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Rudewicz-Kowalczyk D, Grabowska I. Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of LDL and MDA-LDL Using Antibody-Ferrocene or Anthraquinone Conjugates Coated Magnetic Beads. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24066005. [PMID: 36983078 PMCID: PMC10056855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous detection of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACSVD) biomarkers was recently of great scientific interest. In this work, magnetic beads-based immunosensors for the simultaneous detection of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) were presented. The approach proposed was based on the formation of two types of specific immunoconjugates consisting of monoclonal antibodies: anti-LDL or anti-MDA-LDL, together with redox active molecules: ferrocene and anthraquinone, respectively, coated on magnetic beads (MBs). The decrease in redox agent current in the concentration range: 0.001-1.0 ng/mL for LDL and 0.01-10.0 ng/mL for MDA-LDL, registered by square wave voltammetry (SWV), was observed upon the creation of complex between LDL or MDA-LDL and appropriate immunoconjugates. The detection limits of 0.2 ng/mL for LDL and 0.1 ng/mL for MDA-LDL were estimated. Moreover, the results of selectivity against the possible interferents were good, as human serum albumin (HSA) and high density lipoprotein (HDL), stability and recovery studies demonstrated the potential of platform proposed for early prognosis and diagnosis of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Rudewicz-Kowalczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction of Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction of Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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2
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Jamshidi M, Walcarius A, Thangamuthu M, Mehrgardi M, Ranjbar A. Electrochemical approaches based on micro- and nanomaterials for diagnosing oxidative stress. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:117. [PMID: 36879086 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This review article comprehensively discusses the various electrochemical approaches for measuring and detecting oxidative stress biomarkers and enzymes, particularly reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, highly reactive chemical molecules, which are the byproducts of normal aerobic metabolism and can oxidize cellular components such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. First, we address the latest research on the electrochemical determination of reactive oxygen species generating enzymes, followed by detection of oxidative stress biomarkers, and final determination of total antioxidant activity (endogenous and exogenous). Most electrochemical sensing platforms exploited the unique properties of micro- and nanomaterials such as carbon nanomaterials, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), conductive polymers and metal-nano compounds, which have been mainly used for enhancing the electrocatalytic response of sensors/biosensors. The performance of the electroanalytical devices commonly measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in terms of detection limit, sensitivity, and linear range of detection is also discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of electrode fabrication, characterization and evaluation of their performances, which are assisting to design and manufacture an appropriate electrochemical (bio)sensor for medical and clinical applications. The key points such as accessibility, affordability, rapidity, low cost, and high sensitivity of the electrochemical sensing devices are also highlighted for the diagnosis of oxidative stress. Overall, this review brings a timely discussion on past and current approaches for developing electrochemical sensors and biosensors mainly based on micro and nanomaterials for the diagnosis of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Jamshidi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Microbiology for Materials and the Environment, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
| | - Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Masoud Mehrgardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Akram Ranjbar
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Khongwichit S, Swangphon P, Nanakorn N, Nualla-Ong A, Choowongkomon K, Lieberzeit PA, Chunta S. A simple aptamer/gold nanoparticle aggregation-based colorimetric assay for oxidized low-density lipoprotein determination. Talanta 2023; 254:124199. [PMID: 36549138 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is the leading cause of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we created a simple colorimetric assay for sensitive and specific determination of oxLDL using a selective aptamer coupled with salt-induced gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation. The aptamer was chosen by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment to obtain a novel selective sequence towards oxLDL (as 5'-CCATCACGGGGCAGGCGGACAAGGGGTAAGGGCCACATCA-3'). Mixing a 5 μM aptamer solution with an aliquot of a sample containing oxLDL followed by adding AuNP solution (OD = 1) and 80 mmol L-1 NaCl achieved rapid results within 19 min: linear response to oxLDL from 0.002 to 0.5 μmol L-1 with high selectivity, a recovery accuracy of 100-111% at the 95% confidence interval, and within-run and between-run precision of 1-6% and 1-5% coefficient variations, respectively. Artificial serum diluted at least 1:8 with distilled water, analyzed by the aptamer-based colorimetric assay, showed excellent correlation with conventional thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (R2 = 0.9792) as a rapid colorimetric method without the need for sample preparation other than dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soemwit Khongwichit
- Prince of Songkla University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Prince of Songkla University, Faculty of Science, Division of Biological Science, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Piyawut Swangphon
- Prince of Songkla University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Natthaphon Nanakorn
- Prince of Songkla University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Aekkaraj Nualla-Ong
- Prince of Songkla University, Faculty of Science, Division of Biological Science, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Kasetsart University, KU Institute for Advanced Studies Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Peter A Lieberzeit
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Suticha Chunta
- Prince of Songkla University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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4
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Randviir EP, Banks CE. A review of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for bioanalytical sensors. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4602-4624. [PMID: 36342043 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00970f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. This review uses a systematic approach to examine how electrodes are tailored for use in EIS-based applications, describing the chemistries involved in sensor design, and discusses trends in the use of bio-based and non-bio-based electrodes. The review finds that immunosensors are the most prevalent sensor strategy that employs EIS as a quantification technique for target species. The review also finds that bio-based electrodes, though capable of detecting small molecules, are most applicable for the detection of complex molecules. Non-bio-based sensors are more often employed for simpler molecules and less often have applications for complex systems. We surmise that EIS has advanced in terms of electrode designs since our last review on the subject, although there are still inconsistencies in terms of equivalent circuit modelling for some sensor types. Removal of ambiguity from equivalent circuit models may help advance EIS as a choice detection method, allowing for lower limits of detection than traditional electrochemical methods such as voltammetry or amperometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Randviir
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, UK.
| | - Craig E Banks
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, UK.
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Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Kalashgrani MY, Gholami A, Omidifar N, Babapoor A, Vijayakameswara Rao N, Chiang WH. Recent Advances in Plasma-Engineered Polymers for Biomarker-Based Viral Detection and Highly Multiplexed Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:286. [PMID: 35624587 PMCID: PMC9138656 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain a pervasive threat to global and public health, especially in many countries and rural urban areas. The main causes of such severe diseases are the lack of appropriate analytical methods and subsequent treatment strategies due to limited access to centralized and equipped medical centers for detection. Rapid and accurate diagnosis in biomedicine and healthcare is essential for the effective treatment of pathogenic viruses as well as early detection. Plasma-engineered polymers are used worldwide for viral infections in conjunction with molecular detection of biomarkers. Plasma-engineered polymers for biomarker-based viral detection are generally inexpensive and offer great potential. For biomarker-based virus detection, plasma-based polymers appear to be potential biological probes and have been used directly with physiological components to perform highly multiplexed analyses simultaneously. The simultaneous measurement of multiple clinical parameters from the same sample volume is possible using highly multiplexed analysis to detect human viral infections, thereby reducing the time and cost required to collect each data point. This article reviews recent studies on the efficacy of plasma-engineered polymers as a detection method against human pandemic viruses. In this review study, we examine polymer biomarkers, plasma-engineered polymers, highly multiplexed analyses for viral infections, and recent applications of polymer-based biomarkers for virus detection. Finally, we provide an outlook on recent advances in the field of plasma-engineered polymers for biomarker-based virus detection and highly multiplexed analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Masoomeh Yari Kalashgrani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
| | - Aziz Babapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran;
| | - Neralla Vijayakameswara Rao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
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6
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Direct electrochemiluminescent immunosensing for an early indication of coronary heart disease using dual biomarkers. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1110:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Surya SG, Majhi SM, Agarwal DK, Lahcen AA, Yuvaraja S, Chappanda KN, Salama KN. A label-free aptasensor FET based on Au nanoparticle decorated Co 3O 4 nanorods and a SWCNT layer for detection of cardiac troponin T protein. J Mater Chem B 2019; 8:18-26. [PMID: 31782481 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01989h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a serious health problem that must be identified in its early stages. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the condition of AMI through ascertaining the role of biomarkers, such as myoglobin, cardiac troponin proteins (T and I), creatine kinase-MB, and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP). A field-effect transistor (FET) is an effective platform; however, innovations are required in all layers of the FET for it to become robust and highly sensitive. For the first time, we made use of the synergistic combination of noble metal nanoparticles (AuNPs) with Co3O4 for the detection of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in a FET platform. We determined the morphology of Au-decorated Co3O4 NRs and their electronic properties by characterizing the channel layer using electron microscopies and transient measurements. Subsequently, we performed the detection of cardiac troponin T by immobilizing its complementary biotinylated DNA aptamer on the channel surface using a drop-casting method. To understand the changes in drain current caused by this interaction, we probed our SWCNT-Co3O4 NR transistor with limited gate and drain bias (≤1 V), achieving a sensitivity of 0.5 μA μg-1 mL-1 for the Au-decorated NRs. A 250% increase in the sensitivity and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 μg mL-1 were achieved by using this device. Finally, selectivity studies proved that this synergistic combination works well in the FET configuration for the successful detection of cTnT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep G Surya
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sanjit M Majhi
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dilip K Agarwal
- CRNTS, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai - 400076, India
| | - Abdellatif Ait Lahcen
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saravanan Yuvaraja
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia.
| | - Karumbaiah N Chappanda
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia. and Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Khaled N Salama
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia.
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8
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Farzin L, Shamsipur M, Samandari L, Sheibani S. Recent advances in designing nanomaterial based biointerfaces for electrochemical biosensing cardiovascular biomarkers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:344-376. [PMID: 30205301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is critically important for successful treatment and recovery of patients. At present, detection of CVD at early stages of its progression becomes a major issue for world health. The nanoscale electrochemical biosensors exhibit diverse outstanding properties, rendering them extremely suitable for the determination of CVD biomarkers at very low concentrations in biological fluids. The unique advantages offered by electrochemical biosensors in terms of sensitivity and stability imparted by nanostructuring the electrode surface together with high affinity and selectivity of bioreceptors have led to the development of new electrochemical biosensing strategies that have introduced as interesting alternatives to conventional methodologies for clinical diagnostics of CVD. This review provides an updated overview of selected examples during the period 2005-2018 involving electrochemical biosensing approaches and signal amplification strategies based on nanomaterials, which have been applied for determination of CVD biomarkers. The studied CVD biomarkers include AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, apolipoproteins, cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, fibrinogen (Fib), glucose, insulin, interleukins, lipoproteins, myoglobin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and troponins (Tns) on electrochemical transduction format. Identification of new specific CVD biomarkers, multiplex bioassay for the simultaneous determination of biomarkers, emergence of microfluidic biosensors, real-time analysis of biomarkers and point of care validation with high sensitivity and selectivity are the major challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Farzin
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Shamsipur
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Leila Samandari
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahab Sheibani
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Cabral-Miranda G, Cardoso AR, Ferreira LCS, Sales MGF, Bachmann MF. Biosensor-based selective detection of Zika virus specific antibodies in infected individuals. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 113:101-107. [PMID: 29751200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged as a global threat subsequent to its global spread because it induces microencephaly and other brain damages in infants born to infected mothers. Epidemiological monitoring of infection has been hampered by the absence of reliable serological tests capable to distinguish between ZIKV and other Flavivirus infections, in particular Dengue virus (DENV). As both viruses are transmitted by the same mosquito-species, their distributions largely overlap and reliable serological distinction between the viruses is essential. Here we develop a novel biosensor which is based on recombinant forms of ZIKV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and the domain III of the envelope protein (EDIII). Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), we demonstrate that in addition to extremely sensitive detection of ZIKV-specific antibodies in serum and saliva, the biosensor promptly distinguished ZIKV and DENV-specific antibodies. Hence, this novel biosensor allows assessing ZIKV antibodies in blood and saliva and results are unaffected by presence of DENV virus-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Cabral-Miranda
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ana R Cardoso
- BioMark-Centre of Biological Engineering/ISEP, School of Engineering of the Polytechnique School of Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis C S Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Science; University of São Paulo (ICB-USP), Brazil
| | - M Goreti F Sales
- BioMark-Centre of Biological Engineering/ISEP, School of Engineering of the Polytechnique School of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Campuzano S, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Diagnostics Strategies with Electrochemical Affinity Biosensors Using Carbon Nanomaterials as Electrode Modifiers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2016; 7:E2. [PMID: 28035946 PMCID: PMC5373011 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis is often the key to successful patient treatment and survival. The identification of various disease signaling biomarkers which reliably reflect normal and disease states in humans in biological fluids explain the burgeoning research field in developing new methodologies able to determine the target biomarkers in complex biological samples with the required sensitivity and selectivity and in a simple and rapid way. The unique advantages offered by electrochemical sensors together with the availability of high affinity and specific bioreceptors and their great capabilities in terms of sensitivity and stability imparted by nanostructuring the electrode surface with different carbon nanomaterials have led to the development of new electrochemical biosensing strategies that have flourished as interesting alternatives to conventional methodologies for clinical diagnostics. This paper briefly reviews the advantages of using carbon nanostructures and their hybrid nanocomposites as electrode modifiers to construct efficient electrochemical sensing platforms for diagnosis. The review provides an updated overview of some selected examples involving attractive amplification and biosensing approaches which have been applied to the determination of relevant genetic and protein diagnostics biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Pingarrón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Ali MA, Srivastava S, Agrawal VV, Willander M, John R, Malhotra BD. A biofunctionalized quantum dot–nickel oxide nanorod based smart platform for lipid detection. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2706-2714. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02578h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A label-free and sensitive immunosensor has been fabricated using an antibody conjugated CdS–NiO nanocomposite for detection of lipids in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Azahar Ali
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Ved V. Agrawal
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Magnus Willander
- Department of Science & Technology
- Division of Physics & Electronics Linkoping University
- Sweden
| | - Renu John
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Shahbad Daulatpur
- Delhi 110042
- India
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