Comprehensive profiling and identification of C21 steroids in the root of Marsdenia tenacissima (Dai-Bai-Jie) using offline two-dimensional chromatography (LC × SFC) with Q-TOF/MS

Dai-Bai-Jie, the root of the plant Marsdenia tenacissima from the Asclepiadaceae family, is well-known for its therapeutic effects in clearing heat, detoxifying, reducing swelling, and relieving pain as one of the most commonly used Dai medicine. Due to numerous structurally similar C21 steroidal compounds in Dai-Bai-Jie, chemical composition profiling has been substantially challenged. In this study, an offline two-dimensional chromatographic method (LC × SFC separation system) was developed to address these issues. Using the Hypersil Gold (1stD LC column) and 2-PIC (2ndD SFC column) based on 40 reference standards, the orthogonality was as high as 83.83 %. Most profiled ion peaks were tentatively identified through quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and a self-built compound virtual library. Consequently, the integrated method effectively addressed and resolved the issues associated with co-elution, thus significantly expanding the peak capacity. This advancement identified 362 C21 steroidal components, 319 of which were speculated to be potentially novel compounds. Furthermore, 86 groups of isomeric compounds were distinguished. This method provides a comprehensive understanding of chemical composition of Dai-Bai-Jie and an integrated qualitative analysis method for the C21 steroids.

Integrating UPLC-MS/MS with in Silico and in Vitro Screening Accelerates the Discovery of Active Compounds in Stephania epigaea

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are popular in clinic because of their safety and efficacy. They contain abundant natural active compounds, which are important sources of new drug discovery. However, how to efficiently identify active compounds from complex ingredients remains a challenge. In this study, a method combining UHPLC-MS/MS characterization and in silico screening was developed to discover compounds with dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) activity in Stephania epigaea (S. epigaea). By combining the compounds identified in S. epigaea by UHPLC-MS/MS with reported compounds, a virtual library of 80 compounds was constructed for in silico screening. Potentially active compounds were chosen based on screening scores and subsequently tested for in vitro activity on a transfected cell line CHO-K1-D2 model using label-free cellular phenotypic assay. Three D2R agonists and five D2R antagonists were identified. (-)-Asimilobine, N-nornuciferine and (-)-roemerine were reported for the first time as D2R agonists, with EC50 values of 0.35 ± 0.04 μM, 1.37 ± 0.10 μM and 0.82 ± 0.22 μM, respectively. Their target specificity was validated by desensitization and antagonism assay. (-)-Isocorypalmine, (-)-tetrahydropalmatine, (-)-discretine, (+)-corydaline and (-)-roemeroline showed strong antagonistic activity on D2R with IC50 values of 92 ± 9.9 nM, 1.73 ± 0.13 μM, 0.34 ± 0.02 μM, 2.09 ± 0.22 μM and 0.85 ± 0.08 μM, respectively. Their kinetic binding profiles were characterized using co-stimulation assay and they were both D2R competitive antagonists. We docked these ligands with human D2R crystal structure and analyzed the structure-activity relationship of aporphine-type D2R agonists and protoberberine-type D2R antagonists. These results would help to elucidate the mechanism of action of S. epigaea for its analgesic and sedative efficacy and benefit for D2R drug design. This study demonstrated the potential of integrating UHPLC-MS/MS with in silico and in vitro screening for accelerating the discovery of active compounds from TCMs.

Minor limonoid constituents from Swietenia macrophylla by simultaneous isolation using supercritical fluid chromatography and their biological activities

This study reports simultaneous isolation of three new limonoids (1-3), six known regio isomers (6, 7, 9-12), and three more known limonoids (4, 5, 8) from Swietenia macrophylla (S. macrophylla) seeds. Structures of these compounds were determined via extensive study of their 1D/2D-NMR and mass spectral data. Known limonoids (4-12) were identified by comparing their physical and spectroscopic data with literature values. A novel environmentally friendly supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) technique facilitated simultaneous and rapid separation of these compounds. The pharmacological activities of the new limonoids were investigated.

Supercritical fluid chromatography based on reversed-phase/ ion chromatography mixed-mode stationary phase for separation of spirooxindole alkaloids

The present paper illustrates the versatility of the supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) since, for the first time, four spirooxindole alkaloids (SOAs) including two pairs of isomers were separated by using two types of reversed-phase/ ion chromatography (RP/IC) mixed-mode stationary phases. Two mixed-mode stationary phases (C8SAX and C8SCX) was simultaneously provided dispersive and electrostatic interactions, which were suitable for the separation of such alkaloids. This study tried to provide an in-depth understanding of the SFC separation mechanism of the mixed-mode stationary phase through investigation of the impact of changes in mobile phase composition on alkaloids' retention behavior. On C8SAX, due to the strong electrostatic repulsion, there was a very narrow elution window of the alkaloids, of which behaviors were hardly affected by adding diethylamine in mobile phase. When adding formic acid or acidic ammonium formate, the prolonged retention time of alkaloids was presented because of the shielded effect of formate anions on the electrostatic repulsion. In particular, better peak shape and improved resolution were obtained by using acidic ammonium formate due to the deactivation of silanol groups by ammonium cations. On the other hand, both formic acid and acidic ammonium formate can strengthen the electrostatic attraction of C8SCX, causing difficult elution of the alkaloids. Ammonium cations from either the protonated diethylamine or the ionized ammonium formate, were considered as counter ions to effectively mask the electrostatic attraction of C8SCX, to significantly reduce the retention of alkaloids, but improve the resolution. Finally, utilizing two developed SFC methods, i.e., C8SAX with EtOH+ 10 mM acidic ammonium formate in CO2, or C8SCX with EtOH+0.1% diethylamine in CO2, the baseline separation of corynoxeine and isocorynoxeine, rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline was achieved within 5 min.

Advanced Development of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Herbal Medicine Analysis

The greatest challenge in the analysis of herbal components lies in their variety and complexity. Therefore, efficient analytical tools for the separation and qualitative and quantitative analysis of multi-components are essential. In recent years, various emerging analytical techniques have offered significant support for complicated component analysis, with breakthroughs in selectivity, sensitivity, and rapid analysis. Among these techniques, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has attracted much attention because of its high column efficiency and environmental protection. SFC can be used to analyze a wide range of compounds, including non-polar and polar compounds, making it a prominent analytical platform. The applicability of SFC for the separation and determination of natural products in herbal medicines is overviewed in this article. The range of applications was expanded through the selection and optimization of stationary phases and mobile phases. We also focus on the two-dimensional SFC analysis. This paper provides new insight into SFC method development for herbal medicine analysis.

Isolation of achiral aliphatic acid derivatives from Piper kadsura using preparative two-dimensional chiral supercritical fluid chromatography

The separation of structural analogues in natural products has always been one of the challenges in separation science, where supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with chiral stationary phases (CSPs) is an unconventional but potential solution. In this study, a preparative two-dimensional chiral SFC (2D cSFC) method that was established with two kinds of CSPs was applied in the isolation of the aliphatic acid derivatives in Piper kadsura (P. kadsura). The RPLC unseparated peaks of two samples A and B of P. kadsura were evenly scattered on the CSP-1 column while they clustered into two groups on the CSP-2 column by SFC. There was impressively complementary selectivity between CSP-1 and CSP-2, which were used for construction of 2D cSFC. The first dimension (¹D) separation with CSP-1 fractionated the sample A into six parts by a heart-cutting method and the sample B into nine parts for a comprehensive 2D analysis; then 29 and 71 peaks were respectively found in these parts in the second dimension (²D) separation with CSP-2. Further through ²D preparative separation, 19 high purity components were obtained, and the chemical structures of two of them were confirmed, including a novel unsaturated aliphatic acid compound (8Z,10Z)-12-methoxyheptadeca-8,10-dienoic acid and a known octadecadienoic acid lactone Lactariolide. The 2D cSFC method presented the superiority of separating the achiral compounds of complex samples.

A review of retention mechanism studies for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography

The packed column supercritical fluid chromatography has risen as a promising alternative separation technique to the conventional liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Although the packed column supercritical fluid chromatography has many advantages compared to other chromatographic techniques, its separation mechanism is not fully understood due to the complex combination effects of many chromatographic parameters on separation quality and the lacking of global strategies for studying separation mechanisms. This review aims to provide recent information regarding the chromatographic behaviors and the effects of the parameters on the separation, discuss the results, and point out the remaining bottlenecks in the packed column supercritical fluid chromatography retention mechanism studies.

Separation of alkaloids and their analogs in HPLC using rosin-based polymer microspheres as stationary phases

Rosin-based polymer microspheres (RPMs) as stationary phases in HPLC, and an RPM chromatographic column show good performance.

Liquid chromatographic separation of alkaloids in herbal medicines: Current status and perspectives

Alkaloids are a widespread group of basic compounds in herbal medicines and have attracted great interest due to various pharmaceutical activities and desirable druggability. Their distinctive structures make chromatographic separation fairly difficult. Peak tailing, poor resolution, and inferior column-to-column reproducibility are common obstacles to overcome. In order to provide a valuable reference, the methodologies and/or strategies on liquid chromatographic separation of alkaloids in herbal medicines proposed from 2012 to 2019 are thoroughly summarized.

Development and validation of an ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-photodiode array detection-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 12 compounds in Piper longum L

An ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-photodiode array detection-mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS) method for quality control of Piper longum L. has been developed and optimized. Hexane/isopropanol (70/30, v/v) was determined as the final injection solvent and methanol as the organic modifier. A design-of-experimental (DoE) approach was used to optimize column temperature, back-pressure and the gradient slope simultaneously using Trefoil CEL1 column. The back-pressure, temperature, flow rate were set at 130 bar, 32.5 °C and 1.0 mL/min, respectively. Positive electrospray ionization was used in the single ion monitoring mode. The 12 analytes were analyzed within 8 min using the optimized conditions. The linearities of the standard calibrations were satisfactory with coefficients of determination (R²) > 0.995. The recovery measured varied from 96.34% to 105.00% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 4.68%. The method was sensitive, reliable and effective, and successfully applied to simultaneous determination of 12 compounds in 28 batches of P. longum.

Supercritical fluid chromatography-a technical overview and its applications in medicinal plant analysis: an update covering 2012-2018

Medicinal plants with complex matrices are endowed with a wide scope of biological activities. The separation, quantification, characterization and purification of bioactive components from herbal medicine extracts have always challenged analysts. Fortunately, the advancement of various emerging techniques has provided potent support for improving the method selectivity, sensitivity and run speeds in medicinal plant analyses. In recent years, the advent of new-generation supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) instruments and a wide diversity of column chemistries, coupled with the intrinsic technical features of SFC, have made it an alternative and prominent analytical platform in the medicinal plant research area. This work aims to give a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals, technical advancement and investigating parameters of SFC in combination with three prevalent detectors. Moreover, the latest research progress of SFC applications in medicinal plant analyses is illuminated, with focus on herbal medicine-related SFC papers on the analytical and preparative scale that were published during the period of 2012 to December 2018. The most relevant applications were classified based on the constituents to be analysed. As for the respective research cases, analytical protocols and data processing strategies were provided, along with the indicated restrictions or superiority of the method; thus, the current status of SFC in medicinal plant analysis was presented.

Chemical Profiling and Comparison of Sangju Ganmao Tablet and Its Component Herbs Using Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography to Explore Compatibility Mechanism of Herbs

Sangju Ganmao tablet (SGT), a well-known Chinese patent medicine used to treat cold symptoms, is made from eight herbal medicines. In this study, an off-line hydrophilic interaction × reversed-phase two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HILIC × RP 2D-LC) method was developed to comprehensively separate the chemical constituents of SGT. Through optimization of the experimental conditions, a total of 465 peaks were finally detected in SGT, and the structures of 54 selected compounds were fully identified or tentatively characterized by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS) analysis. The established 2D-LC analysis showed high orthogonality (63.62%) and approximate 11-fold improvement in peak capacity (2399 and 1099, obtained by two calculation methods), in contrast to conventional one-dimensional RPLC separation. The eight component herbs of SGT were also respectively separated by using the 2D-LC system, and we found that a total of 12 peaks detected in SGT were not discovered in any component herbs. These newly generated chemical constituents would benefit better understanding of the compatibility mechanism of the component herbs. The strategy established in this study could be used for systematic chemical comparison of SGT and its component herbs, which contributes to exploration of herbal compatibility mechanism.

Characterization of the pigment fraction in sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) harvested at green and overripe yellow and red stages by offline multidimensional convergence chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Offline multidimensional supercritical fluid chromatography combined with reversed-phase liquid chromatography was employed for the carotenoid and chlorophyll characterization in different sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) for the first time. The first dimension consisted of an Acquity HSS C18 SB (100 × 3 mm id, 1.8 μm particles) column operated with a supercritical mobile phase in an ultra-performance convergence chromatography system, whereas the second dimension was performed in reversed-phase mode with a C30 (250 × 4.6 mm id, 3.0 μm particles) stationary phase combined with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection. This approach allowed the determination of 115 different compounds belonging to chlorophylls, free xanthophylls, free carotenes, xanthophyll monoesters, and xanthophyll diesters, and proved to be a significant improvement in the pigments determination compared to the conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography approach so far applied to the carotenoid analysis in the studied species. Moreover, the present study also aimed to investigate and to compare the carotenoid stability and composition in overripe yellow and red bell peppers collected directly from the plant, thus also evaluating whether biochemical changes are linked to carotenoid degradation in the nonclimacteric investigated fruits, for the first time.

Integrated work-flow for quantitative metabolome profiling of plants, Peucedani Radix as a case

Universal acquisition of reliable information regarding the qualitative and quantitative properties of complicated matrices is the premise for the success of metabolomics study. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is now serving as a workhorse for metabolomics; however, LC-MS-based non-targeted metabolomics is suffering from some shortcomings, even some cutting-edge techniques have been introduced. Aiming to tackle, to some extent, the drawbacks of the conventional approaches, such as redundant information, detector saturation, low sensitivity, and inconstant signal number among different runs, herein, a novel and flexible work-flow consisting of three progressive steps was proposed to profile in depth the quantitative metabolome of plants. The roots of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn (Peucedani Radix, PR) that are rich in various coumarin isomers, were employed as a case study to verify the applicability. First, offline two dimensional LC-MS was utilized for in-depth detection of metabolites in a pooled PR extract namely universal metabolome standard (UMS). Second, mass fragmentation rules, notably concerning angular-type pyranocoumarins that are the primary chemical homologues in PR, and available databases were integrated for signal assignment and structural annotation. Third, optimum collision energy (OCE) as well as ion transition for multiple monitoring reaction measurement was online optimized with a reference compound-free strategy for each annotated component and large-scale relative quantification of all annotated components was accomplished by plotting calibration curves via serially diluting UMS. It is worthwhile to highlight that the potential of OCE for isomer discrimination was described and the linearity ranges of those primary ingredients were extended by suppressing their responses. The integrated workflow is expected to be qualified as a promising pipeline to clarify the quantitative metabolome of plants because it could not only holistically provide qualitative information, but also straightforwardly generate accurate quantitative dataset.

Rapid discovery and identification of multiple absorbed chemical constituents and metabolites in rat cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration of Jitai tablets by a LC-MS based metabolomics approach

An integrative strategy using LC-Q/TOF-MS and LC-QqQ-MS/MS coupled with multi-variate statistical analysis was developed to screen and identify the constituents transported into the rat cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration of Jitai tablets.