1
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Harun-Ur-Rashid M, Jahan I, Foyez T, Imran AB. Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials for Micro/Nanodevices: A New Era in Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1786. [PMID: 37763949 PMCID: PMC10536921 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Exploring bio-inspired nanomaterials (BINMs) and incorporating them into micro/nanodevices represent a significant development in biomedical applications. Nanomaterials, engineered to imitate biological structures and processes, exhibit distinctive attributes such as exceptional biocompatibility, multifunctionality, and unparalleled versatility. The utilization of BINMs demonstrates significant potential in diverse domains of biomedical micro/nanodevices, encompassing biosensors, targeted drug delivery systems, and advanced tissue engineering constructs. This article thoroughly examines the development and distinctive attributes of various BINMs, including those originating from proteins, DNA, and biomimetic polymers. Significant attention is directed toward incorporating these entities into micro/nanodevices and the subsequent biomedical ramifications that arise. This review explores biomimicry's structure-function correlations. Synthesis mosaics include bioprocesses, biomolecules, and natural structures. These nanomaterials' interfaces use biomimetic functionalization and geometric adaptations, transforming drug delivery, nanobiosensing, bio-inspired organ-on-chip systems, cancer-on-chip models, wound healing dressing mats, and antimicrobial surfaces. It provides an in-depth analysis of the existing challenges and proposes prospective strategies to improve the efficiency, performance, and reliability of these devices. Furthermore, this study offers a forward-thinking viewpoint highlighting potential avenues for future exploration and advancement. The objective is to effectively utilize and maximize the application of BINMs in the progression of biomedical micro/nanodevices, thereby propelling this rapidly developing field toward its promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
| | - Israt Jahan
- Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Tahmina Foyez
- Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Abu Bin Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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2
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Lininger A, Palermo G, Guglielmelli A, Nicoletta G, Goel M, Hinczewski M, Strangi G. Chirality in Light-Matter Interaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2107325. [PMID: 35532188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The scientific effort to control the interaction between light and matter has grown exponentially in the last 2 decades. This growth has been aided by the development of scientific and technological tools enabling the manipulation of light at deeply sub-wavelength scales, unlocking a large variety of novel phenomena spanning traditionally distant research areas. Here, the role of chirality in light-matter interactions is reviewed by providing a broad overview of its properties, materials, and applications. A perspective on future developments is highlighted, including the growing role of machine learning in designing advanced chiroptical materials to enhance and control light-matter interactions across several scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lininger
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Giovanna Palermo
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Alexa Guglielmelli
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicoletta
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Madhav Goel
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael Hinczewski
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Giuseppe Strangi
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
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3
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Nguyen AT, Baucom DR, Wang Y, Heyes CD. Compact, Fast Blinking Cd-Free Quantum Dots for Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:251-259. [PMID: 37388960 PMCID: PMC10302876 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) can be used as fluorescent probes in single molecule localization microscopy to achieve subdiffraction limit resolution (super-resolution fluorescence imaging). However, the toxicity of Cd in the prototypical CdSe-based QDs can limit their use in biological applications. Furthermore, commercial CdSe QDs are usually modified with relatively thick shells of both inorganic and organic materials to render them in the 10-20 nm size range, which is relatively large for biological labels. In this report, we present compact (4-6 nm) CuInS2/ZnS (CIS/ZnS) and compare them to commercially sourced CdSe/ZnS QDs for their blinking behavior, localization precision and super-resolution imaging. Although commercial CdSe/ZnS QDs are brighter than the more compact Cd-free CIS/ZnS QD, both give comparable results of 4.5-5.0-fold improvement in imaging resolution over conventional TIRF imaging of actin filaments. This likely results from the fact that CIS/ZnS QDs show very short on-times and long off times which leads to less overlap in the point spread functions of emitting CIS/ZnS QD labels on the actin filaments at the same labeling density. These results demonstrate that CIS/ZnS QDs are an excellent candidate to complement and perhaps even replace the larger and more toxic CdSe-based QDs for robust single- molecule super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Dustin R. Baucom
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department
of Physics, University of Arkansas, 825 West Dickson Street, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Colin D. Heyes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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4
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Gruschwitz FV, Fu MC, Klein T, Takahashi R, Higashihara T, Hoeppener S, Nischang I, Sakurai K, Brendel JC. Unraveling Decisive Structural Parameters for the Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Polymer Bottlebrushes Based on Benzene Trisureas. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franka V. Gruschwitz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mao-Chun Fu
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tobias Klein
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rintaro Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kazuo Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Johannes C. Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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5
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Müller C, Ouyang L, Lund A, Moth-Poulsen K, Hamedi MM. From Single Molecules to Thin Film Electronics, Nanofibers, e-Textiles and Power Cables: Bridging Length Scales with Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807286. [PMID: 30785223 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors are the centerpiece of several vibrant research fields from single-molecule to organic electronics, and they are finding increasing use in bioelectronics and even classical polymer technology. The versatile chemistry and broad range of electronic functionalities of conjugated materials enable the bridging of length scales 15 orders of magnitude apart, ranging from a single nanometer (10-9 m) to the size of continents (106 m). This work provides a taste of the diverse applications that can be realized with organic semiconductors. The reader will embark on a journey from single molecular junctions to thin film organic electronics, supramolecular assemblies, biomaterials such as amyloid fibrils and nanofibrillated cellulose, conducting fibers and yarns for e-textiles, and finally to power cables that shuffle power across thousands of kilometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Liangqi Ouyang
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mahiar M Hamedi
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Inaba H, Yamamoto T, Kabir AMR, Kakugo A, Sada K, Matsuura K. Molecular Encapsulation Inside Microtubules Based on Tau-Derived Peptides. Chemistry 2018; 24:14958-14967. [PMID: 30088680 PMCID: PMC6220817 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that serve as attractive scaffolds for developing nanomaterials and nanodevices because of their unique structural properties. The functionalization of the outer surface of microtubules has been established for this purpose. However, no attempts have been made to encapsulate molecules inside microtubules with 15 nm inner diameter. The encapsulation of various molecular cargos inside microtubules constitutes a new concept for nanodevice and nanocarrier applications of microtubules. Here, we developed peptide motifs for binding to the inner surface of microtubules, based on a repeat domain of the microtubule‐associated protein Tau. One of the four Tau‐derived peptides, 2N, binds to a taxol binding pocket of β‐tubulin located inside microtubules by preincubation with tubulin dimer and subsequent polymerization of the peptide‐tubulin complex. By conjugation of 2N to gold nanoparticles, encapsulation of gold nanoparticles inside microtubules was achieved. The methodology for molecular encapsulation inside microtubules by the Tau‐derived peptide is expected to advance the development of microtubule‐based nanomaterials and nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan.,Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Arif Md Rashedul Kabir
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan.,Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
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7
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Kumar S, Mansson A. Covalent and non-covalent chemical engineering of actin for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:867-888. [PMID: 28830772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal filaments are self-assembled protein polymers with 8-25nm diameters and up to several tens of micrometres length. They have a range of pivotal roles in eukaryotic cells, including transportation of intracellular cargoes (primarily microtubules with dynein and kinesin motors) and cell motility (primarily actin and myosin) where muscle contraction is one example. For two decades, the cytoskeletal filaments and their associated motor systems have been explored for nanotechnological applications including miniaturized sensor systems and lab-on-a-chip devices. Several developments have also revolved around possible exploitation of the filaments alone without their motor partners. Efforts to use the cytoskeletal filaments for applications often require chemical or genetic engineering of the filaments such as specific conjugation with fluorophores, antibodies, oligonucleotides or various macromolecular complexes e.g. nanoparticles. Similar conjugation methods are also instrumental for a range of fundamental biophysical studies. Here we review methods for non-covalent and covalent chemical modifications of actin filaments with focus on critical advantages and challenges of different methods as well as critical steps in the conjugation procedures. We also review potential uses of the engineered actin filaments in nanotechnological applications and in some key fundamental studies of actin and myosin function. Finally, we consider possible future lines of investigation that may be addressed by applying chemical conjugation of actin in new ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Alf Mansson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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8
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Niu YQ, He T, Song J, Chen SP, Liu XY, Chen ZG, Yu YJ, Chen SG. A new AIE multi-block polyurethane copolymer material for subcellular microfilament imaging in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02555f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A multi-block fluorescent amphiphilic polyurethane copolymer (TPE-PU), self-assembling into hairy, water-soluble micelles, is used as a subcellular microfilament probe in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-qing Niu
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
| | - Tao He
- Multidisciplinary Research Center
- Shantou University
- Shantou
- China
| | - Jun Song
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Si-ping Chen
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Xiang-yu Liu
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
| | - Zhi-gang Chen
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
| | - Ying-jie Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Shi-guo Chen
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
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9
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Benetatos P, Jho Y. Bundling in semiflexible polymers: A theoretical overview. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 232:114-126. [PMID: 26813628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies of polymers are key modules to sustain the structure of cells and their function. The main elements of these assemblies are charged semiflexible polymers (polyelectrolytes) generally interacting via a long(er)-range repulsion and a short(er)-range attraction. The most common supramolecular structure formed by these polymers is the bundle. In the present paper, we critically review some recent theoretical and computational advances on the problem of bundle formation, and point a few promising directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis Benetatos
- Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - YongSeok Jho
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, South Korea; Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 790-784, South Korea.
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10
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Krieg E, Bastings MMC, Besenius P, Rybtchinski B. Supramolecular Polymers in Aqueous Media. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2414-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pol Besenius
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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11
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Chang EC, Hsu YR, Fu CC, Wang YL, Cheng CM, Chen C. Nanopost-guided self-organization of dendritic inorganic salt structures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10940-10949. [PMID: 25149642 DOI: 10.1021/la502939g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation of hierarchical architectures is of fundamental importance and yet a relatively elusive problem concerning many natural and industrial processes. In this paper, a nanopost array platform, or a nanopost substrate, has been developed to address this issue through a model study of the drying structures of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Unlike on a plain surface, highly ramified salt structures are formed by simply allowing the nanopost substrate wetted with the salt solution to dry, a process that completes within minutes at room temperature. The branches of salt structures have similar shapes repeating at different length scales, ranging from ∼200 nm up to a few centimeters in length, covering a 2 × 2 cm(2) area patterned with nanoposts fabricated in photoresist via laser interference lithography (LIL). Scanning electromicrograph (SEM) images show that salt structures are formed around nanoposts, and characteristic features of these salt structures can be modulated and predicted based on the surface properties and geometrical arrangements of nanoposts, suggesting that nanoposts can be used to guide the organization and crystallization of salts. This nanopost-guided crystallization approach is robust, rapid, versatile, and amenable to real-time observation and mass production, providing a great opportunity for the study and creation of large-scale hierarchical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Chiang Chang
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University , 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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12
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Bachand M, Bouxsein NF, Cheng S, von Hoyningen-Huene SJ, Stevens MJ, Bachand GD. Directed self-assembly of 1D microtubule nano-arrays. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11765d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic properties of microtubule filaments (e.g., biological nano-rods) direct their self-assembly into one-dimensional nano-arrays over extended timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bachand
- Department of Nanobiology
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Albuquerque, USA
| | - N. F. Bouxsein
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Albuquerque, USA
| | - S. Cheng
- Department of Computational Materials and Data Science
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Albuquerque, USA
| | | | - M. J. Stevens
- Department of Computational Materials and Data Science
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Albuquerque, USA
| | - G. D. Bachand
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Albuquerque, USA
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