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Yu H, Wu C, Yuan X, Yang F, Zhang F, Yin H. Hollow and mesoporous aluminosilica-encapsulated Pt-CoO x for the selective hydrogenation of substituted nitroaromatics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9116-9119. [PMID: 34498615 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hollow and mesoporous aluminosilica nanoreactors (HMANs) with Pt-CoOx cores (∼4.7 nm) and hollow aluminosilica shells (∼50 nm) were designed by a selective etching method. The Pt-CoOx@HMANs demonstrate a greatly enhanced activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation of various substituted nitroaromatics compared to Pt@HMANs and Pt-CoOx@SiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. 11219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China.
| | - Chunzheng Wu
- College of Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Yuan
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. 11219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. 11219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. 11219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China.
| | - Hongfeng Yin
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. 11219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China.
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Kumar A, Jeon KW, Kumari N, Lee IS. Spatially Confined Formation and Transformation of Nanocrystals within Nanometer-Sized Reaction Media. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2867-2879. [PMID: 30346727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extensive research performed in the past two decades has enabled the production of a range of colloidal nanocrystals, mostly through solution-based procedures that generate and transform nanostructures in bulk-phase solutions containing precursors and surfactants. However, the understanding and control of each nanocrystal (trans)formation step during the synthesis are still complicated because of the high complexity of this process, in which multiple diverse events such as nucleation, subsequent growth, attachment, and ripening occur simultaneously in bulk suspensions. Unlike well-established solution-based methods, solid-state reactions, which had been at the forefront of traditional inorganic materials chemistry, are quite rarely utilized in the realm of nanomaterials because of the high temperatures required for most solid-state reactions, as a result of which the clusters and NCs are prone to migrate through the bulk reaction medium and sinter together uncontrollably into large particles. We have been pursuing the "nanospace-confined approach" to explore the use of a variety of solid and hollow silica nanoparticles as either solid-state or solution-phase reaction media to carry out the syntheses and transformations of nanocrystals in a unique microenvironment, partitioning the reactants, intermediates, and transition states from the rest of the bulk reaction medium. Such nanoconfined systems have the potential not only to enable efficient and selective nanocrystal conversion chemistries but also to provide fundamental understanding pertaining to the synthetic evolution of nanostructures and transient mechanistic steps. The unique spaces with sizes of a few tens of nanometers inside nanoconfined systems offer the opportunity to observe and elucidate novel deconvoluted chemical phenomena that are impossible to investigate in bulk systems, and comprehensive understanding of nanoconfined chemistry can be implicated in explaining and controlling the macroscopic chemical behaviors. This Account describes our focused research on developing spatially confined platforms for nanocrystal syntheses and transformations, highlighting our diversity-oriented strategy, namely, the "postdecoration approach", which results in the evolution of new nanocatalytic sites in a preformed cavity for diversifying and controlling their morphologies, number, density and combinations. We discuss key examples of the "nanoconfined solid-state conversion approach" that involve novel reactions of nanocrystals within thermally stable solid silica nanospheres to synthesize and transform complex hybrid nanocrystals with increased complexity and functionality. In addition, an enlightening discussion of the examples of nanocrystal syntheses and conversions in nanoconfined solutions inside enclosed and exposed cavities of silica nanospheres is included. Finally, the important applications of nanospace-confined systems in various fields are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions (NCCRs) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Jeon
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions (NCCRs) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Nitee Kumari
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions (NCCRs) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions (NCCRs) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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Li B, Zeng HC. Formation Combined with Intercalation of Ni and Its Alloy Nanoparticles within Mesoporous Silica for Robust Catalytic Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29435-29447. [PMID: 30089361 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation of silica-supported nickel nanoparticles within mesoporous silica has been achieved through chemical reduction of nickel silicate with mesoporous silica ( mSiO2) coated on inner and outer surfaces. Formation of nickel nanoparticles was controlled at nickel silicate-silica interface and was well-confined by mSiO2 coating. Doping of other transition metals has been accomplished at the stage of nickel silicate formation, because of similarity in critical stability constants of respective metal salts. Doped nickel silicates were able to produce nickel-based bimetallic and trimetallic alloy nanoparticles within the final dual-shell configuration. This type of catalyst has been tested for both liquid- and gas-phase reactions, all showing good activity and selectivity. Ni nanoparticles could serve as the active catalyst or activity enhancer to other alloyed metals for different reactions. Especially for selective hydrogenation of trans-cinnamaldehyde, 100% selectivity toward hydrocinnamaldehyde at full conversion has been achieved without using noble metals. Spent catalysts in all cases showed no changes in terms of morphology and crystal structure, indicating this type of catalyst was robust under such reaction conditions, including gas-solid reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , 10 Kent Ridge Crescent , 119260 Singapore
| | - Hua Chun Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , 10 Kent Ridge Crescent , 119260 Singapore
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Fabricating highly catalytically active block copolymer/metal nanoparticle microstructures at the liquid/liquid interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 522:272-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kim D, Choi JK, Kim SM, Hwang I, Koo J, Choi S, Cho SH, Kim K, Lee IS. Confined Nucleation and Growth of PdO Nanocrystals in a Seed-Free Solution inside Hollow Nanoreactor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:29992-30001. [PMID: 28841005 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a novel and adaptable hollow nanoreactor system containing a solution of cucurbituril (CB) inside a silica nanoparticle (CB@h-SiO2) which enables the nucleation and formation of nanocrystals (NCs) to be confined at the seed-free interior solution inside the cavity. The above nanospace confinement strategy restricted the volume of medium available for NC formation to the solution inside the cavity to a few tens of nanometers in size and allowed homogeneous NC nucleation to be examined. Harboring of CB@h-SiO2 in a Pd2+ complex solution confined the nucleation and formation of PdO NCs to the well-isolated nanosized cavity protected by the silica nanoshell, allowing the convoluted formation of clustered PdO NCs to be thoroughly examined. The corresponding temporal investigation indicated that PdO NC clusters evolved via a distinct pathway combining dendritic growth on early nucleated seed NCs and attachment of small intermediate clusters. In addition, the explored strategy was used to fabricate a recyclable nanocatalyst system for selective catalytic oxidation of cinammyl alcohols, featuring a cavity-included Fe3O4/PdO nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daun Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Soo Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Ilha Hwang
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science , Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jaehyoung Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science , Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seoyoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science , Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
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Wang M, Boyjoo Y, Pan J, Wang S, Liu J. Advanced yolk-shell nanoparticles as nanoreactors for energy conversion. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(17)62818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yu X, Diao Q, Zhang X, Lee YI, Liu HG. In situ generated Pb nanoclusters on basic lead carbonate ultrathin nanoplates as an effective heterogeneous catalyst. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Multishelled NiO Hollow Microspheres for High-performance Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Energy Density and Robust Cycle Life. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33241. [PMID: 27616420 PMCID: PMC5018958 DOI: 10.1038/srep33241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multishelled NiO hollow microspheres for high-performance supercapacitors have been prepared and the formation mechanism has been investigated. By using resin microspheres to absorb Ni2+ and subsequent proper calcinations, the shell numbers, shell spacing and exterior shell structure were facilely controlled via varying synthetic parameters. Particularly, the exterior shell structure that accurately associated with the ion transfer is finely controlled by forming a single shell or closed exterior double-shells. Among multishelled NiO hollow microspheres, the triple-shelled NiO with an outer single-shelled microspheres show a remarkable capacity of 1280 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and still keep a high value of 704 F g−1 even at 20 A g−1. The outstanding performances are attributed to its fast ion/electron transfer, high specific surface area and large shell space. The specific capacitance gradually increases to 108% of its initial value after 2500 cycles, demonstrating its high stability. Importantly, the 3S-NiO-HMS//RGO@Fe3O4 asymmetric supercapacitor shows an ultrahigh energy density of 51.0 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1, and 78.8% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, multishelled NiO can be transferred into multishelled Ni microspheres with high-efficient H2 generation rate of 598.5 mL H2 min−1 g−1Ni for catalytic hydrolysis of NH3BH3 (AB).
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Koo JH, Kim D, Kim JG, Jeong H, Kim J, Lee IS. Asymmetric silica encapsulation toward colloidal Janus nanoparticles: a concave nanoreactor for template-synthesis of an electocatalytic hollow Pt nanodendrite. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14593-14599. [PMID: 27432650 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03557d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel reverse microemulsion strategy was developed to asymmetrically encapsulate metal-oxide nanoparticles in silica by exploiting the self-catalytic growth of aminosilane-containing silica at a single surface site. This strategy produced various colloidal Janus nanoparticles, including Au/Fe3O4@asy-SiO2, which were converted to an Au-containing silica nanosphere, Au@con-SiO2, by reductive Fe3O4 dissolution. The use of Au@con-SiO2 as a metal-growing nanoreactor allowed the templated synthesis of various noble-metal nanocrystals, including a hollow dendritic Pt nanoshell which exhibits significantly better electrocatalytic activities for the oxygen reduction reaction than commercial Pt/C catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hun Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeogbuk 790-784, Korea.
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Guo R, Chen X, Zhu X, Dong A, Zhang J. A facile strategy to fabricate covalently linked raspberry-like nanocomposites with pH and thermo tunable structures. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03965k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and controllable route to prepare covalently bonded raspberry-like composite particles with pH and thermal dual-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- China National Chemical Corporation
- Beijing
- China
| | - Anjie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
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Kim YJ, Choi JK, Lee DG, Baek K, Oh SH, Lee IS. Solid-State Conversion Chemistry of Multicomponent Nanocrystals Cast in a Hollow Silica Nanosphere: Morphology-Controlled Syntheses of Hybrid Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10719-10728. [PMID: 26517204 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During thermal transformation of multicomponent nanocrystals in a silica nanosphere, FeAuPd alloy nanocrystals migrate outward and thereby leave a cavity in the silica matrix. Oxidation then converts these nanocrystals back into phase-segregated hybrid nanocrystals, AuPd@Fe3O4, with various morphologies. The FeAuPd-to-AuPd@Fe3O4 transformation was cast by the in situ generated hollow silica mold. Therefore, the morphological parameters of the transformed AuPd@Fe3O4 are defined by the degree of migration of the FeAuPd in the hollow silica nanoshell. This hollow silica-cast nanocrystal conversion was studied to develop a solid state protocol that can be used to produce a range of hybrid nanocrystals and that allows for systematic and sophisticated control of the resulting morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Choi
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Kyungjoon Baek
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
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Kim SH, Jeong H, Kim J, Lee IS. Fabrication of Supported AuPt Alloy Nanocrystals with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity for Formic Acid Oxidation through Conversion Chemistry of Layer-Deposited Pt(2+) on Au Nanocrystals. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4884-93. [PMID: 26136254 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of nanoconfined conversion of Au- and Pt-containing binary nanocrystals for developing a controllable synthesis of surfactant-free AuPt nanocrystals with enhanced formic acid oxidation (FAO) activity is reported, which can be stably and evenly immobilized on various support materials to diversify and optimize their electrocatalytic performance. In this study, an atomic layer of Pt(2+) species is discovered to be spontaneously deposited in situ on the Au nanocrystal generated from a reverse-microemulsion solution. The resulting Au/Pt(2+) nanocrystal thermally transforms into a reduced AuPt alloy nanocrystal during the subsequent solid-state conversion process within the SiO2 nanosphere. The alloy nanocrystals can be isolated from SiO2 in a surfactant-free form and then dispersedly loaded on the carbon sphere surface, allowing for the production of a supported electrocatalyst that exhibits much higher FAO activity than commercial Pt/C catalysts. Furthermore, by involving Fe3O4 nanocrystals in the conversion process, the AuPt alloy nanocrystals can be grown on the oxide surface, improving the durability of supported metal catalysts, and then uniformly loaded on a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) layer with high electroconductivity. This produces electrocatalytic AuPt/Fe3O4/RGO nanocomposites whose catalyst-oxide-graphene triple-junction structure provides improved electrocatalytic properties in terms of both activity and durability in catalyzing FAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Korea
| | - Hwakyeung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Korea
| | - Jongwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Korea
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Vaz B, Salgueiriño V, Pérez-Lorenzo M, Correa-Duarte MA. Enhancing the Exploitation of Functional Nanomaterials through Spatial Confinement: The Case of Inorganic Submicrometer Capsules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:8745-8755. [PMID: 25736568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hollow inorganic nanostructures have attracted much interest in the last few years due to their many applications in different areas of science and technology. In this Feature Article, we overview part of our current work concerning the collective use of plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles located in voided nanostructures and explore the more specific operational issues that should be taken into account in the design of inorganic nanocapsules. Along these lines, we focus our attention on the applications of silica-based submicrometer capsules aiming to stress the importance of creating nanocavities in order to further exploit the great potential of these functional nanomaterials. Additionally, we will examine some of the recent research on this topic and try to establish a perspective for future developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Vaz
- †Departments of Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), and Institute of Biomedical Research of Ourense-Pontevedra-Vigo (IBI) and ‡Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Verónica Salgueiriño
- †Departments of Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), and Institute of Biomedical Research of Ourense-Pontevedra-Vigo (IBI) and ‡Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Moisés Pérez-Lorenzo
- †Departments of Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), and Institute of Biomedical Research of Ourense-Pontevedra-Vigo (IBI) and ‡Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel A Correa-Duarte
- †Departments of Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), and Institute of Biomedical Research of Ourense-Pontevedra-Vigo (IBI) and ‡Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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