1
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Johannessen K, Johansen MAL, Einrem RF, M cCormick M cPherson LJ, Alemayehu AB, Borisov SM, Ghosh A. Influence of Fluorinated Substituents on the Near-Infrared Phosphorescence of 5d Metallocorroles. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:241-245. [PMID: 37810408 PMCID: PMC10557119 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of fluorinated substituents on the luminescent properties of rhenium-oxo, osmium-nitrido, and gold triarylcorroles was studied via a comparison of four ligands: triphenylcorrole (TPC), tris(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)corrole (TpCF3PC), tris{3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}corrole (T3,5-CF3PC), and tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (TPFPC). For each metal series examined, fluorinated substituents were found to enhance the luminescent properties, with the phosphorescence quantum yields and triplet decay times increasing in the order TPC < TpCF3PC < T3,5-CF3PC < TPFPC. Among the 11 complexes examined, the highest phosphorescence quantum yield, 2.2%, was recorded for Re[TPFPC](O).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rune F. Einrem
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT−The Arctic University
of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura J. McCormick McPherson
- EPSRC
National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Abraham B. Alemayehu
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT−The Arctic University
of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT−The Arctic University
of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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2
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Larsen S, Adewuyi JA, Ung G, Ghosh A. Transition-Metal Isocorroles as Singlet Oxygen Sensitizers. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7483-7490. [PMID: 37141580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Building on a highly efficient synthesis of pyrrole-appended isocorroles, we have worked out conditions for manganese, palladium, and platinum insertion into free-base 5/10-(2-pyrrolyl)-5,10,15-tris(4-methylphenyl)isocorrole, H2[5/10-(2-py)TpMePiC]. Platinum insertion proved exceedingly challenging but was finally accomplished with cis-Pt(PhCN)2Cl2. All the complexes proved weakly phosphorescent in the near-infrared under ambient conditions, with a maximum phosphorescence quantum yield of 0.1% observed for Pd[5-(2-py)TpMePiC]. The emission maximum was found to exhibit a strong metal ion dependence for the 5-regioisomeric complexes but not for the 10-regioisomers. Despite the low phosphorescence quantum yields, all the complexes were found to sensitize singlet oxygen formation with moderate to good efficiency, with singlet oxygen quantum yields ranging over 21-52%. With significant absorption in the near-infrared and good singlet oxygen-sensitizing ability, metalloisocorroles deserve examination as photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Joseph A Adewuyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Gaël Ung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Samala S, Lee JH, Park Y, Hong SJ, Jo H, Hwang H, Jung YM, Ok KM, Sessler JL, Lee CH. One Carbon Ring Expansion of Bipyrrole to Bipyridine Enables Access to a π-Extended, Non-innocent, Corrole-like Ligand. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203009. [PMID: 36464650 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
A π-extended, diaza-triphenylene embedded, mono-anionic corrole analogue and its NiII complex were synthesized from a diaza-triphenylene precursor, which was obtained from a double one-carbon insertion into a naphthobipyrrole diester. Following conversion to the corresponding activated diol and acid-catalyzed condensation with pyrrole, subsequent reaction with pentafluorobenzaldehyde afforded mono-anionic, π-extended bipyricorrole-like macrocycle. Attempted NiII insertion with Ni(OAc)2 ⋅ 4H2 O resulted an ESR active, NiII bipyricorrole radical complex, which was converted to a stable cationic NiII complex upon treatment with [(Et3 O)+ (SbCl6 )- ]. Both complexes were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The NiII bipyricorrole radical complex is converted to a cationic NiII complex by single-electron reduction using cobaltocene. Both the cationic NiII complex and the radical NiII complex exhibited ligand-centered redox behavior, whereas the NiII remains in the +2 oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Samala
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Yeonju Park
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center of Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)
| | - Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Hongil Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Hyonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Kang Min Ok
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
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4
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Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles and their derivatization with fluorous tags. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19256. [PMID: 36357501 PMCID: PMC9649713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron tribromide-mediated demethylation of rhenium-oxo and gold meso-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)corrole and meso-tris(3,5-dimethoxyphenylcorrole), M[TpOMePC] and M[T(3,5-OMe)PC] (M = ReO, Au), have yielded the corresponding phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles, M[TpOHPC] and M[T(3,5-OH)PC], in good yields. The latter compounds proved insoluble in dichloromethane and chloroform but soluble in THF. The M[T(3,5-OH)PC] derivatives also proved moderately soluble in 0.05 M aqueous KOH. Unlike oxidation-prone aminophenyl-substituted corroles, the phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles could be readily handled in air without special precautions. The phenolic metallocorroles could be readily alkylated with 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-heptadecafluoroundecyl iodide ("FtI") to afford the fluorous-tagged metallocorroles M[TpOFtPC] and M[T(3,5-OFt)PC] in > 90% yields. The simplicity of the synthetic protocols promise a wide range of phenolic and fluorous-tagged porphyrin analogues with potential applications to diverse fields such as sensors, catalysis, and photodynamic therapy, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B. Alemayehu
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Abstract
The Gouterman four-orbital model conceptualizes porphyrin UV-visible spectra as dominated by four frontier molecular orbitals-two nearly degenerate HOMOs and two exactly degenerate LUMOS under D 4h symmetry. These are well separated from all the other molecular orbitals, and normal spectra involve transitions among these MOs. Unusual spectra occur when additional orbitals appear in this energy range, typically as a consequence of the central coordinated atom. For example, metals with empty d orbitals in a suitable energy range may lead to charge transfer from porphyrin (ligand) to metal, that is, so-called LMCT transitions. Metals with filled p or d orbitals may lead to charge transfer from metal to porphyrin, MLCT transitions. These cases lead to additional peaks and/or significant redshifts in the spectra and were classified as hyperporphyrins by Gouterman. Cases in which spectra are blueshifted were classified as hypsoporphyrins; they are common for relatively electronegative late transition metal porphyrins. Many of the same principles apply to porphyrin analogues, especially corroles. In this Perspective, we focus on two newer classes of hyperporphyrins: one reflecting substituent effects in protonated or deprotonated free-base tetraphenyporphyrins and the other reflecting "noninnocent" interactions between central metal ions and corroles. Hyperporphyrin effects on spectra can be dramatic, yet they can be generated by relatively simple changes and subtle structural variations, such as acid-base reactions or the selection of a central metal ion. These concepts suggest strategies for engineering porphyrin or porphyrinoid dyes for specific applications, especially those requiring far-red or near-infrared absorption or emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl C. Wamser
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry and Arctic Center for Sustainable Energy, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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6
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Ghosh A, Conradie J. The Dog That Didn't Bark: A New Interpretation of Hypsoporphyrin Spectra and the Question of Hypsocorroles. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9962-9968. [PMID: 34762440 PMCID: PMC8630793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nearly a half-century after Gouterman classified the UV-vis-NIR spectra of porphyrin derivatives as normal, hyper, or hypso, we propose a heretofore unsuspected "mechanism" underlying hypso spectra. Hypsoporphyrins, which exhibit blueshifted optical spectra relative to normal porphyrins (such as Zn porphyrins), typically involve dn transition metal ions, where n > 6. The spectral blueshifts have been traditionally ascribed to elevated porphyrin eg LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy levels as a result of antibonding interactions with metal dπ orbitals. Herein, we have found instead that the blueshifts reflect a lowering of the a2u HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) energy levels. Electronegative metals such as Pd and Pt transfer smaller quantities of electron density to the porphyrin nitrogens, compared to a more electropositive metal such as Zn. With large amplitudes at the porphyrin nitrogens, the a2u HOMOs of Pd(II) and Pt(II) porphyrins accordingly exhibit lower orbital energies than those of Zn(II) porphyrins, thus explaining the hypso effect. Hypso spectra are also observed for corroles: compared with six-coordinate Al(III) corroles, which may be thought of exhibiting normal spectra, Au(III) corroles, for instance, exhibit blueshifted or hypso spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic
of South Africa
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7
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Einrem RF, Jonsson ET, Teat SJ, Settineri NS, Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Regioselective formylation of rhenium-oxo and gold corroles: substituent effects on optical spectra and redox potentials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34086-34094. [PMID: 35497316 PMCID: PMC9042328 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vilsmeier–Haack formylation of ReO and Au meso-triarylcorroles over 16–18 hours affords moderate to good yields (47–65%) of the ReO-3-formyl and Au-3,17-diformyl derivatives in a highly regioselective manner. Formylation was found to effect substantial upshifts for redox potentials (especially the reduction potentials) as well as significant to dramatic redshifts for both the Soret and Q bands. Vilsmeier–Haack formylation of ReO and Au meso-triarylcorroles over 16–18 hours affords moderate to good yields (47–65%) of the ReO-3-formyl and Au-3,17-diformyl derivatives in a highly regioselective manner.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Einar Torfi Jonsson
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-8229 USA
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-8229 USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
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8
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Vazquez-Lima H, Conradie J, Johansen MAL, Martinsen SR, Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Heavy-element-ligand covalence: ligand noninnocence in molybdenum and tungsten Viking-helmet Corroles. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12843-12849. [PMID: 34473174 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01970h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Extensive DFT calculations with several exchange-correlation functionals indicate that molybdenum-dichlorido Viking helmet corroles are noninnocent with significant MoIV-corrole˙2- character. The effect is mediated by a Mo(4d)-corrole(π) orbital interaction similar to that postulated for MnCl, FeCl and FeNO corroles. The effect also appears to operate in tungsten-dichlorido corroles but is weaker relative to that for Mo. In contrast, MoO triarylcorroles do not exhibit a significant degree of corrole radical character. Furthermore, the Soret absorption maxima of a series of MoCl2 tris(para-X-phenyl)corrole derivatives were found to redshift dramatically with increasing electron-donating character of the para substituent X, essentially clinching the case for a noninnocent macrocycle in MoCl2 corroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. .,Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. IC9, CU, San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Martin A L Johansen
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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9
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Matson BD, Thomas KE, Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A, Sarangi R. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of exemplary platinum porphyrin and corrole derivatives: metal- versus ligand-centered oxidation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32269-32274. [PMID: 35495496 PMCID: PMC9041989 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06151h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of Pt L3-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS and XANES) and DFT (TPSS) calculations have been performed on powder samples of the archetypal platinum porphyrinoid complexes PtII[TpCF3PP], PtIV[TpCF3PP]Cl2, and PtIV[TpCF3PC](Ar)(py), where TpCF3PP2- = meso-tetrakis(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrinato and TpCF3PC3- = meso-tris(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)corrolato. The three complexes yielded Pt L3-edge energies of 11 566.0 eV, 11 567.2 eV, and 11 567.6 eV, respectively. The 1.2 eV blueshift from the Pt(ii) to the Pt(iv) porphyrin derivative is smaller than expected for a formal two-electron oxidation of the metal center. A rationale was provided by DFT-based Hirshfeld which showed that the porphyrin ligand in the Pt(iv) complex is actually substantially oxidized relative to that in the Pt(ii) complex. The much smaller blueshift of 0.4 eV, going from PtIV[TpCF3PP]Cl2, and PtIV[TpCF3PC](Ar)(py), is ascribable to the significantly stronger ligand field in the latter compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Matson
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Kolle E Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Ritimukta Sarangi
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
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10
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Gomes ATPC, Neves MGPMS, Fernandes R, Ribeiro CF, Cavaleiro JAS, Moura NMM. Unraveling the Photodynamic Activity of Cationic Benzoporphyrin-Based Photosensitizers against Bladder Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:5312. [PMID: 34500746 PMCID: PMC8434352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the preparation of new mono-charged benzoporphyrin complexes by reaction of the appropriate neutral benzoporphyrin with (2,2'-bipyridine)dichloroplatinum(II) and of the analogs' derivatives synthesized through alkylation of the neutral scaffold with iodomethane. All derivatives were incorporated into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) micelles. The ability of the resultant formulations to generate reactive oxygen species was evaluated, mainly the singlet oxygen formation. Then, the capability of the PVP formulations to act as photosensitizers against bladder cancer cells was assessed. Some of the studied formulations were the most active photosensitizers causing a decrease in HT-1376 cells' viability. This creates an avenue to further studies related to bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.R.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
| | | | - Rosa Fernandes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.R.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos F. Ribeiro
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.R.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Nuno M. M. Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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11
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Alemayehu AB, Thomas KE, Einrem RF, Ghosh A. The Story of 5d Metallocorroles: From Metal-Ligand Misfits to New Building Blocks for Cancer Phototherapeutics. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3095-3107. [PMID: 34297542 PMCID: PMC8382219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Porphyrin chemistry is Shakespearean: over a
century of study has
not withered the field’s apparently infinite variety. Heme
proteins continually astonish us with novel molecular mechanisms,
while new porphyrin analogues bowl us over with unprecedented optical,
electronic, and metal-binding properties. Within the latter domain,
corroles occupy a special place, exhibiting a unique and rich coordination
chemistry. The 5d metallocorroles are arguably the icing on that cake. New Zealand chemist Penny Brothers has used the word “misfit”
to describe the interactions of boron, a small atom with a predilection
for tetrahedral coordination, and porphyrins, classic square-planar
ligands. Steve Jobs lionized misfits as those who see things differently
and push humanity forward. Both perspectives have inspired us. The
5d metallocorroles are misfits in that they encapsulate a large 5d
transition metal ion within the tight cavity of a contracted porphyrin
ligand. Given the steric mismatch inherent in their structures,
the syntheses
of some 5d metallocorroles are understandably capricious,
proceeding under highly specific conditions and affording poor yields.
Three broad approaches may be distinguished. (a) In the metal–alkyl approach, a free-base
corrole is exposed to an alkyllithium and the resulting lithio-corrole
is treated with an early transition metal chloride; a variant of the
method eschews alkyllithium and deploys a transition metal–alkyl
instead, resulting in elimination of the alkyl group as an alkane
and insertion of the metal into the corrole. This approach is useful
for inserting transition metals from groups 4, 5, and, to some extent,
6, as well as lanthanides and actinides. (b) In our laboratory,
we have often deployed a low-valent
organometallic approach for the middle transition elements
(groups 6, 7, 8, and 9). The reagents are low-valent metal–carbonyl
or −olefin complexes, which lose one or more carbon ligands
at high temperature, affording coordinatively unsaturated, sticky
metal fragments that are trapped by the corrole nitrogens. (c)
Finally, a metal acetate approach provides
the method of choice for gold and platinum insertion (groups 10 and
11). This Account provides a first-hand perspective
of the three approaches, focusing on the last two, which were largely
developed in our laboratory. In general, the products were characterized
with X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and a variety of spectroscopic
methods. The physicochemical data, supplemented by relativistic DFT
calculations, have provided fascinating insights into periodic trends
and relativistic effects. An unexpected feature of many 5d metallocorroles,
given their misfit
character, is their remarkable stability under thermal, chemical,
and photochemical stimulation. Many of them also exhibit long triplet
lifetimes on the order of 100 μs and effectively sensitize singlet
oxygen formation. Many exhibit phosphorescence in the near-infrared
under ambient conditions. Furthermore, water-soluble ReO and Au corroles
exhibit impressive photocytotoxicity against multiple cancer cell
lines, promising potential applications as cancer phototherapeutics.
We thus envision a bright future for the compounds as rugged building
blocks for new generations of therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic)
agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B. Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Kolle E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Rune F. Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
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12
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Thomassen IK, Rasmussen D, Einrem RF, Ghosh A. Simple, Axial Ligand-Mediated Route to Water-Soluble Iridium Corroles. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16683-16687. [PMID: 34235340 PMCID: PMC8246702 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and purification of water-soluble porphyrin-type compounds for photodynamic therapy and other medical applications is often a tedious exercise. Here, we have investigated the simple stratagem of adding a water-soluble axial ligand to the standard protocol for iridium insertion into simple meso-triarylcorroles. Early results showed that six-coordinate Ir[TpXPC](dna)2 derivatives, in which TpXPC = tris(para-X-phenyl)corrole (X = CF3, CN, H, and OMe) and dna = dinicotinic acid, are highly water-soluble. In the end, however, all axially nitrogen-ligated complexes proved unstable with respect to chromatographic purification and storage. Five-coordinate water-soluble phosphine adducts, fortunately, proved a great improvement. From the point of view of ease of purification and storage, the best products proved to be Ir[TpXPC](L), where X = CF3 and OMe and L = tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (tcep) and trisodium tris(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine (tppts); carefully optimized synthetic protocols are presented for these four compounds.
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Alemayehu AB, Einrem RF, McCormick-McPherson LJ, Settineri NS, Ghosh A. Synthesis and molecular structure of perhalogenated rhenium-oxo corroles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19727. [PMID: 33184456 PMCID: PMC7665048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our efforts to develop rhenium-oxo corroles as photosensitizers for oxygen sensing and photodynamic therapy, we investigated the potential β-perhalogenation of five ReO meso-tris(para-X-phenyl)corroles, Re[TpXPC](O) (X = CF3, H, F, CH3, and OCH3), with elemental chlorine and bromine. With Cl2, β-octachlorinated products Re[Cl8TpXPC](O) were rapidly obtained for X = CF3, H, and CH3, but X = OCH3 resulted in overchlorination on the meso-aryl groups. Full β-octabromination proved slower relative to Cu and Ir corroles, but the desired Re[Br8TpXPC](O) products were finally obtained for X = H and F after a week at room temperature. For X = CH3 and OCH3, these conditions led to undecabrominated products Re[Br11TpXPC](O). Compared to the β-unsubstituted starting materials, the β-octahalogenated products were found to exhibit sharp 1H NMR signals at room temperature, indicating that the aryl groups are locked in place by the β-halogens, and substantially redshifted Soret and Q bands. Single-crystal X-ray structures of Re[Cl8TpCF3PC](O), Re[Cl8TpCH3PC](O), and Re[Br8TpFPC](O) revealed mild saddling for one Cl8 structure and the Br8 structure. These structural variations, however, appear too insignificant to explain the slowness of the β-octabromination protocols, which seems best attributed to the deactivating influence of the high-valent Re center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8229, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Einrem RF, Alemayehu AB, Borisov SM, Ghosh A, Gederaas OA. Amphiphilic Rhenium-Oxo Corroles as a New Class of Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10596-10601. [PMID: 32426618 PMCID: PMC7227046 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A set of rhenium(V)-oxo meso-triarylcorroles bearing ester and carboxylic acid functionalities were synthesized with a view to determining their potential for photodynamic therapy. Toward this end, we measured their near-IR phosphorescence and their ability to sensitize singlet oxygen formation. The two esters studied, ReVO 5,10,15-tris(meta-carbomethoxyphenyl)corrole and ReVO 5,10,15-tris(para-carbomethoxyphenyl)corrole, were found to exhibit phosphorescence quantum yields of around 1% and fairly long phosphorescence lifetimes of about 60 μs in toluene. The corresponding carboxylic acids, which were examined in ethanolic/aqueous media, in contrast, showed much lower phosphorescence quantum yields on the order of 0.01% and somewhat shorter phosphorescent lifetimes. The quantum yields for singlet oxygen formation, on the other hand, turned out to be equally high (0.72 ± 0.02) for the esters and corresponding carboxylic acids. For the two carboxylic acids, we also carried out photocytotoxicity measurements on rat bladder cancer cells (AY27) and human colon carcinoma cells (WiDr). Cell viability measurements (MTT assays) indicated 50% cell death (LD50) for AY27 cells upon 5 min of blue light exposure with the meta carboxylic acid and upon 7 min of exposure with the para carboxylic acid; complete cell death resulted after 20 min for both compounds. The WiDr cells proved less sensitive, and LD50 values were reached after 8 and 12 min illumination with the meta and para carboxylic acids, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune F. Einrem
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abraham B. Alemayehu
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Odrun A. Gederaas
- Department
of Clinical and Molecular Medicine and Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Iridium Corroles Exhibit Weak Near-Infrared Phosphorescence but Efficiently Sensitize Singlet Oxygen Formation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7551. [PMID: 32371925 PMCID: PMC7200656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Six-coordinate iridium(III) triarylcorrole derivatives, Ir[TpXPC)]L2, where TpXPC = tris(para-X-phenyl)corrole (X = CF3, H, Me, and OCH3) and L = pyridine (py), trimethylamine (tma), isoquinoline (isoq), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (dmap), and 4-picolinic acid (4pa), have been examined, with a view to identifying axial ligands most conducive to near-infrared phosphorescence. Disappointingly, the phosphorescence quantum yield invariably turned out to be very low, about 0.02 – 0.04% at ambient temperature, with about a two-fold increase at 77 K. Phosphorescence decay times were found to be around ~5 µs at 295 K and ~10 µs at 77 K. Fortunately, two of the Ir[TpCF3PC)]L2 derivatives, which were tested for their ability to sensitize singlet oxygen formation, were found to do so efficiently with quantum yields Φ(1O2) = 0.71 and 0.38 for L = py and 4pa, respectively. Iridium corroles thus may hold promise as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The possibility of varying the axial ligand and of attaching biotargeting groups at the axial positions makes iridium corroles particularly exciting as PDT drug candidates.
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Thomassen IK, Ghosh A. Protonation-Induced Hyperporphyrin Spectra of meso-Aminophenylcorroles. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9023-9030. [PMID: 32337467 PMCID: PMC7178790 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UV-vis spectrophotometric titrations have been carried out on meso-tris(o/m/p-aminophenyl)corrole (H3[o/m/p-TAPC]) and meso-triphenylcorrole (H3[TPC]) in dimethyl sulfoxide with methanesulfonic acid (MSA). Monoprotonation was found to result in hyperporphyrin spectra characterized by new, red-shifted, and intense Q bands. The effect was particularly dramatic for H3[p-TAPC] for which the Q band red-shifted from ∼637 nm for the neutral species to 764 nm in the near-IR for H4[p-TAPC]+. Upon further protonation, the Q band was found to blue-shift back to 687 nm. A simple explanation of the phenomena has been offered in terms of quinonoid resonance forms.
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Abstract
Metallocorroles involving 5d transition metals are currently of interest as near-IR phosphors and as photosensitizers for oxygen sensing and photodynamic therapy. Their syntheses, however, are often bedeviled by capricious and low-yielding protocols. Against this backdrop, we describe rhenium-imido corroles, a new class of 5d metallocorroles, synthesized simply and in respectable (∼30%) yields via the interaction of a free-base corrole, Re2(CO)10, K2CO3, and aniline in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at ∼190 °C in a sealed vial under strict anaerobic conditions. The generality of the method was shown by the synthesis of six derivatives, including those derived from meso-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole, H3[TPFPC], and five different meso-tris(p-X-phenyl)corroles, H3[TpXPC], where X = CF3, F, H, CH3, OCH3. Single-crystal X-ray structures obtained for two of the complexes, Re[TpFPC](NPh) and Re[TpCF3PC](NPh), revealed relatively unstrained equatorial Re-N distances of ∼2.00 Å, a ∼ 0.7-Å displacement of the Re from the mean plane of the corrole nitrogens, and an Re-Nimido distance of ∼1.72 Å. Details of the corrole skeletal bond distances, diamagnetic 1H NMR spectra, relatively substituent-independent Soret maxima, and electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps of ∼2.2 V all indicated an innocent corrole macrocycle. Surprisingly, unlike several other classes of 5d metallocorroles, the Re-imido complexes proved nonemissive in solution at room temperature and also failed to sensitize singlet oxygen formation, indicating rapid radiationless deactivation of the triplet state, presumably via the rapidly rotating axial phenyl group. By analogy with other metal-oxo and -imido corroles, we remain hopeful that the Re-imido group will prove amenable to further elaboration and thereby contribute to the development of a somewhat challenging area of coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Reinholdt A, Alemayehu AB, Gagnon KJ, Bendix J, Ghosh A. Electrophilic Activation of Osmium-Nitrido Corroles: The OsN Triple Bond as a π-Acceptor Metallaligand in a Heterobimetallic Os VIN-Pt II Complex. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5276-5280. [PMID: 32227864 PMCID: PMC7311052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Presented herein is a first investigation of the chemical reactivity of osmium-nitrido corroles, which are known for their unusual thermal, chemical, and photochemical stability. Elemental chlorine perchlorinates the β-positions of the triarylcorrole but leaves the OsN unit untouched. The OsN unit is also unaffected by a variety of other electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents. Upon photolysis, however, the anion of Zeise's salt associates with the nitrido ligand to generate an OsVI≡N-PtII complex. The very short OsN-Pt linkage [1.895(9)-1.917(8) Å] and the downfield 195Pt NMR resonance (-2702 ppm) suggest that the OsN corrole acts as a π-accepting ligand toward the Pt(II) center. This finding represents a rare example of the successful photochemical activation of a metal-ligand multiple bond that is too kinetically inert to exhibit any appreciable reactivity under thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kevin J Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Tyulyaeva EY. Modern Approaches in the Synthesis of Noble Metal Porphyrins for Their Practical Application (Review). RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023619140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Guo Y, Gu T, Li P, Fu B, Sun L, Zhu W, Xu H, Liang X. A2B corrole with a meso-[PtII(bipy)Cl2]-substituent: Synthesis, electronic structure and highly efficient electrocatalyzed hydrogen evolutions. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Orłowski R, Cichowicz G, Staszewska-Krajewska O, Schilf W, Cyrański MK, Gryko DT. Covalently Linked Bis(Amido-Corroles): Inter- and Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bond-Driven Supramolecular Assembly. Chemistry 2019; 25:9658-9664. [PMID: 30990230 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Four bis-corroles linked by diamide bridges were synthesized through peptide-type coupling of a trans-A2 B-corrole acid with aliphatic and aromatic diamines. In the solid state, the hydrogen-bond pattern in these bis-corroles is strongly affected by the type of solvent used in the crystallization process. Although intramolecular hydrogen bonds play a decisive role, they are supported by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and weak N-H⋅⋅⋅π interactions between molecules of toluene and the corrole cores. In an analogy to mono(amido-corroles), both in crystalline state and in solutions, the aliphatic or aromatic bridge is located directly above the corrole ring. When either ethylenediamine or 2,3-diaminonaphthalene are used as linkers, incorporation of polar solvents into the crystalline lattice causes a roughly parallel orientation of the corrole rings. At the same time, both NHCO⋅⋅⋅NH corrole hydrogen bonds are intramolecular. In contrast, solvation in toluene causes a distortion with one of the hydrogen bonds being intermolecular. Interestingly, intramolecular hydrogen bonds are always formed between the -NHCO- functionality located further from the benzene ring present at the position 10-meso. In solution, the hydrogen-bonds pattern of the bis(amido-corroles) is strongly affected by the type of the solvent. Compared with toluene (strongly high-field shifted signals), DMSO and pyridine disrupt self-assembly, whereas hexafluoroisopropanol strengthens intramolecular hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Orłowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka str., 01224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cichowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Staszewska-Krajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka str., 01224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Schilf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka str., 01224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał K Cyrański
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka str., 01224, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Abstract
Noninnocent ligands do not allow an unambiguous definition of the oxidation state of a coordinated atom. When coordinated, the ligands also cannot be adequately represented by a classic Lewis structure. A noninnocent system thus harbors oxidizing (holes) or reducing equivalents (electrons) that are delocalized over both the ligand and the coordinated atom. To a certain degree, that is true of all complexes, but the phenomenon is arguably most conspicuous in complexes involving ligands with extended π-systems. The electronic structures of such systems have often been mischaracterized, thereby muddying the chemical literature to the detriment of students and newcomers to the field. In recent years, we have investigated the electronic structures of several metallocorrole families, several of which have turned out to be noninnocent. Our goal here, however, is not to present a systematic account of the different classes of metallocorroles, but rather to focus on seven major tools (in a nod to A. G. Cairns-Smith's Seven Clues to the Origin of Life) that led us to recognize noninnocent behavior and subsequently to characterize the phenomenon in depth. (1) The optical probe: For a series of noninnocent meso-triarylcorrole derivatives with different para substituents X, the Soret maxima are typically exquisitely sensitive to the nature of X, red-shifting with increasing electron-donating character of the group. No such substituent sensitivity is observed for the Soret maxima of innocent triarylcorrole derivatives. (2) Quantum chemistry: Spin-unrestricted density functional theory calculations permit a simple and quick visualization of ligand noninnocence in terms of the spin density profile. Even for an S = 0 complex, the broken-symmetry method often affords a spin density profile that, its fictitious character notwithstanding, helps visualize the intramolecular spin couplings. (3) NMR and EPR spectroscopy: In principle, these two techniques afford experimental probes of the electronic spin density. (4) Structure/X-ray crystallography. Ligand noninnocence in metallocorroles is often reflected in small but distinct skeletal bond length alternations in and around the bipyrrole part of the macrocycle. In addition, for Cu and some Ag corroles, ligand noninnocence manifests itself via a strong saddling of the macrocycle. (5) Vibrational spectroscopy. Unsurprisingly, the aforementioned bond length alternations translate to structure-sensitive vibrational marker bands. (6) Electrochemistry. Noninnocent metallocorroles exhibit characteristically high reduction potentials, but caution should be exercised in turning the logic around. A high reduction potential does not necessarily signify a noninnocent metallocorrole; certain high-valent metal centers also undergo metal-centered reduction at quite high potentials. (7) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). By focusing on a given element, typically the central atom in a coordination complex, X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) can provide uniquely detailed local information on oxidation and spin states, ligand field strength, and degree of centrosymmetry. For metallocorroles, some of the most clear-cut distinctions between innocent and noninnocent systems have come from the K-edge XANES of Mn and Fe corroles. For researchers faced with a new, potentially noninnocent system, the take-home message is to employ a good majority (i.e., at least four) of the above methods to arrive at a reliable conclusion vis-à-vis noninnocence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry and Arctic Center for Sustainable Energy, UiT−The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Arctic Center for Sustainable Energy, UiT−The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Lim H, Thomas KE, Hedman B, Hodgson KO, Ghosh A, Solomon EI. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy as a Probe of Ligand Noninnocence in Metallocorroles: The Case of Copper Corroles. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6722-6730. [PMID: 31046257 PMCID: PMC6644708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The question of ligand noninnocence in Cu corroles has long been a topic of discussion. Presented herein is a Cu K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study, which provides a direct probe of the metal oxidation state, of three Cu corroles, Cu[TPC], Cu[Br8TPC], and Cu[(CF3)8TPC] (TPC = meso-triphenylcorrole), and the analogous Cu(II) porphyrins, Cu[TPP], Cu[Br8TPP], and Cu[(CF3)8TPP] (TPP = meso-tetraphenylporphyrin). The Cu K rising-edges of the Cu corroles were found to be about 0-1 eV upshifted relative to the analogous porphyrins, which is substantially lower than the 1-2 eV shifts typically exhibited by authentic Cu(II)/Cu(III) model complex pairs. In an unusual twist, the Cu K pre-edge regions of both the Cu corroles and the Cu porphyrins exhibit two peaks split by 0.8-1.3 eV. Based on time-dependent density functional theory calculations, the lower- and higher-energy peaks were assigned to a Cu 1s → 3d x2- y2 transition and a Cu 1s → corrole/porphyrin π* transition, respectively. From the Cu(II) porphyrins to the corresponding Cu corroles, the energy of the Cu 1s → 3d x2- y2 transition peak was found to upshift by 0.6-0.8 eV. This shift is approximately half that observed between Cu(II) to Cu(III) states for well-defined complexes. The Cu K-edge XAS spectra thus show that although the metal sites in the Cu corroles are more oxidized relative to those in their Cu(II) porphyrin analogues, they are not oxidized to the Cu(III) level, consistent with the notion of a noninnocent corrole. The relative importance of σ-donation versus corrole π-radical character is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongtaek Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kolle E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, UiT — The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Keith O. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT — The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Edward I. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Alemayehu AB, McCormick LJ, Vazquez-Lima H, Ghosh A. Relativistic Effects on a Metal-Metal Bond: Osmium Corrole Dimers. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:2798-2806. [PMID: 30730723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of metal-metal bonded osmium corrole dimers, {Os[T pXPC]}2, were synthesized in reasonably good yields (35-46%) via the interaction of the corresponding free-base meso-tris( p-X-phenyl)corroles (H3[T pXPC], X = CF3, H, CH3, and OCH3), Os3(CO)12, and potassium carbonate in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene under an inert atmosphere at 180 °C over several hours. The complexes are only the second class of Os corroles reported to date (the first being OsVIN corroles) and also the second class of metal-metal bonded metallocorrole dimers (the other being Ru corrole dimers). Comparison of the X-ray structures, redox potentials, and optical spectra of analogous Ru and Os corrole dimers, along with scalar-relativistic DFT calculations, has provided an experimentally calibrated account of relativistic effects in these complexes. Three of the Os corrole dimers (X = CF3, H, and OCH3) were analyzed with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing inversion-related corrole rings with eclipsed Os-N bonds and Os-Os distances of ∼2.24 Å that are ∼0.06 Å longer than the Ru-Ru distances in the analogous Ru corrole dimers. Interestingly, a comparison of scalar-relativistic and nonrelativistic DFT calculations indicates that this difference in metal-metal bond distance does not, in fact, reflect a differential relativistic effect. For a given corrole ligand, the Ru and Os corrole dimers exhibit nearly identical oxidation potentials but dramatically different reduction potentials, with the Os values ∼0.5 V lower relative to Ru, suggesting that whereas oxidation occurs in a ligand-centered manner, reduction is substantially metal-centered, which indeed was confirmed by scalar-relativistic calculations. The calculations further indicate that approximately a third of the ∼0.5 V difference in reduction potentials can be ascribed to relativity. The somewhat muted value of this relativistic effect appears to be related to the finding that reduction of an Os corrole dimer is not exclusively metal-based but that a significant amount of spin density is delocalized over to the corrole ligand; in contrast, reduction of an Ru corrole dimer occurs exclusively on the Ru-Ru linkage. For isoelectronic complexes, the Ru and Os corrole dimers exhibit substantially different UV-vis spectra. A key difference is a strong near-UV feature of the Os series, which in energy terms is blue-shifted by ∼0.55 V relative to the analogous feature of the Ru series. TDDFT calculations suggest that this difference may be related to higher-energy Os(5d)-based LUMOs in the Os case relative to analogous MOs for Ru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Laura J McCormick
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720-8229 , United States
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
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Borisov SM, Einrem RF, Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Ambient-temperature near-IR phosphorescence and potential applications of rhenium-oxo corroles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1166-1170. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00473k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Presented herein is a first photophysical investigation of a series rhenium(v)-oxo tris(p-X-phenyl)corroles, Re[TpXPC](O), where X = CF3, F, H, CH3, and OCH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Rune F. Einrem
- Department of Chemistry
- UiT
- The Arctic University of Norway
- N-9037 Tromsø
- Norway
| | | | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- UiT
- The Arctic University of Norway
- N-9037 Tromsø
- Norway
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27
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Alemayehu A, M cCormick LJ, Gagnon KJ, Borisov SM, Ghosh A. Stable Platinum(IV) Corroles: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Room-Temperature Near-IR Phosphorescence. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9360-9368. [PMID: 31459069 PMCID: PMC6645213 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of stable Pt(IV) corrole complexes with the general formula PtIV[TpXPC](m/p-C6H4CN)(py), where TpXPC3- is the trianion of a tris(p-X-phenyl)corrole and X = CF3, H, and CH3, has been synthesized, affording key physicochemical data on a rare and elusive class of metallocorroles. Single-crystal X-ray structures of two of the complexes revealed very short equatorial Pt-N distances of 1.94-1.97 Å, an axial Pt-C distance of ∼2.03 Å, and an axial Pt-N distance of ∼2.22 Å. The complexes exhibit Soret maxima at ∼430 nm, which are essentially independent of the meso-aryl para substituents, and strong Q bands with the most intense peak at 595-599 nm. The substituent-independent Soret maxima are consistent with an innocent PtIV-corrole3- description for the complexes. The low reduction potentials (-1.45 ± 0.08 V vs saturated calomel reference electrode) also support a highly stable Pt(IV) ground state as opposed to a noninnocent corrole•2- description. The reductions, however, are irreversible, which suggests that they involve concomitant cleavage of the Pt-aryl bond. Unlike Pt(IV) porphyrins, two of the complexes, PtIV[TpXPC](m-C6H4CN)(py) (X = CF3 and CH3), were found to exhibit room-temperature near-IR phosphorescence with emission maxima at 813 and 826 nm, respectively. The quantum yield of ∼0.3% is comparable to those observed for six-coordinate Ir(III) corroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham
B. Alemayehu
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura J. McCormick
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Kevin J. Gagnon
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- E-mail:
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28
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Ueta K, Fukuda M, Kim G, Shimizu S, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. The First Silicon(IV) Corrole Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, Properties, and Formation of a μ-Oxo Dimer. Chemistry 2018; 24:7637-7646. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ueta
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Masaya Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Gakhyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic System; Yonsei University; 50, Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic System; Yonsei University; 50, Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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29
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Alemayehu AB, Vazquez-Lima H, McCormick LJ, Ghosh A. Relativistic effects in metallocorroles: comparison of molybdenum and tungsten biscorroles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5830-5833. [PMID: 28497147 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01549f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The homoleptic sandwich compounds - Mo and W biscorroles - have afforded a novel platform for experimental studies of relativistic effects. A 200 mV difference in reduction potential and a remarkable 130 nm shift of a near-IR spectral feature have been identified as manifestations of relativistic effects on the properties of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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30
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Ganguly S, Conradie J, Bendix J, Gagnon KJ, McCormick LJ, Ghosh A. Electronic Structure of Cobalt–Corrole–Pyridine Complexes: Noninnocent Five-Coordinate Co(II) Corrole–Radical States. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9589-9598. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ganguly
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300 Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kevin J. Gagnon
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Laura J. McCormick
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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31
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Basumatary B, Rai J, Reddy RVR, Sankar J. Evidence for a [17] π-Electronic Full-Fledged Non-innocent Gallium(III)-Corrole Radical. Chemistry 2017; 23:17458-17462. [PMID: 29044747 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One-electron oxidation of a GaIII -corrole with N(4-BrC6 H4 )3 SbCl6 resulted in an air-stable non-innocent GaIII -corrole radical. The single-crystal X-ray crystallography of the 2,17-bis-formyl-5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrolato gallium(III)(chloride) radical ([3-Cl]. ) revealed delocalization of the unpaired electron, which was further confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and spin density distribution plot. In addition, the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS), anisotropy-induced current density (AICD) and harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) supported a [17] π-electron-conjugated (or antiaromatic) radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Basumatary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, M.P, Indore bypass road, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, M.P, Indore bypass road, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - R V Ramana Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, M.P, Indore bypass road, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Jeyaraman Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, M.P, Indore bypass road, Bhopal, 462066, India
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32
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Ganguly S, Renz D, Giles LJ, Gagnon KJ, McCormick LJ, Conradie J, Sarangi R, Ghosh A. Cobalt- and Rhodium-Corrole-Triphenylphosphine Complexes Revisited: The Question of a Noninnocent Corrole. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:14788-14800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Diemo Renz
- Department of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Logan J. Giles
- Structural Molecular Biology, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94306, United States
| | - Kevin J. Gagnon
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Laura J. McCormick
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300 Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ritimukta Sarangi
- Structural Molecular Biology, Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94306, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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33
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Ganguly S, Giles LJ, Thomas KE, Sarangi R, Ghosh A. Ligand Noninnocence in Iron Corroles: Insights from Optical and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopies and Electrochemical Redox Potentials. Chemistry 2017; 23:15098-15106. [PMID: 28845891 PMCID: PMC5710759 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two new series of iron meso-tris(para-X-phenyl)corrole (TpXPC) complexes, Fe[TpXPC]Ph and Fe[TpXPC]Tol, in which X=CF3 , H, Me, and OMe, and Tol=p-methylphenyl (p-tolyl), have been synthesized, allowing a multitechnique electronic-structural comparison with the corresponding FeCl, FeNO, and Fe2 (μ-O) TpXPC derivatives. Optical spectroscopy revealed that the Soret maxima of the FePh and FeTol series are insensitive to the phenyl para substituent, consistent with the presumed innocence of the corrole ligand in these compounds. Accordingly, we may be increasingly confident in the ability of the substituent effect criterion to serve as a probe of corrole noninnocence. Furthermore, four complexes-Fe[TPC]Cl, Fe[TPC](NO), {Fe[TPC]}2 O, and Fe[TPC]Ph-were selected for a detailed XANES investigation of the question of ligand noninnocence. The intensity-weighted average energy (IWAE) positions were found to exhibit rather modest variations (0.8 eV over the series of corroles). The integrated Fe-K pre-edge intensities, on the other hand, vary considerably, with a 2.5 fold increase for Fe[TPC]Ph relative to Fe[TPC]Cl and Fe[TPC](NO). Given the approximately C4v local symmetry of the Fe in all the complexes, the large increase in intensity for Fe[TPC]Ph may be attributed to a higher number of 3d holes, consistent with an expected FeIV -like description, in contrast to Fe[TPC]Cl and Fe[TPC](NO), in which the Fe is thought to be FeIII -like. These results afford strong validation of XANES as a probe of ligand noninnocence in metallocorroles. Electrochemical redox potentials, on the other hand, were found not to afford a simple probe of ligand noninnocence in Fe corroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Logan J Giles
- Structural Molecular Biology, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94306, USA
| | - Kolle E Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ritimukta Sarangi
- Structural Molecular Biology, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94306, USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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34
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Schweyen P, Brandhorst K, Hoffmann M, Wolfram B, Zaretzke MK, Bröring M. Viking Helmet Corroles: Activating Inert Oxidometal Corroles. Chemistry 2017; 23:13897-13900. [PMID: 28833727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemically inert oxidometal(V) corrols of molybdenum and rhenium undergo clean ligand-exchange reactions upon the action of SiCl4 . The resulting dichlorido complexes show trigonal prismatic coordination of the metal ion with the chlorine atoms residing in a cis configuration, and were studied by optical and resonance spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. In situ reactivity studies with carbon nucleophiles indicate high reactivity for chlorine replacement. Treatment with sodium cyclopentadienide paves the way to robust molybdenum corrolocene half-sandwich complexes. These organometallic compounds are the first corrole species that stabilize an air-stable and diamagnetic low spin d2 -MoIV center. Structural, spectroelectrochemical, and chemical investigations prove a reversible MoIV /MoV redox couple close to the Fc/Fc+ potential for these systems. The high stability of the compounds in both redox states calls for future applications in catalysis and as redox switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schweyen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Brandhorst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wolfram
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Kevin Zaretzke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Bröring
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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35
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Alemayehu AB, Vazquez-Lima H, Gagnon KJ, Ghosh A. Stepwise Deoxygenation of Nitrite as a Route to Two Families of Ruthenium Corroles: Group 8 Periodic Trends and Relativistic Effects. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5285-5294. [PMID: 28422487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Given the many applications of ruthenium porphyrins, the rarity of ruthenium corroles and the underdeveloped state of their chemistry are clearly indicative of an area ripe for significant breakthroughs. The tendency of ruthenium corroles to form unreactive metal-metal-bonded dimers has been recognized as a key impediment in this area. Herein, by exposing free-base meso-tris(p-X-phenyl)corroles, H3[TpXPC] (X = CF3, H, Me, and OMe), and [Ru(COD)Cl2]x in refluxing 2-methoxyethanol to nitrite, we have been able to reliably intercept the series Ru[TpXPC](NO) in a matter of seconds to minutes and subsequently RuVI[TpXPC](N), the products of a second deoxygenation, over some 16 h. Two of the RuVIN complexes and one ruthenium corrole dimer could be crystallographically analyzed; the Ru-Nnitrido distance was found to be ∼1.61 Å, consistent with the triple-bonded character of the RuVIN units and essentially identical with the Os-Nnitrido distance in analogous osmium corroles. Spectroscopic and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the RuNO corroles are best viewed as innocent {RuNO}6 complexes, whereas the analogous FeNO corroles are noninnocent, i.e., best viewed as {FeNO}7-corrole•2-. Both RuVIN and OsVIN corroles exhibit sharp Soret bands, suggestive of an innocent macrocycle. A key difference between the two metals is that the Soret maxima of the OsVIN corroles are red-shifted some 25 nm relative to those of the RuVIN complexes. Careful time-dependent DFT studies indicate that this difference is largely attributable to relativistic effects in OsVIN corroles. The availability of two new classes of mononuclear ruthenium corroles potentially opens the door to new applications, in such areas as catalysis and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kevin J Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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36
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Ghosh A. Electronic Structure of Corrole Derivatives: Insights from Molecular Structures, Spectroscopy, Electrochemistry, and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Chem Rev 2017; 117:3798-3881. [PMID: 28191934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Presented herein is a comprehensive account of the electronic structure of corrole derivatives. Our knowledge in this area derives from a broad range of methods, including UV-vis-NIR absorption and MCD spectroscopies, single-crystal X-ray structure determination, vibrational spectroscopy, NMR and EPR spectroscopies, electrochemistry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations, the latter including both density functional theory and ab initio multiconfigurational methods. The review is organized according to the Periodic Table, describing free-base and main-group element corrole derivatives, then transition-metal corroles, and finally f-block element corroles. Like porphyrins, corrole derivatives with a redox-inactive coordinated atom follow the Gouterman four-orbital model. A key difference from porphyrins is the much wider prevalence of noninnocent electronic structures as well as full-fledged corrole•2- radicals among corrole derivatives. The most common orbital pathways mediating ligand noninnocence in transition-metal corroles are the metal(dz2)-corrole("a2u") interaction (most commonly observed in Mn and Fe corroles) and the metal(dx2-y2)-corrole(a2u) interaction in coinage metal corroles. Less commonly encountered is the metal(dπ)-corrole("a1u") interaction, a unique feature of formal d5 metallocorroles. Corrole derivatives exhibit a rich array of optical properties, including substituent-sensitive Soret maxima indicative of ligand noninnocence, strong fluorescence in the case of lighter main-group element complexes, and room-temperature near-IR phosphorescence in the case of several 5d metal complexes. The review concludes with an attempt at identifying gaps in our current knowledge and potential future directions of electronic-structural research on corrole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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38
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Barata JFB, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS. Strategies for Corrole Functionalization. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3192-3253. [PMID: 28222602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the functionalization reactions of meso-arylcorroles, both at the inner core, as well as the peripheral positions of the macrocycle. Experimental details for the synthesis of all known metallocorrole types and for the N-alkylation reactions are presented. Key peripheral functionalization reactions such as halogenation, formylation, carboxylation, nitration, sulfonation, and others are discussed in detail, particularly the nucleophilic aromatic substitution and the participation of corroles in cycloaddition reactions as 2π or 4π components (covering Diels-Alder and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions). Other functionalizations of corroles include a large diversity of reactions, namely Wittig reactions, reactions with methylene active compounds, formation of amines, amides, and imines, and metal catalyzed reactions. At the final section, the reactions involving oxidation and ring expansion of the corrole macrocycle are described comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F B Barata
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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39
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Einrem RF, Braband H, Fox T, Vazquez-Lima H, Alberto R, Ghosh A. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of 99 Tc Corroles. Chemistry 2016; 22:18747-18751. [PMID: 27802367 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The first 99 Tc corroles have been synthesized and fully characterized. A single-crystal X-ray structure of a 99 TcO triarylcorrole revealed nearly identical geometry parameters as the corresponding ReO structure. A significant spectral shift between the Soret maxima of TcO (410-413 nm) and ReO (438-441 nm) corroles was observed and, based on two-component spin-orbit ZORA TDDFT calculations, ascribed to relativistic effects in the Re case. The syntheses reported herein potentially pave the way toward 99m Tc-porphyrinoid-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henrik Braband
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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40
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Vazquez-Lima H, Conradie J, Ghosh A. Metallocorrole Interactions with Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxide, and Nitroxyl—A DFT Study of Low-Energy Bound States. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:8248-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300 Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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41
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Alemayehu AB, Day NU, Mani T, Rudine AB, Thomas KE, Gederaas OA, Vinogradov SA, Wamser CC, Ghosh A. Gold Tris(carboxyphenyl)corroles as Multifunctional Materials: Room Temperature Near-IR Phosphorescence and Applications to Photodynamic Therapy and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18935-42. [PMID: 27414087 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two amphiphilic corroles-5,10,15-tris(3-carboxyphenyl)corrole (H3[mTCPC]) and 5,10,15-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)corrole (H3[pTCPC])-and their gold complexes have been synthesized, and their photophysical properties and photovoltaic behavior have been investigated. Like other nonpolar gold corroles, Au[mTCPC] and Au[pTCPC] were both found to exhibit room temperature phosphorescence in deoxygenated solutions with quantum yields of ∼0.3% and triplet lifetimes of ∼75 μs. Both compounds exhibited significant activity as dyes in photodynamic therapy experiments and in dye-sensitized solar cells. Upon irradiation at 435 nm, both Au corroles exhibited significant phototoxicity against AY27 rat bladder cancer cells while the free-base corroles proved inactive. Dye-sensitized solar cells constructed using the free bases H3[mTCPC] and H3[pTCPC] exhibited low efficiencies (≪1%), well under that obtained with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin, H2[pTCPP] (1.9%, cf. N719 9.5%). Likewise, Au[pTCPC] proved inefficient, with an efficiency of ∼0.2%. By contrast, Au[mTCPC] proved remarkably effective, exhibiting an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.56 V, a short-circuit current of 8.7 mA cm(-2), a fill factor of 0.72, and an efficiency of 3.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nicholas U Day
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Tomoyasu Mani
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alexander B Rudine
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Kolle E Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Odrun A Gederaas
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Carl C Wamser
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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42
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Ganguly S, Vazquez-Lima H, Ghosh A. Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: μ-Oxo-Diiron Corroles Revisited. Chemistry 2016; 22:10336-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
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43
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Sarangi R, Giles LJ, Thomas KE, Ghosh A. Ligand Noninnocence in Silver Corroles: A XANES Investigation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritimukta Sarangi
- Structural Molecular Biology; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Menlo Park 94306 CA USA
| | - Logan J. Giles
- Structural Molecular Biology; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Menlo Park 94306 CA USA
| | - Kolle E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
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44
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Alemayehu AB, Vazquez-Lima H, Gagnon KJ, Ghosh A. Tungsten Biscorroles: New Chiral Sandwich Compounds. Chemistry 2016; 22:6914-20. [PMID: 27059004 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative metalation method, involving the interaction of free-base meso-triarylcorroles and W(CO)6 in refluxing decalin, led to a set of three tungsten(VI) biscorroles, the first homoleptic sandwich compounds involving corroles. Single-crystal X-ray structures of two of the complexes revealed square-antiprismatic coordination and strongly domed corroles with long W-N distances of 2.15-2.22 Å and a substantial displacement of ∼1.17 Å of the metal relative to the mean N4 planes of the ligands. The structures correspond to approximate C2 symmetry and are thus chiral. DFT calculations strongly indicate that the enantiomers are configurationally stable and hence amenable to chiral resolution. Their other notable properties include a strongly blueshifted Soret band at (357±2) nm, a relatively intense π→W(dz2 ) near-IR feature at (781±3) nm, and a low electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gap of approximately 1.3 V. The results obtained herein suggest that metallobiscorroles may emerge as a new class of inherently chiral chromophores with novel optical and electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kevin J Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8229, USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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45
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Norheim HK, Capar J, Einrem RF, Gagnon KJ, Beavers CM, Vazquez-Lima H, Ghosh A. Ligand noninnocence in FeNO corroles: insights from β-octabromocorrole complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:681-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03947a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With a noninnocent {FeNO}7-(corrole˙2−) formulation, the first FeNO octabromocorrole derivatives deepen our appreciation of ligand noninnocence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Kristian Norheim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
- 9037 Tromsø
- Norway
| | - Jan Capar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
- 9037 Tromsø
- Norway
| | - Rune F. Einrem
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
- 9037 Tromsø
- Norway
| | - Kevin J. Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
- 9037 Tromsø
- Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
- 9037 Tromsø
- Norway
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46
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Ricciardi G, Cicero DO, Lentini S, Nardis S, Paolesse R, Rosa A. NMR spectroscopy of the phenyl derivative of germanium(IV) 5,10,15-tritolylcorrole. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616500450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A thoroughly structural characterization of (TTC)GePh (TTC [Formula: see text] 5,10,15-tritolylcorrole; Ph [Formula: see text] phenyl) in solution has been carried out through a combination of 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, 1H-1H ROESY, 1H-[Formula: see text]C HSQC and 1H-[Formula: see text]C HMBC) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the molecular and electronic structure and the shielding constants. The 1H and [Formula: see text]C chemical shifts computed at DFT-S12g and DFT-SAOP levels of theory nicely reproduce the experimental values, the agreement between theory and experiment being especially good for the DFT-S12g results. The calculations prove to be able to capture the fine details of the NMR spectra and to resolve some assignment ambiguities related to the inherent conformational flexibility of the macrocycle. The calculations also provide an explanation of the observed chemical shift trends in terms of diamagnetic and paramagnetic components of the shielding tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Ricciardi
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali (SAFE), Università della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Daniel O. Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Lentini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Angela Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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47
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Einrem RF, Gagnon KJ, Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Metal-Ligand Misfits: Facile Access to Rhenium-Oxo Corroles by Oxidative Metalation. Chemistry 2015; 22:517-20. [PMID: 26639951 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the exception of a single accidental synthesis, rhenium corroles are unknown, but of great interest as catalysts and potential radiopharmaceuticals. Oxidative metalation of meso-triarylcorroles with [Re2 (CO)10 ] in refluxing decalin has provided a facile and relatively high-yielding route to rhenium(V)-oxo corroles. The complexes synthesized could all be fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø (Norway)
| | - Kevin J Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8229 (USA)
| | - Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø (Norway).
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø (Norway).
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48
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Thomas KE, Vazquez-Lima H, Fang Y, Song Y, Gagnon KJ, Beavers CM, Kadish KM, Ghosh A. Ligand Noninnocence in Coinage Metal Corroles: A Silver Knife-Edge. Chemistry 2015; 21:16839-47. [PMID: 26345592 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A silver β-octabromo-meso-triarylcorrole has been found to exhibit a strongly saddled geometry, providing the first instance of a strongly saddled corrole complex involving a metal other than copper. The Soret maxima of the Ag octabromocorroles also redshift markedly in response to increasingly electron-donating para substituents on the meso-aryl groups. In both these respects, the Ag octabromocorroles differ from simple Ag triarylcorrole derivatives, which exhibit only mild saddling and substituent-insensitive Soret maxima. These results have been rationalized in terms of an innocent M(III)-corrole(3-) description for the simple Ag corroles and a noninnocent M(II)-corrole(·2-) description for the Ag octabromocorroles. In contrast, all copper corroles are thought to be noninnocent, while all gold corroles are innocent. Uniquely among metallocorroles, silver corroles thus seem poised on a knife-edge, so to speak, between innocent and noninnocent electronic structures and may tip either way, depending on the exact nature of the corrole ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolle E Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø (Norway)
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø (Norway)
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003 (USA)
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003 (USA)
| | - Kevin J Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8229 (USA)
| | - Christine M Beavers
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8229 (USA)
| | - Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003 (USA).
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø (Norway).
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49
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Saltsman I, Goldberg I, Gross Z. Porphyrins and Corroles with 2,6-Pyrimidyl Substituents. Org Lett 2015; 17:3214-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Saltsman
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Israel Goldberg
- School
of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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50
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Schweyen P, Brandhorst K, Wicht R, Wolfram B, Bröring M. The Corrole Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8213-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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