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Alyamni N, Abot JL, Zestos AG. Perspective-Advances in Voltammetric Methods for the Measurement of Biomolecules. ECS SENSORS PLUS 2024; 3:027001. [PMID: 38645638 PMCID: PMC11024638 DOI: 10.1149/2754-2726/ad3c4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Voltammetry is a powerful electroanalytical tool that makes fast, real-time measurements of neurotransmitters and other molecules. Electroanalytical methods like cyclic, pulse, and stripping voltammetry are useful for qualitative and quantitative examination. Neurochemical sensing has been enhanced using carbon-based electrodes and waveform modification methods that improve sensitivity and stability of electrode performance. Voltammetry has revolutionized neurochemical monitoring by providing real-time information on neurotransmitter dynamics for neurochemical studies. Selectivity and electrode fouling remain issues for biomolecule detection, but recent advances promise new methods of analysis for other applications to enhance spatiotemporal resolution, sensitivity, selectivity, and other important considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Alyamni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States of America
| | - Jandro L. Abot
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Zestos
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States of America
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2
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Ostertag BJ, Ross AE. Editors' Choice-Review-The Future of Carbon-Based Neurochemical Sensing: A Critical Perspective. ECS SENSORS PLUS 2023; 2:043601. [PMID: 38170109 PMCID: PMC10759280 DOI: 10.1149/2754-2726/ad15a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-based sensors have remained critical materials for electrochemical detection of neurochemicals, rooted in their inherent biocompatibility and broad potential window. Real-time monitoring using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry has resulted in the rise of minimally invasive carbon fiber microelectrodes as the material of choice for making measurements in tissue, but challenges with carbon fiber's innate properties have limited its applicability to understudied neurochemicals. Here, we provide a critical review of the state of carbon-based real-time neurochemical detection and offer insight into ways we envision addressing these limitations in the future. This piece focuses on three main hinderances of traditional carbon fiber based materials: diminished temporal resolution due to geometric properties and adsorption/desorption properties of the material, poor selectivity/specificity to most neurochemicals, and the inability to tune amorphous carbon surfaces for specific interfacial interactions. Routes to addressing these challenges could lie in methods like computational modeling of single-molecule interfacial interactions, expansion to tunable carbon-based materials, and novel approaches to synthesizing these materials. We hope this critical piece does justice to describing the novel carbon-based materials that have preceded this work, and we hope this review provides useful solutions to innovate carbon-based material development in the future for individualized neurochemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise J. Ostertag
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States of America
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States of America
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3
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Nudurupati U, Narla T, Punihaole D, Ou Y. A facile approach to create sensitive and selective Cu(ii) sensors on carbon fiber microelectrodes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33688-33695. [PMID: 38019989 PMCID: PMC10652356 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05119f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A facile platform derived from deposition of ethynyl linkers on carbon fiber microelectrodes has been developed for sensitive and selective sensing of Cu(ii). This study is the first to demonstrate the successful anodic deposition of ethynyl linkers, specifically 1,4-diethynylbenzene, onto carbon fiber microelectrodes. Multi-scan deposition of DEB on these microelectrodes resulted in an increased sensitivity and selectivity towards Cu(ii) that persists amidst other divalent interferents and displays sustained performance over four days while stored at room temperature. This method can be extended to other ethynyl terminal moieties, thereby creating a versatile chemical platform that will enable improved sensitivity and selectivity for a new frontier of biomarker measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terdha Narla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont USA
| | - David Punihaole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont USA
- Pipeline Investigator in Vermont Centre for Cardiovascular & Brain Health USA
| | - Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont USA
- Pipeline Investigator in Vermont Centre for Cardiovascular & Brain Health USA
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4
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Manring N, Ahmed MMN, Smeltz JL, Pathirathna P. Electrodeposition of dopamine onto carbon fiber microelectrodes to enhance the detection of Cu 2+ via fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-022-04488-4. [PMID: 36595035 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of neurodegenerative diseases is poorly understood; however, studies have shown that heavy metals, such as copper, play a critical role in neurotoxicity, thus, adversely affecting the development of these diseases. Because of the limitations associated with classical metal detection tools to obtain accurate speciation information of ultra-low concentrations of heavy metals in the brain, analysis is primarily performed in blood, urine, or postmortem tissues, limiting the translatability of acquired knowledge to living systems. Inadequate and less accurate data obtained with such techniques provide little or no information for developing efficient therapeutics that aid in slowing down the deterioration of brain cells. In this study, we developed a biocompatible, ultra-fast, low-cost, and robust surface-modified electrode with carbon fibers by electrodepositing dopamine via fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to detect Cu2+ in modified tris buffer. We studied the surface morphology of our newly introduced sensors using high-resolution images by atomic force microscopy under different deposition conditions. The limit of detection (LOD) of our surface-modified sensor was 0.01 µM (0.64 ppb), and the sensitivity was 11.28 nA/µM. The LOD and sensitivity are fifty and two times greater, respectively, compared to those of a bare electrode. The sensor's response is not affected by the presence of dopamine in the matrix. It also exhibited excellent stability to multiple subsequent injections and repeated measurements of Cu2+ over a month, thus showing its strength to be developed into an accurate, fast, robust electrochemical tool to monitor ultra-low concentrations of heavy metals in the brain in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Manring
- Department of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering & Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Muzammil M N Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering & Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Jessica L Smeltz
- Department of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering & Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering & Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is used with carbon-fiber microelectrodes for the real-time detection of neurotransmitters on the subsecond time scale. With FSCV, the potential is ramped up from a holding potential to a switching potential and back, usually at a 400 V s-1 scan rate and a frequency of 10 Hz. The plot of current vs. applied potential, the cyclic voltammogram (CV), has a very different shape for FSCV than for traditional cyclic voltammetry collected at scan rates which are 1000-fold slower. Here, we explore the theory of FSCV, with a focus on dopamine detection. First, we examine the shape of the CVs. Background currents, which are 100-fold higher than faradaic currents, are subtracted out. Peak separation is primarily due to slow electron transfer kinetics, while the symmetrical peak shape is due to exhaustive electrolysis of all the adsorbed neurotransmitters. Second, we explain the origins of the dopamine waveform, and the factors that limit the holding potential (oxygen reduction), switching potential (water oxidation), scan rate (electrode instability), and repetition rate (adsorption). Third, we discuss data analysis, from data visualization with color plots, to the automated algorithms like principal components regression that distinguish dopamine from pH changes. Finally, newer applications are discussed, including optimization of waveforms for analyte selectivity, carbon nanomaterial electrodes that trap dopamine, and basal level measurements that facilitate neurotransmitter measurements on a longer time scale. FSCV theory is complex, but understanding it enables better development of new techniques to monitor neurotransmitters in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jill Venton
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
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6
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Holmes J, Pathirathna P, Hashemi P. Novel frontiers in voltammetric trace metal analysis: Towards real time, on-site, in situ measurements. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Siriwardhane T, Ou Y, Pathirathna P, Hashemi P. Analysis of Electrochemically Elusive Trace Metals with Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11917-11924. [PMID: 30152681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is great interest in rapidly monitoring metals of biological and environmental interest. Electrochemistry is traditionally a powerful tool for metal analysis but can be limited by its scope and low temporal resolution. The scope is limited by the potential window of the working electrode and rapid analysis is limited, in part, by the need for nucleation/growth for preconcentration. In prior work, we showed that a rapid equilibrium mediated preconcentration process facilitated fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) responses to Cu(II) and Pb(II) at carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs). In this manuscript, we apply this same principle to Ca(II), Al(III), Mg(II), and Zn(II), metal ions that are traditionally difficult to electroanalyze. We demonstrate FSCV reduction peaks for these four metals whose positions and amplitudes are dependent on scan rate. The adsorption profiles of these ions onto CFMs follow Langmuir's theory for monolayer coverage. We calculate the thermodynamic equilibrium constant of metal adsorption onto CFMs and find that these constants follow the same order as those previously reported by other groups on other activated carbon materials. Finally, a real-time complexation study is performed with ligands that have preference for divalent or multivalent ions to probe the selectivity of the real-time signal. We observe a linear relationship between formation constant ( kf) and % change in the FSCV signal and use this correlation to, for the first time, report the kf of an Al(III)-complex. This work demonstrates the versatility of FSCV as a method with capacity to extend the scope of rapid electroanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushani Siriwardhane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
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8
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Abdalla A, Atcherley CW, Pathirathna P, Samaranayake S, Qiang B, Peña E, Morgan SL, Heien ML, Hashemi P. In Vivo Ambient Serotonin Measurements at Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9703-9711. [PMID: 28795565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that control extracellular serotonin levels in vivo are not well-defined. This shortcoming makes it very challenging to diagnose and treat the many psychiatric disorders in which serotonin is implicated. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) can measure rapid serotonin release and reuptake events but cannot report critically important ambient serotonin levels. In this Article, we use fast-scan controlled adsorption voltammetry (FSCAV), to measure serotonin's steady-state, extracellular chemistry. We characterize the "Jackson" voltammetric waveform for FSCAV and show highly stable, selective, and sensitive ambient serotonin measurements in vitro. In vivo, we report basal serotonin levels in the CA2 region of the hippocampus as 64.9 ± 2.3 nM (n = 15 mice, weighted average ± standard error). We electrochemically and pharmacologically verify the selectivity of the serotonin signal. Finally, we develop a statistical model that incorporates the uncertainty in in vivo measurements, in addition to electrode variability, to more critically analyze the time course of pharmacological data. Our novel method is a uniquely powerful analysis tool that can provide deeper insights into the mechanisms that control serotonin's extracellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Abdalla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | | | - Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Srimal Samaranayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Beidi Qiang
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina , 1523 Greene Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Edsel Peña
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina , 1523 Greene Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Stephen L Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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9
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Siriwardhane T, Sulkanen A, Pathirathna P, Tremonti A, McElmurry SP, Hashemi P. Voltammetric Characterization of Cu(II) Complexation in Real-Time. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7603-8. [PMID: 27322355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous metal behavior is strongly regulated by speciation, which in turn is highly dependent on complexation. Trace metal complexation is difficult to characterize in dynamically changing systems due to a lack of analytical methods that can rapidly report free-metal concentrations. In this paper, we perform proof-of-principle experiments that demonstrate the utility of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) for providing speciation information in real-time by characterizing dynamic Cu(II) binding. We study Cu(II) FSCV responses in 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer and characterize the hydrodynamic aspects of our experimental setup (continuously stirred tank reactor). We observe Cu(II) complexation in real-time using five ligands with differing formation constants of Cu(II) complexation. Finally, we utilize geochemical models to fit our real-time experimental Cu(II)-binding curves. Our proof-of-principle experiments show that FSCV is a powerful tool for studying real-time Cu(II) complexation, which is essential speciation information for better interpretation of Cu(II) behavior in dynamically changing systems, such as those encountered in biology or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushani Siriwardhane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Audrey Sulkanen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Annette Tremonti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University , 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Shawn P McElmurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University , 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Yang Y, Ibrahim AA, Hashemi P, Stockdill JL. Real-Time, Selective Detection of Copper(II) Using Ionophore-Grafted Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6962-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ahmad A. Ibrahim
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Stockdill
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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11
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Samaranayake S, Abdalla A, Robke R, Wood KM, Zeqja A, Hashemi P. In vivo histamine voltammetry in the mouse premammillary nucleus. Analyst 2016; 140:3759-65. [PMID: 25902865 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Histamine plays a major role in the mediation of allergic reactions such as peripheral inflammation. This classical monoamine is also a neurotransmitter involved in the central nervous system but its role in this context is poorly understood. Studying histamine neurotransmission is important due to its implications in many neurological disorders. The sensitivity, selectivity and high temporal resolution of fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) offer many advantages for studying electroactive neurotransmitters. Histamine has previously been studied with FSCV; however, the lack of a robust Faradaic electrochemical signal makes it difficult to selectively identify histamine in complex media, as found in vivo. In this work, we optimize an electrochemical waveform that provides a stimulation-locked and unique electrochemical signal towards histamine. We describe in vitro waveform optimization and a novel in vivo physiological model for stimulating histamine release in the mouse premammillary nucleus via stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. We demonstrate that a robust signal can be used to effectively identify histamine and characterize its in vivo kinetics.
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12
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Pathirathna P, Siriwardhane T, McElmurry SP, Morgan SL, Hashemi P. Fast voltammetry of metals at carbon-fiber microelectrodes: towards an online speciation sensor. Analyst 2016; 141:6432-6437. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01807f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Speciation controls the chemical behavior of trace metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shawn P. McElmurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Wayne State University
- Detroit
- USA
| | - Stephen L. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
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13
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Pathirathna P, Siriwardhane T, Morgan SL, McElmurry SP, Hashemi P. Fast voltammetry of metals at carbon-fiber microelectrodes: rapid determination of solution formation constants. Analyst 2016; 141:6025-6030. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FSCV can be utilized to predict solution formation constants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen L. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Shawn P. McElmurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Wayne State University
- Detroit
- USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
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