1
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Thorwart T, Greb L. Structural Flexibility is a Decisive Factor in FLP Dihydrogen Cleavage with Tetrahedral Lewis Acids: A Silane Case Study. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401912. [PMID: 38856095 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Dihydrogen activation is the paradigmatic reaction of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). While trigonal-planar Lewis acids have been well established in this transformation, tetrahedral Lewis acids are surprisingly limited. Indeed, several cases were computed as thermodynamically and kinetically feasible but exhibit puzzling discrepancies with experimental results. In the present study, a computational investigation of the factors influencing dihydrogen activation are considered by large ensemble sampling of encounter complexes, deformation energies and the activation strain model for a silicon/nitrogen FLP and compared with a boron/phosphorous FLP. The analysis adds the previously missing dimension of Lewis acids' structural flexibility as a factor that influences preexponential terms beyond pure transition state energies. It sheds light on the origin of "overfrustration" (defined herein), indicates structural constraint in Lewis acids as a linchpin for activation of weak donor substrates, and allows drawing a more refined mechanistic picture of this emblematic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Krämer F. Aluminum in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405207. [PMID: 38826040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This review article describes the development of the use of aluminum compounds in the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) over the last 14 years. It also discusses the synthesis, reactivity and catalytic applications of intermolecular, intramolecular and so-called hidden FLPs with phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon Lewis bases. The intrinsically higher acidity of aluminum compounds compared to their boron analogs opens up different reaction pathways. The results are presented in a more or less chronological order. It is shown that Al FLPs react with a variety of polar and non-polar substrates and form both stable adducts and reversibly activate bonds. Consequently, some catalytic applications of the title compounds were presented such as dimerization of alkynes, hydrogenation of tert-butyl ethylene and imines, C-F bond activation, reduction of CO2, dehydrogenation of amine borane and transfer of ammonia. In addition, various Al FLPs were used as initiators in polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krämer
- C1 Green Chemicals AG, Am Studio 2a, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Thorwart T, Greb L. Reversible C-H bond silylation with a neutral silicon Lewis acid. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11237-11242. [PMID: 37860638 PMCID: PMC10583699 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03488g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The silicon-carbon bond is a valuable linchpin for synthetic transformations. However, installing Si-C functionalities requires metalated C-nucleophiles, activated silicon reagents (silylium ions, silyl radicals, and silyl anions), or transition metal catalysis, and it occurs irreversibly. In contrast, spontaneous C-H silylations with neutral silanes leading to anionic silicates, and their reversible deconstruction, are elusive. Herein, the CH-bond silylation of heterocycles or a terminal alkyne is achieved by reaction with bis(perfluoro(N-phenyl-ortho-amidophenolato))silane and 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine. Computational and experimental insights reveal a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) mechanism. Adding a silaphilic donor to the ammonium silicate products induces the reformation of the C-H bond, thus complementing previously known irreversible C-H bond silylation protocols. Interestingly, the FLP "activated" N-methylpyrrole exhibits "deactivated" features against electrophiles, while a catalytic functionalization is found to be effective only in the absence of a base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
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4
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Wang C, Su MD, Fang Z, Zhou J, Zhang H, Li X, Zuo D, Zhang ZF, Li Y. SiP-heterocycles derived from a bulky phosphanylsilylene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10275-10278. [PMID: 37539464 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02512h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bis(1-adamantyl)phosphanylsilylene 1 was reacted with ArCCR (Ar = Ph, 4-iPr-C6H4, 3-F-C6H4; R = H, Ph) at 80 °C under microwave irradiation to afford fluorescence-active SiP-heterocycles 3a-d, which may undergo unique isomerizations starting from silirene intermediates. Moreover, the treatment of 1 with AdCP furnished a heavy congener of cyclopentadiene (4), whose formation involves cleavage of the Si(II)-P bond that is rarely observed in silylene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Zijie Fang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Haoqi Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Xiaodi Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Darui Zuo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
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5
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Wickemeyer L, Fernández I, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Selective 3,3-Rearrangement of Azobenzenes upon Complexation by a Frustrated Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216943. [PMID: 36645230 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the oxygen-bridged frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (1) and tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (2) with azobenzene, promoted by UV irradiation, led to a selective complexation of the cis-isomer. The addition product of 2 is stable, while the adduct of 1 isomerizes in solution in an ortho-benzidine-like [3,3]-rearrangement by cleavage of the N-N bond, saturation of the nitrogen atoms with hydrogen atoms and formation of a new bond between two phenyl ortho-carbon atoms. Similar rearrangements take place with different para-substituted azobenzenes (R=Me, OMe, Cl) and di(2-naphthyl)diazene, while ortho-methylated azo compounds do not form adducts with 1. All adducts were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses and the mechanism of the rearrangement was explored by quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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6
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Wickemeyer L, Hartmann L, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Differences in the Reactivity of Geminal Si-O-P and Al-O-P Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202842. [PMID: 36349870 PMCID: PMC10107522 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The new oxygen-bridged geminal Si/P Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (2) is able to reversibly bind carbon dioxide at ambient temperature. We compared its reactivity towards benzil, but-3-en-2-one, nitriles and phenylacetylene to that of the Al/P FLP tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (Bis=-CH(SiMe3 )2 ) (1). When reacted with benzil, both, 1 and 2, form the 1,2-addition product, but in the Si/P FLP 2, the second carbonyl function additionally binds to the silicon atom. With but-3-en-2-one 2 forms the 1,2-addition product, while 1 binds in 1,4-position. The reaction with acetonitrile yielded an unexpected etheneimine adduct for both systems, while only 1 reacted with tert-butylnitrile. With benzonitrile and acrylonitrile, 2 showed reversible addition to the C≡N bond and 1 forms a stable adduct with benzonitrile. Solely 1 shows reactivity towards phenylacetylene affording a mixture of the CH deprotonation adduct tBu2 P(H)-O-AlBis2 (CCPh) and the FLP -C≡C 1,2-addition adduct under ring formation. All compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, XRD and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Lukas Hartmann
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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7
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Wickemeyer L, Trapp PC, Aders N, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Reactivity of Oxygen-Bridged Geminal Al/P and Si/P Frustrated Lewis Pairs towards Heterocumulenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203685. [PMID: 36734185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The two oxygen-bridged geminal frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (Bis=CH(SiMe3 )2 ; 1) and tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (2) were reacted with the heterocumulenes PhNCO, PhOCN, PhNCS, CS2 and PhNSO as well as SO2 . With isocyanate and cyanate, both 1 and 2, form addition products under formation of five-membered rings. With CS2 , isothiocyanate and sulfinylaniline, only 1 forms stable adducts, whereas 2 shows reactivity towards sulfinylaniline, but the product decomposed after a few minutes. The reaction of 1 with SO2 led to partial cleavage of the P-O-Al and Al-C units, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies of a complex aggregate. The reaction of 2 with SO2 affords the 1,2-addition product. All adducts were characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and CHN analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pia C Trapp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Niklas Aders
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Thorwart T, Hartmann D, Greb L. Dihydrogen Activation with a Neutral, Intermolecular Silicon(IV)-Amine Frustrated Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202273. [PMID: 35861023 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen constitutes the hallmark reaction of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP). While being well-established for planar Lewis acids, such as boranes or silylium ions, the observation of the primary H2 splitting products with non-planar Lewis acid FLPs remained elusive. In the present work, we report bis(perfluoro-N-phenyl-ortho-amidophenolato)silane and its application in dihydrogen activation to a fully characterized hydridosilicate. The strict design of the Lewis acid, the limited selection of the Lewis base, and the distinct reaction conditions emphasize the narrow tolerance to achieve this fascinating process with a tetrahedral Lewis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Sarkar P, Das S, Pati SK. Recent Advances in Group 14 and 15 Lewis Acids for Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200148. [PMID: 35320614 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) which rely on the cooperative action of Lewis acids and Lewis bases, played a prominent role in the advancement of main-group catalysis. While the early days of FLP chemistry witnessed the dominance of boranes, there is a growing body of reports on alternative Lewis acids derived from groups 14 and 15. This short review focuses on the discovery of such non-boron candidates reported since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sarkar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Theoretical Sciences Unit, INDIA
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, New Chemstry Unit, INDIA
| | - Swapan K Pati
- JNCASR, Theoretical Sciences Unit and New Chemistry Unit, Jakkur Campus, 560064, Bangalore, INDIA
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10
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Krämer F, Radius M, Hinz A, Dilanas MEA, Breher F. Accessing Cationic α-Silylated and α-Germylated Phosphorus Ylides. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103974. [PMID: 34817892 PMCID: PMC9299657 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and full characterization of α‐silylated (α‐SiCPs; 1–7) and α‐germylated (α‐GeCPs; 11–13) phosphorus ylides bearing one chloride substituent R3PC(R1)E(Cl)R22 (R=Ph; R1=Me, Et, Ph; R2=Me, Et, iPr, Mes; E=Si, Ge) is presented. The molecular structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction studies. The title compounds were applied in halide abstraction studies in order to access cationic species. The reaction of Ph3PC(Me)Si(Cl)Me2 (1) with Na[B(C6F5)4] furnished the dimeric phosphonium‐like dication [Ph3PC(Me)SiMe2]2[B(C6F5)4]2 (8). The highly reactive, mesityl‐ or iPr‐substituted cationic species [Ph3PC(Me)SiMes2][B(C6F5)4] (9) and [Ph3PC(Et)SiiPr2][B(C6F5)4] (10) could be characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Carrying out the halide abstraction reaction in the sterically demanding ether iPr2O afforded the protonated α‐SiCP [Ph3PCH(Et)Si(Cl)iPr2][B(C6F5)4] (6 dec) by sodium‐mediated basic ether decomposition, whereas successfully synthesized [Ph3PC(Et)SiiPr2][B(C6F5)4] (10) readily cleaves the F−C bond in fluorobenzene. Thus, the ambiphilic character of α‐SiCPs is clearly demonstrated. The less reactive germanium analogue [Ph3PC(Me)GeMes2][B{3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3}4] (14) was obtained by treating 11 with Na[B{3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3}4] and fully characterized including by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Structural parameters indicate a strong CYlide−Ge interaction with high double bond character, and consequently the C−E (E=Si, Ge) bonds in 9, 10 and 14 were analyzed with NBO and AIM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krämer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Division Molecular Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Radius
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Division Molecular Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Division Molecular Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Melina E A Dilanas
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Division Molecular Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Division Molecular Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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11
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Sarkar P, Das S, Pati SK. Investigating Tetrel-Based Neutral Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Hydrogen Activation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15180-15189. [PMID: 34590831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrel Lewis acids are a prospective alternative to commonly employed neutral boranes in frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry. While cationic tetrylium Lewis acids, being isolobal and iso(valence)electronic, are a natural replacement to boranes, neutral tetrel Lewis acids allude as less trivial options due to the absence of a formally empty p orbital on the acceptor atom. Recently, a series of intramolecular geminal FLPs (C2F5)3E-CH2-P(tBu)2 (E = Si, Ge, Sn) featuring neutral tetrel atoms as acceptor sites has been reported for activation of small molecules including H2. In this work, through density functional theory computations, we elucidate the general mechanistic picture of H2 activation by this family of FLPs. Our findings reveal that the acceptor atom derives the required Lewis acidity utilizing the antibonding orbitals of its adjacent bonds with the individual contributions depending on the identity of the acceptor and the donor atoms. By varying the identity of the Lewis acid and Lewis base sites and attached substituents, we unravel their interplay on the energetics of the H2 activation. We find that switching the donor site from P to N significantly affects the synchronous nature of the bond breaking/formations along the reaction pathway, and as a result, N-bearing FLPs have a more favorable H2 activation profile than those with P. Our results are quantitatively discussed in detail within the framework of the activation-strain model of reactivity along with the energy-decomposition analysis method. Finally, the reductive elimination decomposition route pertinent to the plausible extension of the H2 activation to catalytic hydrogenation by these FLPs is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sarkar
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
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12
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A boron-transfer mechanism mediating the thermally induced revival of frustrated carbene-borane pairs from their shelf-stable adducts. Commun Chem 2021; 4:137. [PMID: 36697789 PMCID: PMC9814311 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemists have designed strategies that trigger the conformational isomerization of molecules in response to external stimuli, which can be further applied to regulate the complexation between Lewis acids and bases. We have recently developed a system in which frustrated carbene-borane pairs are revived from shelf-stable but external-stimuli-responsive carbene-borane adducts comprised of N-phosphine-oxide-substituted imidazolylidenes (PoxIms) and triarylboranes. Herein, we report the detailed mechanism on this revival process. A thermally induced borane-transfer process from the carbene carbon atom to the N-phosphinoyl oxygen atom initiates the transformation of the carbene-borane adduct. Subsequent conformational isomerization via the rotation of the N-phosphinoyl group in PoxIm moieties eventually leads to the revival of frustrated carbene-borane pairs that can cleave H2. We believe that this work illustrates an essential role of dynamic conformational isomerization in the regulation of the reactivity of external-stimuli-responsive Lewis acid-base adducts that contain multifunctional substituents.
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13
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Hartmann D, Braner S, Greb L. Bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane and heteroleptic bidonors: hidden frustrated Lewis pairs resulting from ring strain. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8572-8575. [PMID: 34373874 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane and bidentate N,N- or N,P-heteroleptic donors were reacted to form hexacoordinated complexes. Depending on the ring strain and hemilability in the adducts, frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) reactivity with aldehydes and catalytic ammonia borane dehydrocoupling was enabled. All reactions were analyzed using density functional theory. This approach represents an alternative way, beyond relying on steric bulk, to achieve frustration in bimolecular FLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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14
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Klare HFT, Albers L, Süsse L, Keess S, Müller T, Oestreich M. Silylium Ions: From Elusive Reactive Intermediates to Potent Catalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5889-5985. [PMID: 33861564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The history of silyl cations has all the makings of a drama but with a happy ending. Being considered reactive intermediates impossible to isolate in the condensed phase for decades, their actual characterization in solution and later in solid state did only fuel the discussion about their existence and initially created a lot of controversy. This perception has completely changed today, and silyl cations and their donor-stabilized congeners are now widely accepted compounds with promising use in synthetic chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental facts and principles of the chemistry of silyl cations, including reliable ways of their preparation as well as their physical and chemical properties. The striking features of silyl cations are their enormous electrophilicity and as such reactivity as super Lewis acids as well as fluorophilicity. Known applications rely on silyl cations as reactants, stoichiometric reagents, and promoters where the reaction success is based on their steady regeneration over the course of the reaction. Silyl cations can even be discrete catalysts, thereby opening the next chapter of their way into the toolbox of synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Süsse
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Holtkamp P, Poier D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Exploring the Reactivity of a Frustrated Sn/P Lewis Pair: The Highly Selective Complexation of the cis-Azobenzene Photoisomer. Chemistry 2021; 27:3793-3798. [PMID: 33284497 PMCID: PMC7986075 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the geminal frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 (1) was explored by reacting it with a variety of small molecules (PhOCN, PhNCS, PhCCH, tBuCCH, H3 CC(O)CH=CH2 , Ph[C(O)]2 Ph, PhN=NPh and Me3 SiCHN2 ), featuring polar or non-polar multiple bonds and/or represent α,β-unsaturated systems. While most adducts are formed readily, the binding of azobenzene requires UV-induced photoisomerization, which results in the highly selective complexation of cis-azobenzene. In the case of benzil, the reaction does not lead to the expected 1,2- or 1,4-addition products, but to the non-stereoselective (tBu)2 PCH2 -transfer to a prochiral keto function of benzil. All adducts of 1 were characterised by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and X-ray diffraction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Dario Poier
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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16
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Shaikh AC, Veleta JM, Moutet J, Gianetti TL. Trioxatriangulenium (TOTA +) as a robust carbon-based Lewis acid in frustrated Lewis pair chemistry. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4841-4849. [PMID: 34168760 PMCID: PMC8179643 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the reactivity between the water stable Lewis acidic trioxatriangulenium ion (TOTA+) and a series of Lewis bases such as phosphines and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). The nature of the Lewis acid-base interaction was analyzed via variable temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. While small and strongly nucleophilic phosphines, such as PMe3, led to the formation of a Lewis acid-base adduct, frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) were observed for sterically hindered bases such as P( t Bu)3. The TOTA+-P( t Bu)3 FLP was characterized as an encounter complex, and found to promote the heterolytic cleavage of disulfide bonds, formaldehyde fixation, dehydrogenation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene, heterolytic cleavage of the C-Br bonds, and interception of Staudinger reaction intermediates. Moreover, TOTA+ and NHC were found to first undergo single-electron transfer (SET) to form [TOTA]·[NHC]˙+, which was confirmed via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and subsequently form a [TOTA-NHC]+ adduct or a mixture of products depending the reaction conditions used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam C Shaikh
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ USA
| | - José M Veleta
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ USA
| | - Jules Moutet
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ USA
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ USA
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17
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Hoshimoto Y, Ogoshi S. Development of Metal Complexes Equipped with Structurally Flexible Carbenes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Das S, Pati SK. Computational Exploration of Intramolecular Sn/N Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Hydrogen Activation and Catalytic Hydrogenation. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Das
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Swapan K. Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit and New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
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19
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Holtkamp P, Schwabedissen J, Neumann B, Stammler H, Koptyug IV, Zhivonitko VV, Mitzel NW. A Zwitterionic Phosphonium Stannate(II) via Hydrogen Splitting by a Sn/P Frustrated Lewis-Pair and Reductive Elimination. Chemistry 2020; 26:17381-17385. [PMID: 33016507 PMCID: PMC7839681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 (1) was investigated with respect to the activation of elemental hydrogen. The reaction of 1 at elevated hydrogen pressure afforded the intramolecular phosphonium stannate(II) (F5 C2 )2 SnCH2 PH(tBu)2 (3). It was characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. NMR experiments with the two isotopologues H2 and D2 showed it to be formed via an H2 adduct (F5 C2 )3 HSnCH2 PH(tBu)2 (2) and the subsequent formal reductive elimination of pentafluoroethane; this is supported by DFT calculations. Parahydrogen-induced polarization experiments revealed the formation of a second product of the reaction of 1 with H2 , [HP(tBu)2 Me][Sn(C2 F5 )3 ] (4), in 1 H NMR spectra, whereas 2 was not detected due to its transient nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RASInstitutskaya St. 3ANovosibirsk630090Russia
| | | | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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20
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Huang Y, Jiang W, Xi X, Li Y, Wang X, Yang M, Zhang Z, Su M, Zhu H. Versatile Reaction Patterns of Phosphanylhydrosilylalkyne with B(C
6
F
5
)
3
: A Remarkable Group Substitution Effect. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Xin Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University 311121 Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Ming‐Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chiayi University 60004 Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Zheng‐Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chiayi University 60004 Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chiayi University 60004 Chiayi Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University 80708 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
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21
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Sapsford JS, Csókás D, Scott DJ, Turnell-Ritson RC, Piascik AD, Pápai I, Ashley AE. Establishing the Role of Triflate Anions in H 2 Activation by a Cationic Triorganotin(IV) Lewis Acid. ACS Catal 2020; 10:7573-7583. [PMID: 32905389 PMCID: PMC7469243 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cationic
Lewis acids (LAs) are gaining interest as targets for
frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)-mediated catalysis. Unlike neutral boranes,
which are the most prevalent LAs for FLP hydrogenations, the Lewis
acidity of cations can be tuned through modulation of the counteranion;
however, detailed studies on such anion effects are currently lacking
in the literature. Herein, we present experimental and computational
studies which probe the mechanism of H2 activation using iPr3SnOTf (1-OTf) in conjunction
with a coordinating (quinuclidine; qui) and noncoordinating (2,4,6-collidine;
col) base and compare its reactivity with {iPr3Sn·base}{Al[OC(CF3)3]4} (base = qui/col) systems which lack a coordinating anion to investigate
the active species responsible for H2 activation and hence
resolve any mechanistic roles for OTf– in the iPr3SnOTf-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Sapsford
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg 93051, Germany
| | - Roland C. Turnell-Ritson
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Adam D. Piascik
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Andrew E. Ashley
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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22
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Simon M, Radius M, Wagner HE, Breher F. Imidazolyl Alanes – Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hanna E. Wagner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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23
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Riley KM, Wierschen AL, Lee SJ, Gagné MR. Spectroscopic and Computational Assessment of Silicon’s Electrophilicity in Phosphinosilylium Cations. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Riley
- Caudill Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Andreas L. Wierschen
- Caudill Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lee
- U.S. Army Research Office, P.O. Box 12211, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michel R. Gagné
- Caudill Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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24
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Kinder TA, Blomeyer S, Franke M, Depenbrock F, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Small Neutral Geminal Silicon/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo A. Kinder
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice Franke
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Felix Depenbrock
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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25
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Olaru M, Schröder A, Albers L, Duvinage D, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Functionalized Fluorophosphonium Ions. Chemistry 2019; 25:9861-9865. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Artem Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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26
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Medici F, Maury J, Lemière G, Fensterbank L. Interaction between Spirosilanes and Lewis Bases: from Coordination to Frustration. Chemistry 2019; 25:9438-9442. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Medici
- CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie MoléculaireSorbonne Universite 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Julien Maury
- CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie MoléculaireSorbonne Universite 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Gilles Lemière
- CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie MoléculaireSorbonne Universite 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie MoléculaireSorbonne Universite 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
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27
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Holtkamp P, Friedrich F, Stratmann E, Mix A, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. A Neutral Geminal Tin/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5114-5118. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Felix Friedrich
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Erik Stratmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Andreas Mix
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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28
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Kinder TA, Pior R, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. A Neutral Germanium/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pair and Its Contrasting Reactivity Compared to Its Silicon Analogue. Chemistry 2019; 25:5899-5903. [PMID: 30843630 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo A. Kinder
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - René Pior
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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29
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Holtkamp P, Friedrich F, Stratmann E, Mix A, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Ein neutrales geminales frustriertes Zinn/Phosphor‐Lewis‐Paar. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Felix Friedrich
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Erik Stratmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Andreas Mix
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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30
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Huang Y, Wang X, Li Y, Yang MC, Su MD, Zhu H. A self-hydrosilylation of phosphanylhydrosilylalkynes promoted by B(C 6F 5) 3? An experimental and mechanistic study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1494-1497. [PMID: 30648174 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09022j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphanylhydrosilylalkynes Me2HSiC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPAr2 (Ar = Ph, 1a; 4-MeC6H4, 1b) were synthesized, which reacted with B(C6F5)3 to produce alkenes [(E)-(C6F5)3BCH[double bond, length as m-dash]C(PAr2)SiMe2]2 (2a and 2b) and (Z)-(C6F5)2BCH[double bond, length as m-dash]C(PAr2)SiMe2(C6F5) (3a and 3b). The formation of 2a (or 2b) involved a Wrackmeyer's SiHMe2 migration followed by Si-H addition across the C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C bond, whereas, that of 3a (or 3b) involved a similar mechanism with a further C6F5 migration. The B(C6F5)3-promoted reaction of the Si-centered geminal H and C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C groups is thus realized, which may be considered as a self-hydrosilylation. Mechanistic studies by both variable temperature NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations were accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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31
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Andrews RJ, Chitnis SS, Stephan DW. Carbonyl and olefin hydrosilylation mediated by an air-stable phosphorus(iii) dication under mild conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5599-5602. [PMID: 31020971 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02460c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The readily-accessible, air-stable Lewis acid [(terpy)PPh][B(C6F5)4]21 is shown to mediate the hydrosilylation of aldehydes, ketones, and olefins. The utility and mechanism of these hydrosilylations are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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32
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Kutter F, Lork E, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Intramolecular P–H···H–Si Dihydrogen Bonding in the 5-Dimethylsilyl-9,9-dimethylxanthen-4-yl-diphenylphosphonium Cation. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kutter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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33
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Merk A, Großekappenberg H, Schmidtmann M, Luecke M, Lorent C, Driess M, Oestreich M, Klare HFT, Müller T. Einelektronenübertragungsreaktionen in frustrierten und klassischen Silyliumion/Phosphan‐Lewis‐Paaren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Merk
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Henning Großekappenberg
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Marcel‐Philip Luecke
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Christian Lorent
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Matthias Driess
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Hendrik F. T. Klare
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
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34
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Merk A, Großekappenberg H, Schmidtmann M, Luecke MP, Lorent C, Driess M, Oestreich M, Klare HFT, Müller T. Single-Electron Transfer Reactions in Frustrated and Conventional Silylium Ion/Phosphane Lewis Pairs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15267-15271. [PMID: 30178534 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Silylium ions undergo a single-electron reduction with phosphanes, leading to transient silyl radicals and the corresponding stable phosphoniumyl radical cations. As supported by DFT calculations, phosphanes with electron-rich 2,6-disubstituted aryl groups are sufficiently strong reductants to facilitate this single-electron transfer (SET). Frustration as found in kinetically stabilized triarylsilylium ion/phosphane Lewis pairs is not essential, and silylphosphonium ions, which are generated by conventional Lewis adduct formation of solvent-stabilized trialkylsilylium ions and phosphanes, engage in the same radical mechanism. The trityl cation, a Lewis acid with a higher electron affinity, even oxidizes trialkylphosphanes, such as tBu3 P, which does not react with either B(C6 F5 )3 or silylium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Merk
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Henning Großekappenberg
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcel-Philip Luecke
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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35
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Han Y, Zhang S, He J, Zhang Y. Switchable C–H Silylation of Indoles Catalyzed by a Thermally Induced Frustrated Lewis Pair. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Sutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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36
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Fan L, Jupp AR, Stephan DW. Remote Stereochemistry of a Frustrated Lewis Pair Provides Thermal and Photochemical Control of Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8119-8123. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louie Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Jupp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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37
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Scott DJ, Fuchter MJ, Ashley AE. Designing effective 'frustrated Lewis pair' hydrogenation catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5689-5700. [PMID: 28692084 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the subject of transition metal-free catalytic hydrogenation develop incredibly rapidly, transforming from a largely hypothetical possibility to a well-established field that can be applied to the reduction of a diverse variety of functional groups under mild conditions. This remarkable change is principally attributable to the development of so-called 'frustrated Lewis pairs': unquenched combinations of bulky Lewis acids and bases whose dual reactivity can be exploited for the facile activation of otherwise inert chemical bonds. While a number of comprehensive reviews into frustrated Lewis pair chemistry have been published in recent years, this tutorial review aims to provide a focused guide to the development of efficient FLP hydrogenation catalysts, through identification and consideration of the key factors that govern their effectiveness. Following discussion of these factors, their importance will be illustrated using a case study from our own research, namely the development of FLP protocols for successful hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones, and for related moisture-tolerant hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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38
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Das S, Mondal S, Pati SK. Mechanistic Insights into Hydrogen Activation by Frustrated N/Sn Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2018; 24:2575-2579. [PMID: 29276811 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of H2 activation by recently reported N/Sn Lewis pairs is unravelled using the representative iPr3 SnOTf/DABCO combination. Computations provide evidence for weak intermolecular associations between Lewis acid and Lewis base (LA/LB) in which the counteranion to cationic LA fragment plays a critical role. Two frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are observed; an unprecedented counteranion-mediated noncovalent LA/LB association is characterised along with the usual FLP structure. Both the FLPs are shown to be capable of H2 activation through cooperative electron transfer processes involving the LA/LB centres. Overall, computed results are in good agreement with the experimental findings and account for the observed reactivity. Insights obtained in this study are fundamentally important for the rational design of Sn-based alternative FLP LAs. The present findings could also provide a general mechanistic framework for H2 activation by FLPs having an ion pair LA component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Das
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Sukanta Mondal
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India.,Present address: Department of Educational Science, Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay School of Education, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit and New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
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39
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Das S, Pati SK. Unravelling the mechanism of tin-based frustrated Lewis pair catalysed hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy01227j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A computational mechanistic model for Sn/N FLP-catalysed hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Das
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bangalore 560064
- India
| | - Swapan K. Pati
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bangalore 560064
- India
- Theoretical Sciences Unit
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40
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Hamdaoui M, Desrousseaux C, Habbita H, Djukic JP. Iridacycles as Catalysts for the Autotandem Conversion of Nitriles into Amines by Hydrosilylation: Experimental Investigation and Scope. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Hamdaoui
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg,
UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Desrousseaux
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg,
UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Houda Habbita
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg,
UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg,
UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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41
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Noroozi-Shad N, Gholizadeh M, Izadyar M, Eshghi H. Theoretical Evaluation of the Efficiency of Novel Frustrated Lewis Pairs in the cis-Hydrogenation Reaction of Dimethylacetylene. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/146867817x14954764850469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are the combination of Lewis acid and base motifs where steric hindrance prevents strong adduct formation. Accordingly, the ability of FLPs in small molecule activation and their capability in hydrogen cleavage led to their use in the hydrogenation of a wide range of unsaturated substrates. Here, we investigated theoretically the ability of three intramolecular phosphorus/boron FLPs as bifunctional catalysts in the metal-free hydrogenation of dimethylacetylene to cis-alkene. The mechanism of this hydrogenation reaction, based on the boron acceptor [including –OR substituents (B(OR)2), where R is an aliphatic or aromatic branch] and phosphorus donor, has been explored. Based on the results obtained, it was confirmed that the H2 splitting reaction and the formation of the phosphonium–borohydride motifs for these FLPs are endothermic. It has been shown that these FLPs have a moderate ability in H–H bond splitting. Also, the capability of the boron atom in FLPs on the hydrogenation reaction was investigated. The reduction steps of the mechanism showed an exothermic nature. This result revealed that the presence of the boron as a Lewis acid, with a very limited Lewis acidity, improves the catalytic hydrogenation reaction significantly. Finally, it was confirmed that the proposed FLPs in the cis-hydrogenation of alkynes will be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Noroozi-Shad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Gholizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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42
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Mallov I, Ruddy AJ, Zhu H, Grimme S, Stephan DW. C−F Bond Activation by Silylium Cation/Phosphine Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Mono-Hydrodefluorination of PhCF3
, PhCF2
H and Ph2
CF2. Chemistry 2017; 23:17692-17696. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mallov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Adam J. Ruddy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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43
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Gudz A, Payne PR, Gagné MR. Phosphines as Silylium Ion Carriers for Controlled C–O Deoxygenation: Catalyst Speciation and Turnover Mechanisms. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gudz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Philippa R. Payne
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michel R. Gagné
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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44
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Hazra S, Hoshimoto Y, Ogoshi S. N-Phosphine Oxide-Substituted Imidazolylidenes (PoxIms): Multifunctional Multipurpose Carbenes. Chemistry 2017; 23:15238-15243. [PMID: 28891096 PMCID: PMC5698773 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the concept of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) equipped with more than one functional moiety, which allows using these NHCs for multiple purposes. A pioneering example for such NHCs is N-phosphine oxide-substituted imidazolylidenes (PoxIms), and their synthesis and strategic use are highlighted. The utility of PoxIms by far exceeds the conventional use as multidentate ligands for metal complexes on account of the synergetic functions of the carbene and the N-phosphine oxide group(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Hazra
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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45
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Cooper RT, Sapsford JS, Turnell-Ritson RC, Hyon DH, White AJP, Ashley AE. Hydrogen activation using a novel tribenzyltin Lewis acid. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2017.0008. [PMID: 28739966 PMCID: PMC5540841 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been an explosion in the reactivity and applications of frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry. Despite this, the Lewis acids (LAs) in these transformations are often boranes, with heavier p-block elements receiving surprisingly little attention. The novel LA Bn3SnOTf (1) has been synthesized from simple, inexpensive starting materials and has been spectroscopically and structurally characterized. Subtle modulation of the electronics at the tin centre has led to an increase in its Lewis acidity in comparison with previously reported R3SnOTf LAs, and has facilitated low temperature hydrogen activation and imine hydrogenation. Deactivation pathways of the R3Sn+ LA core have also been investigated.This article is part of the themed issue 'Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Joshua S Sapsford
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Roland C Turnell-Ritson
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dong-Hun Hyon
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew E Ashley
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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46
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Beyond carbocations: Synthesis, structure and reactivity of heavier Group 14 element cations. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Zhou J, Cao LL, Liu LL, Stephan DW. FLP reactivity of [Ph 3C] + and (o-tolyl) 3P and the capture of a Staudinger reaction intermediate. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9334-9338. [PMID: 28548663 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01726j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) derived from the trityl cation and (o-tolyl)3P effects the activation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene and 1-bromo-4-ethynylbenzene and heterolytically cleaves the S-S bond of diphenyl disulfide. The FLP also captures pentafluorophenyl azide as the Staudinger reaction intermediate, a species that reacts with Ph3SiH to give the silyl analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Levy L Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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48
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Hupf E, Olaru M, Raţ CI, Fugel M, Hübschle CB, Lork E, Grabowsky S, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Mapping the Trajectory of Nucleophilic Substitution at Silicon Using aperi-Substituted Acenaphthyl Scaffold. Chemistry 2017; 23:10568-10579. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Hupf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße NW2 28359 Bremen Germany
- Current address: Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße NW2 28359 Bremen Germany
- Centre of Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Babes-Bolyai University; 11 Arany Janos Street 400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Ciprian I. Raţ
- Centre of Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Babes-Bolyai University; 11 Arany Janos Street 400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Malte Fugel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße NW2 28359 Bremen Germany
| | | | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße NW2 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße NW2 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik; Freie Universität Berlin; Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße NW2 28359 Bremen Germany
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Lawson JR, Melen RL. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and Beyond: Modern Advances in Borylation Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8627-8643. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Lawson
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
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Be 12O 12 Nano-cage as a Promising Catalyst for CO 2 Hydrogenation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40562. [PMID: 28098191 PMCID: PMC5241807 DOI: 10.1038/srep40562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient conversion of CO2 into valuable fuels and chemicals has been hotly pursued recently. Here, for the first time, we have explored a series of M12x12 nano-cages (M = B, Al, Be, Mg; X = N, P, O) for catalysis of CO2 to HCOOH. Two steps are identified in the hydrogenation process, namely, H2 activation to 2H*, and then 2H* transfer to CO2 forming HCOOH, where the barriers of two H* transfer are lower than that of the H2 activation reaction. Among the studied cages, Be12O12 is found to have the lowest barrier in the whole reaction process, showing two kinds of reaction mechanisms for 2H* (simultaneous transfer and a step-wise transfer with a quite low barrier). Moreover, the H2 activation energy barrier can be further reduced by introducing Al, Ga, Li, and Na to B12N12 cage. This study would provide some new ideas for the design of efficient cluster catalysts for CO2 reduction.
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