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Flores-Mejía R, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, Pérez-Blas LG, Parra-Barrera A, Hernández-Castro SS, Estrada-Pérez AR, Rodrígues J, Lara-Padilla E, Ortiz-Morales A, Correa-Basurto J. Chemical characterization (LC-MS-ESI), cytotoxic activity and intracellular localization of PAMAM G4 in leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8210. [PMID: 33859258 PMCID: PMC8050087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation 4 of polyamidoamine dendrimer (G4-PAMAM) has several biological effects due to its tridimensional globular structure, repetitive branched amides, tertiary amines, and amino-terminal subunit groups liked to a common core. G4-PAMAM is cytotoxic due to its positive charges. However, its cytotoxicity could increase in cancer cells due to the excessive intracellular negative charges in these cells. Furthermore, this work reports G4-PAMAM chemical structural characterization using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS (LC-MS) by electrospray ionization to measure its population according to its positive charges. Additionally, the antiproliferative effects and intracellular localization were explored in the HMC-1 and K-562 cell lines by confocal microscopy. The LC-MS results show that G4-PAMAM generated multivalent mass spectrum values, and its protonated terminal amino groups produced numerous positive charges, which allowed us to determine its exact mass despite having a high molecular weight. Additionally, G4-PAMAM showed antiproliferative activity in the HMC-1 tumor cell line after 24 h (IC50 = 16.97 µM), 48 h (IC50 = 7.02 µM) and 72 h (IC50 = 5.98 µM) and in the K-562 cell line after 24 h (IC50 = 15.14 µM), 48 h (IC50 = 14.18 µM) and 72 h (IC50 = 9.91 µM). Finally, our results showed that the G4-PAMAM dendrimers were located in the cytoplasm and nucleus in both tumor cell lines studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Flores-Mejía
- Laboratorio 103, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - M J Fragoso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - L G Pérez-Blas
- Laboratorio 103, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - A Parra-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa y Estudios del Cancer, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - S S Hernández-Castro
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A R Estrada-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J Rodrígues
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
- School of Materials Science and Engineering/Center for Nano Energy Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - E Lara-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Ortiz-Morales
- Laboratorio 103, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - J Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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2
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Flores-Mejía R, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, Pérez-Blas LG, Parra-Barrera A, Hernández-Castro SS, Estrada-Pérez AR, Rodrígues J, Lara-Padilla E, Ortiz-Morales A, Correa-Basurto J. Chemical characterization (LC–MS–ESI), cytotoxic activity and intracellular localization of PAMAM G4 in leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGeneration 4 of polyamidoamine dendrimer (G4-PAMAM) has several biological effects due to its tridimensional globular structure, repetitive branched amides, tertiary amines, and amino-terminal subunit groups liked to a common core. G4-PAMAM is cytotoxic due to its positive charges. However, its cytotoxicity could increase in cancer cells due to the excessive intracellular negative charges in these cells. Furthermore, this work reports G4-PAMAM chemical structural characterization using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS (LC–MS) by electrospray ionization to measure its population according to its positive charges. Additionally, the antiproliferative effects and intracellular localization were explored in the HMC-1 and K-562 cell lines by confocal microscopy. The LC–MS results show that G4-PAMAM generated multivalent mass spectrum values, and its protonated terminal amino groups produced numerous positive charges, which allowed us to determine its exact mass despite having a high molecular weight. Additionally, G4-PAMAM showed antiproliferative activity in the HMC-1 tumor cell line after 24 h (IC50 = 16.97 µM), 48 h (IC50 = 7.02 µM) and 72 h (IC50 = 5.98 µM) and in the K-562 cell line after 24 h (IC50 = 15.14 µM), 48 h (IC50 = 14.18 µM) and 72 h (IC50 = 9.91 µM). Finally, our results showed that the G4-PAMAM dendrimers were located in the cytoplasm and nucleus in both tumor cell lines studied.
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3
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Martinez-Archundia M, García-Vázquez JB, Colin-Astudillo B, Bello M, Prestegui-Martel B, Chavez-Blanco A, Dueñas-González A, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, Mendieta-Wejebe J, Abarca-Rojano E, Ordaz-Rosado D, García-Becerra R, Castillo-Bautista D, Correa Basurto J. Computational Study of the Binding Modes of Diverse DPN Analogues on Estrogen Receptors (ER) and the Biological Evaluation of a New Potential Antiestrogenic Ligand. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 18:1508-1520. [PMID: 29189179 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666171129152953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen (17β-estradiol) is essential for normal growth and differentiation in the mammary gland. In the last three decades, previous investigations have revealed that Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα) plays a critical role in breast cancer. More recently, observations regarding the widespread expression of ERβ-like proteins in normal and neoplastic mammary tissues have suggested that ERβ is also involved in the mentioned pathology. Design of new drugs both steroidal and nonsteroidal that target any of these receptors represents a promise to treat breast cancer although it remains a challenge due to the sequence similarity between their catalytic domains. In this work, we propose a new set of compounds that could effectively target the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. These ligands were designed based on the chemical structure of the ERβ-selective agonist Diarylpropionitrile (DPN). The designed ligands were submitted to in silico ADMET studies, yielding in a filtered list of ligands that showed better drug-like properties. Molecular dynamics simulations of both estrogen receptors and docking analysis were carried-out employing the designed compounds, from which two were chosen due to their promising characteristics retrieved from theoretical results (docking analysis or targeting receptor predictions). They were chemically synthetized and during the process, two precursor ligands were also obtained. These four ligands were subjected to biological studies from which it could be detected that compound mol60b dislplayed inhibitory activity and its ability to activate the transcription via an estrogenic mechanism of action was also determined. Interestinly, this observation can be related to theoretical binding free energy calculations, where the complex: ERβ-mol60b showed the highest energy ΔGbind value in comparison to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez-Archundia
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformatica y diseno de farmacos, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron S/N, Col, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico
| | - J B García-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformatica y diseno de farmacos, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron S/N, Col, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico.,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Quimica Organica Prolongacion de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomas, Mexico DF, 11340, Mexico
| | - B Colin-Astudillo
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformatica y diseno de farmacos, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron S/N, Col, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Respiracion Celular, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico
| | - M Bello
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformatica y diseno de farmacos, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron S/N, Col, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico
| | - B Prestegui-Martel
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformatica y diseno de farmacos, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron S/N, Col, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico
| | - A Chavez-Blanco
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformatica y diseno de farmacos, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron S/N, Col, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico.,Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico, DF, 14080, Mexico
| | - A Dueñas-González
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico, DF, 14080, Mexico.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Mexico, DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - M J Fragoso-Vázquez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Quimica Organica Prolongacion de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomas, Mexico DF, 11340, Mexico
| | - J Mendieta-Wejebe
- Laboratorio de Biofisica y Biocatalisis, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado eInvestigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico
| | - E Abarca-Rojano
- Laboratorio de Respiracion Celular, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico
| | - D Ordaz-Rosado
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Departamento de Biologia de la Reproduccion, Tlalpan, DF, 14000 MX, Mexico
| | - R García-Becerra
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Departamento de Biologia de la Reproduccion, Tlalpan, DF, 14000 MX, Mexico
| | - D Castillo-Bautista
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformatica y diseno de farmacos, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron S/N, Col, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico
| | - J Correa Basurto
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformatica y diseno de farmacos, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron S/N, Col, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biofisica y Biocatalisis, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado eInvestigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340 MX, Mexico
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Rodríguez-Fonseca RA, Bello M, de Los Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Luis Jiménez J, Rojas-Hernández S, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, Gutiérrez-Sánchez M, Rodrigues J, Cayetano-Castro N, Borja-Urby R, Rodríguez-Cortés O, García-Machorro J, Correa-Basurto J. In silico search, chemical characterization and immunogenic evaluation of amino-terminated G4-PAMAM-HIV peptide complexes using three-dimensional models of the HIV-1 gp120 protein. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:77-93. [PMID: 30711762 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptide epitopes have been widely used to develop synthetic vaccines and immunotherapies. However, peptide epitopes may exhibit poor absorption or immunogenicity due to their low molecular weights. Conversely, fourth-generation polyamidoamine (G4-PAMAM) dendrimers are nonimmunogenic and relatively nontoxic synthetic nanoparticles that have been used as adjuvants and nanocarriers of small peptides and to improve nasal absorption. Based on this information, we hypothesized that the combination of intranasal immunization and G4-PAMAM dendrimers would be useful for enhancing the antibody responses of HIV-1 gp120 peptide epitopes. Therefore, we first used structural data, peptide epitope predictors and docking and MD simulations on MHC-II to identify two peptide epitopes on the CD4 binding site of HIV-1 gp120. The formation of G4-PAMAM-peptide complexes was evaluated in silico (molecular docking studies using different G4-PAMAM conformations retrieved from MD simulations as well as the MMGBSA approach) and validated experimentally (electrophoresis, 1H NMR and cryo-TEM). Next, the G4-PAMAM dendrimer-peptide complexes were administered intranasally to groups of female BALB/cJ mice. The results showed that both peptides were immunogenic at the systemic and mucosal levels (nasal and vaginal), and G4-PAMAM dendrimer-peptide complexes improved IgG and IgA responses in serum and nasal washes. Thus, G4-PAMAM dendrimers have potential for use as adjuvants and nanocarriers of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Alberto Rodríguez-Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Martiniano Bello
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | | | - José Luis Jiménez
- Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl Rojas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - M J Fragoso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mara Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - João Rodrigues
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal; Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal and School of Materials Science and Engineering/Center for Nano Energy Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - N Cayetano-Castro
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - R Borja-Urby
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Octavio Rodríguez-Cortés
- Laboratorio 103, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico.
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
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5
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Martínez-Ramos F, Luna-Palencia GR, Vásquez-Moctezuma I, Méndez-Luna D, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, Trujillo-Ferrara J, Meraz-Ríos MA, Mendieta-Wejebe JE, Correa-Basurto J. Docking Studies of Glutamine Valproic Acid Derivative (S)-5- amino-2-(heptan-4-ylamino)-5-oxopentanoic Acid (Gln-VPA) on HDAC8 with Biological Evaluation in HeLa Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2017; 16:1485-1490. [PMID: 26845132 DOI: 10.2174/1871520616666160204111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we focused on evaluating a novel compound developed by our group. This molecule, derived from glutamine (Gln) and valproic acid (VPA), denominated (S)- 5-amino-2-(heptan-4-ylamino)-5-oxopentanoic acid (Gln-VPA), was submitted to docking studies on histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) to explore its non-bonded interactions. The theoretical results were validated in HeLa cells as a cancer cell model and in human dermal fibroblasts as a normal cell model. The effects of Gln-VPA on HeLa and normal fibroblasts in terms of cell survival and the ability to inhibit HDAC activity in nude nuclear proteins and in nuclear proteins of whole cells treated for 24 h were analyzed. The HeLa cell cycle was analyzed after 24 and 48 h of treatment with Gln-VPA. The docking studies show that Gln-VPA can reach the catalytic site of HDAC8. Gln-VPA was organically synthesized with a purity greater than 97%, and its structure was validated using mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. Gln-VPA showed a similar effect to VPA as an HDAC inhibitor but with less toxicity to fibroblasts. Although Gln-VPA was less efficient than VPA in reducing the survival of HeLa cells, it could be studied for use as a cancer cell sensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Distrito Federal, 11340, México
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6
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Méndez-Luna D, Martínez-Archundia M, Maroun RC, Ceballos-Reyes G, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, González-Juárez DE, Correa-Basurto J. Deciphering the GPER/GPR30-agonist and antagonists interactions using molecular modeling studies, molecular dynamics, and docking simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 33:2161-72. [PMID: 25587872 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.994102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 GPER/GPR30 is a transmembrane seven-helix (7TM) receptor involved in the growth and proliferation of breast cancer. Due to the absence of a crystal structure of GPER/GPR30, in this work, molecular modeling studies have been carried out to build a three-dimensional structure, which was subsequently refined by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (up to 120 ns). Furthermore, we explored GPER/GPR30's molecular recognition properties by using reported agonist ligands (G1, estradiol (E2), tamoxifen, and fulvestrant) and the antagonist ligands (G15 and G36) in subsequent docking studies. Our results identified the E2 binding site on GPER/GPR30, as well as other receptor cavities for accepting large volume ligands, through GPER/GPR30 π-π, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bond interactions. Snapshots of the MD trajectory at 14 and 70 ns showed almost identical binding motifs for G1 and G15. It was also observed that C107 interacts with the acetyl oxygen of G1 (at 14 ns) and that at 70 ns the residue E275 interacts with the acetyl group and with the oxygen from the other agonist whereas the isopropyl group of G36 is oriented toward Met141, suggesting that both C107 and E275 could be involved in the protein activation. This contribution suggest that GPER1 has great structural changes which explain its great capacity to accept diverse ligands, and also, the same ligand could be recognized in different binding pose according to GPER structural conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Méndez-Luna
- a Laboratorio de modelado Molecular y Diseño de Fármacos (Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design), Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México, D.F. , Mexico
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