPLC, MALDI-TOF-MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Manono
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125, USA
| | - Casey A. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kirsten Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125, USA
| | - Joshua DeMuth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Stassi DiMaggio
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125, USA
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17
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Baczko K, Fensterbank H, Berini B, Bordage N, Clavier G, Méallet-Renault R, Larpent C, Allard E. Azide-functionalized nanoparticles as quantized building block for the design of soft-soft fluorescent polystyrene core-PAMAM shell nanostructures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Baczko
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines; 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles cedex France
| | - Hélène Fensterbank
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines; 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles cedex France
| | - Bruno Berini
- Groupe d'Etude de la Matière Condensée UMR-CNRS 8635, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines; 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles cedex France
| | - Nadège Bordage
- P.P.S.M., CNRS UMR 8531, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan; 61 Avenue du Président Wilson 94235 Cachan Cedex France
| | - Gilles Clavier
- P.P.S.M., CNRS UMR 8531, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan; 61 Avenue du Président Wilson 94235 Cachan Cedex France
| | - Rachel Méallet-Renault
- P.P.S.M., CNRS UMR 8531, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan; 61 Avenue du Président Wilson 94235 Cachan Cedex France
| | - Chantal Larpent
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines; 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles cedex France
| | - Emmanuel Allard
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines; 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles cedex France
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18
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Arseneault M, Wafer C, Morin JF. Recent advances in click chemistry applied to dendrimer synthesis. Molecules 2015; 20:9263-94. [PMID: 26007183 PMCID: PMC6272213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are monodisperse polymers grown in a fractal manner from a central point. They are poised to become the cornerstone of nanoscale devices in several fields, ranging from biomedicine to light-harvesting. Technical difficulties in obtaining these molecules has slowed their transfer from academia to industry. In 2001, the arrival of the "click chemistry" concept gave the field a major boost. The flagship reaction, a modified Hüisgen cycloaddition, allowed researchers greater freedom in designing and building dendrimers. In the last five years, advances in click chemistry saw a wider use of other click reactions and a notable increase in the complexity of the reported structures. This review covers key developments in the click chemistry field applied to dendrimer synthesis from 2010 to 2015. Even though this is an expert review, basic notions and references have been included to help newcomers to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Arseneault
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Caroline Wafer
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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19
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van Dongen MA, Rattan R, Silpe J, Dougherty C, Michmerhuizen NL, Van Winkle M, Huang B, Choi SK, Sinniah K, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-methotrexate conjugates: the mechanism of interaction with folate binding protein. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4049-58. [PMID: 25222480 PMCID: PMC4224518 DOI: 10.1021/mp500608s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Generation
5 poly(amidoamine) (G5 PAMAM) methotrexate (MTX) conjugates
employing two small molecular linkers, G5-(COG-MTX)n, G5-(MFCO-MTX)n were prepared along with the conjugates of the G5-G5 (D)
dimer, D-(COG-MTX)n, D-(MFCO-MTX)n. The monomer G5-(COG-MTX)n conjugates exhibited only a weak, rapidly reversible binding
to folate binding protein (FBP) consistent with monovalent MTX binding.
The D-(COG-MTX)n conjugates exhibited
a slow onset, tight-binding mechanism in which the MTX first binds
to the FBP, inducing protein structural rearrangement, followed by
polymer–protein van der Waals interactions leading to tight-binding.
The extent of irreversible binding is dependent on total MTX concentration
and no evidence of multivalent MTX binding was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A van Dongen
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Biomedical Engineering, §Physics, and ∥the Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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20
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van Dongen M, Dougherty CA, Banaszak Holl MM. Multivalent polymers for drug delivery and imaging: the challenges of conjugation. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3215-34. [PMID: 25120091 PMCID: PMC4157765 DOI: 10.1021/bm500921q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent polymers offer a powerful opportunity to develop theranostic materials on the size scale of proteins that can provide targeting, imaging, and therapeutic functionality. Achieving this goal requires the presence of multiple targeting molecules, dyes, and/or drugs on the polymer scaffold. This critical review examines the synthetic, analytical, and functional challenges associated with the heterogeneity introduced by conjugation reactions as well as polymer scaffold design. First, approaches to making multivalent polymer conjugations are discussed followed by an analysis of materials that have shown particular promise biologically. Challenges in characterizing the mixed ligand distributions and the impact of these distributions on biological applications are then discussed. Where possible, molecular-level interpretations are provided for the structures that give rise to the functional ligand and molecular weight distributions present in the polymer scaffolds. Lastly, recent strategies employed for overcoming or minimizing the presence of ligand distributions are discussed. This review focuses on multivalent polymer scaffolds where average stoichiometry and/or the distribution of products have been characterized by at least one experimental technique. Key illustrative examples are provided for scaffolds that have been carried forward to in vitro and in vivo testing with significant biological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory
A. van Dongen
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Casey A. Dougherty
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Mark M. Banaszak Holl
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
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21
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van Dongen MA, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM. Diffusion NMR study of generation-five PAMAM dendrimer materials. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:7195-202. [PMID: 24901764 PMCID: PMC4076006 DOI: 10.1021/jp504059p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Commercial generation-five poly(amidoamine)
dendrimer material
(G5c) was fractionated into its major structural components. Monomeric
G5 (G5m; 21–30 kDa) was isolated to compare its functional
properties to the G5c material. Diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy was employed to measure the self-diffusion
coefficients and corresponding hydrodynamic radii of G5m and other
G5c components as a function of dendrimer size (i.e., molecular weight)
and tertiary structure (i.e., generational or oligomeric nature).
It was found that the hydrodynamic radius (RH) scales with approximate numbers of atoms in the trailing
generations, G5m, and oligomeric material at a rate of RH ∝ N0.35, in good
agreement with previous reports of RH scaling
for PAMAM dendrimer with generation. G5c materials can be thought
of as a heterogeneous mixture of dendrimers ranging in size from trailing
generation two to tetramers of G5, approximately the same in size
as a G7 dendrimer, with G5m comprising ∼65% of the material.
The radius of hydration for G5m was measured to be 3.1 ± 0.1
nm at pH 7.4. The 10% swelling in response to a drop in pH observed
for the G5c material was not observed for isolated G5m; however, the
isolated G5–G5 dimers had an increase of 44% in RH, indicating that the G5c pH response results from the
increase in RH of the oligomeric fraction
upon protonation. Finally, the data allow for an experimental test
of the “slip” and “stick” boundary models
of the Stokes–Einstein equation for PAMAM dendrimer in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A van Dongen
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics, and §Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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22
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van Dongen MA, Silpe JE, Dougherty CA, Kanduluru AK, Choi SK, Orr BG, Low PS, Banaszak Holl MM. Avidity mechanism of dendrimer-folic acid conjugates. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1696-706. [PMID: 24725205 PMCID: PMC4018099 DOI: 10.1021/mp5000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Multivalent conjugation of folic
acid has been employed to target
cells overexpressing folate receptors. Such polymer conjugates have
been previously demonstrated to have high avidity to folate binding
protein. However, the lack of a monovalent folic acid–polymer
material has prevented a full binding analysis of these conjugates,
as multivalent binding mechanisms and polymer-mass mechanisms are
convoluted in samples with broad distributions of folic acid-to-dendrimer
ratios. In this work, the synthesis of a monovalent folic acid–dendrimer
conjugate allowed the elucidation of the mechanism for increased binding
between the folic acid–polymer conjugate and a folate binding
protein surface. The increased avidity is due to a folate-keyed interaction
between the dendrimer and protein surfaces that fits into the general
framework of slow-onset, tight-binding mechanisms of ligand/protein
interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A van Dongen
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Physics, ‡Program in Macromolecular Sciences and Engineering, and §Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019, United States
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23
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Dougherty CA, Furgal JC, van Dongen MA, Goodson T, Banaszak Holl MM, Manono J, DiMaggio S. Isolation and characterization of precise dye/dendrimer ratios. Chemistry 2014; 20:4638-45. [PMID: 24604830 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes are commonly conjugated to nanomaterials for imaging applications using stochastic synthesis conditions that result in a Poisson distribution of dye/particle ratios and therefore a broad range of photophysical and biodistribution properties. We report the isolation and characterization of generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (G5 PAMAM) dendrimer samples containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 fluorescein (FC) or 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester (TAMRA) dyes per polymer particle. For the fluorescein case, this was achieved by stochastically functionalizing dendrimer with a cyclooctyne "click" ligand, separation into sample containing precisely defined "click" ligand/particle ratios using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by reaction with excess azide-functionalized fluorescein dye. For the TAMRA samples, stochastically functionalized dendrimer was directly separated into precise dye/particle ratios using RP-HPLC. These materials were characterized using (1)H and (19)F NMR spectroscopy, RP-HPLC, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, lifetime measurements, and MALDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055 (USA)
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